{"id":84696,"date":"2020-06-10T01:42:59","date_gmt":"2020-06-09T23:42:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/hosting-i-vydelennye-servery-otvechaem-na-voprosy-chast-4"},"modified":"2020-06-10T01:42:59","modified_gmt":"2020-06-09T23:42:59","slug":"hosting-i-vydelennye-servery-otvechaem-na-voprosy-chast-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/hosting-i-vydelennye-servery-otvechaem-na-voprosy-chast-4","title":{"rendered":"Hosting a vyhrazen\u00e9 servery: odpov\u00edd\u00e1me na ot\u00e1zky. \u010c\u00e1st 4","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

V t\u00e9to s\u00e9rii \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f chceme prozkoumat ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed u lid\u00ed p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci s poskytovateli hostingu a dedikovan\u00fdmi servery. V\u011bt\u0161inu diskuz\u00ed jsme vedli na anglicky mluv\u00edc\u00edch f\u00f3rech, sna\u017eili se u\u017eivatel\u016fm prim\u00e1rn\u011b pomoci radou, nikoli autopromoc\u00ed, a poskytli co nejpodrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nestrann\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi, nebo\u0165 na\u0161e zku\u0161enosti v oboru p\u0159esahuj\u00ed 14 let, stovky \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b realizovan\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a tis\u00edce spokojen\u00fdch z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b na\u0161e odpov\u011bdi by nem\u011bly b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za jedin\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi prvn\u00ed instance, mohou obsahovat nep\u0159esnosti a dokonce chyby, nikdo nen\u00ed dokonal\u00fd. Budeme vd\u011b\u010dn\u00ed, pokud je dopln\u00edte nebo oprav\u00edte v koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch.<\/p>\n

\"Hosting
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nHosting a dedikovan\u00e9 servery: odpov\u00edd\u00e1me na ot\u00e1zky. \u010c\u00e1st 1<\/a><\/noindex>
\nHosting a dedikovan\u00e9 servery: odpov\u00edd\u00e1me na ot\u00e1zky. \u010c\u00e1st 2. Pro\u010d je internet v datov\u00fdch centrech tak drah\u00fd?<\/a><\/noindex>
\nHosting a dedikovan\u00e9 servery: odpov\u00edd\u00e1me na ot\u00e1zky. \u010c\u00e1st 3<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Pro\u010d je cena serveru s limitem provozu 100 TB a kan\u00e1lem 1 Gbit\/s mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e cena serveru s kan\u00e1lem 1 Gbit\/s bez ohledu na provoz? V\u017edy\u0165 pokud si pronajmeme 2-3 servery s kan\u00e1lem 1 Gbit\/s a limitem 100 TB, m\u016f\u017eeme spot\u0159ebovat p\u0159esn\u011b tolik, kolik by spot\u0159ebov\u00e1val server s 1 Gbps Unmetered, nebo dokonce v\u00edce p\u0159i \u0161pi\u010dk\u00e1ch, p\u0159itom poskytovatel v podstat\u011b poskytuje v\u00edce hardwaru, v\u00edce p\u0159ipojen\u00ed a ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed cenu?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nFaktem je, \u017ee poskytovatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed nab\u00edzej\u00ed servery s dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fdm limitem provozu nebo dokonce \u201eneomezen\u00e9\u201c za mal\u00e9 pen\u00edze, zohled\u0148uj\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 profily spot\u0159eby sv\u00fdch klient\u016f. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina klient\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed si kupuj\u00ed takov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly, pln\u011b nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 poskytovanou konektivitu. To pr\u00e1v\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uje, aby takov\u00e1 nab\u00eddka byla mo\u017en\u00e1.<\/p>\n

100 TB datov\u00e9ho provozu je pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fd limit. To je v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 Mbps Unmetered. S p\u0159ipojen\u00edm 100 Mbit\/s bez omezen\u00ed lze maxim\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159en\u00e9st 100 (rychlost v megabitech) * 86400 (po\u010det sekund za den) * 30 (dn\u00ed) \/ 8 (bit\u016f v bytech) \/ 1000 (megabyte v gigabyte, pokud po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me podle 1000, nikoli podle 1024, 1024 je bit v kibi bitech) = 32 400 GB m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b v obou sm\u011brech p\u0159i trval\u00e9m zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kan\u00e1lu na 100 %. Jak v\u0161ak v\u00edme, servery nevyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed provoz neust\u00e1le a denn\u00ed k\u0159ivky spot\u0159eby mohou \u010dasto vypadat takto:<\/p>\n

\"Hosting
\n
\nN\u011bkde mohou \u0161pi\u010dky dosahovat maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed propustnosti a vy\u017eadovat f\u00e9rov\u00fdch 1 Gbit\/s v t\u011bchto chv\u00edl\u00edch. P\u0159itom celkov\u00fd limit datov\u00e9ho provozu za m\u011bs\u00edc m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nep\u0159ekro\u010den:<\/p>\n

\"Hosting
\n
\nTakov\u00ed klienti samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nejsou pro poskytovatele prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00ed, a proto se poskytovatel sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e9st je na Unmetered, jeliko\u017e pokud poskytuje slu\u017eby klient\u016fm z jednoho regionu, je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee jejich \u0161pi\u010dky spot\u0159eby se shoduj\u00ed a tento \u201ef\u00e9rov\u00fd\u201c gigabit poskytovatel m\u016f\u017ee prodat jen 1,2 klienta. Pokud m\u00e1 v\u0161ak poskytovatel klienty z r\u016fzn\u00fdch region\u016f, je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee kan\u00e1l m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt prod\u00e1n dv\u011bma a v\u00edce odb\u011bratel\u016fm najednou, proto\u017ee \u0161pi\u010dky spot\u0159eby r\u016fzn\u00fdch publik budou nast\u00e1vat v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010dasech. Ve skute\u010dnosti v\u0161ak daleko ne ka\u017ed\u00fd klient vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sv\u016fj limit 100 TB, a tak je poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed server\u016f s limitem 100 TB datov\u00e9ho provozu velmi v\u00fdhodn\u00e9. <\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc, p\u0159ipojen\u00edm kan\u00e1l\u016f o rychlosti 10 gigabit\u016f k rack\u016fm, se da\u0159\u00ed velmi efektivn\u011b rozd\u011blit provoz mezi v\u0161echny. Dok\u00e1\u017eeme rozd\u011blit 10 Gbit\/s kan\u00e1l pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b na 5 rack\u016f, zapln\u011bn\u00fdch servery s limitem 100 TB. To je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 150 server\u016f. Jeden rack o v\u00fd\u0161ce 47 jednotek m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat bu\u010f 41 jednorakov\u00fdch server\u016f, nebo 21 dvourakov\u00fdch server\u016f. <\/p>\n

Celkov\u00e1 spot\u0159eba kan\u00e1lu je pak n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n

\"Hosting
\n
\nPokud bychom odm\u00edtli obsluhu odb\u011bratel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed generuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed provozu (hlavn\u00ed pod\u00edl na zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kan\u00e1lu tvo\u0159\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 10 server\u016f z 150, kter\u00e9 jsou na tomto portu), mohli bychom zv\u00fd\u0161it po\u010det server\u016f na 300 a v\u00edce. A v\u0161ichni by byli spokojeni a v\u0161em by sta\u010dilo provozu. <\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak i jin\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby, jak u\u0161et\u0159it a nefrustrovat odb\u011bratele \u2014 p\u0159ipojit levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed transitn\u00ed uplink nebo poslat provoz do v\u00fdm\u011bnn\u00e9ho m\u00edsta nebo peeringu zdarma, pokud jste velk\u00fdm gener\u00e1torem datov\u00e9ho provozu. <\/p>\n

To\u010dn\u00e1 tato v\u0161echna opat\u0159en\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed udr\u017eovat n\u00edzk\u00e9 ceny, ani\u017e bychom omezovali slu\u017eby z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016fm, kdy\u017e plat\u00edme tranzitn\u00edm poskytovatel\u016fm 1500-6000 eur za ka\u017ed\u00fdch 10G, v z\u00e1vislosti na kvalit\u011b tranzitn\u00edho poskytovatele, a prod\u00e1v\u00e1me konektivitu pod v\u00fdrobn\u00edmi n\u00e1klady s ur\u010dit\u00fdm koeficientem oversell, kdy ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1kazn\u00edk m\u00e1 sv\u016fj p\u0159id\u011blen\u00fd spravedliv\u00fd kan\u00e1l, a p\u0159itom si navz\u00e1jem nep\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Hned je jasn\u00e9, pro\u010d je cena za 1Gbps Unmetered v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee pokud maj\u00ed servery 100 terabajt\u016f, ne ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1kazn\u00edk spot\u0159ebov\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u016fj limit, ale z\u00e1kazn\u00edk, kter\u00fd objedn\u00e1v\u00e1 1Gbps Unmetered, jasn\u011b vyu\u017eije v\u011bt\u0161inu kan\u00e1lu. I kdy\u017e jsme vid\u011bli v\u00fd\u0161e uvedenou v\u00fdjimku a p\u0159\u00edklad toho, jak lze generovat t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 1 Gbps p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed p\u0159i maximech a z\u016fstat uvnit\u0159 100 terabajtov\u00e9ho limitu, to je v\u00fdjimka, nikoliv typick\u00fd vzor. <\/p>\n

M\u016fj administr\u00e1tor nainstaloval program vnstatd na server, traffic se sn\u00edm\u00e1 z rozhran\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fdch 5 minut. V\u0161e to tak\u00e9 zohled\u0148uje? Tak\u017ee mi ukazuje, \u017ee bylo pou\u017eito 87 TB, zat\u00edmco poskytovatel \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee bylo pou\u017eito 96 TB a traffic t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 do\u0161el. Jsem si jist\u00e1 svoj\u00ed administr\u00e1torkou, je to skv\u011bl\u00fd specialista. A pokud \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee poskytovatel nadhodnocuje spot\u0159ebu - m\u00e1 pravdu. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, kdy\u017e to je z\u0159ejm\u00e9 z r\u016fzn\u00fdch hodnot, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed b\u011bhem diskuse o trafficu za stejn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. Na ot\u00e1zku \u201ejak to?\u201c st\u00e1le \u010dek\u00e1me na odpov\u011b\u010f.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Jde o to, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 programy pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed trafficu prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v TiB, nikoli v TB. TebiBytech, nikoli terabajtech. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u00ed podle bin\u00e1rn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, nikoli podle des\u00edtkov\u00e9ho, na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho, \u017ee v kilobajtech, p\u0159esn\u011bji v kibibajtech - 1024 bajt\u016f, nikoli 1000.<\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee aby se toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed nevyu\u017e\u00edvalo pro marketingov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, ISO (Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed organizace pro normalizaci) ji\u017e d\u00e1vno zavedla p\u0159edpony \u201ebi\u201c pro bin\u00e1rn\u00ed bajty, tedy kibibyty, mebibyte, gibibyte a tebibyte. Jen\u017ee marketing se i tak konal a pokud v\u00fdrobci \u00falo\u017ei\u0161\u0165 dok\u00e1\u017eou uv\u00e1d\u011bt men\u0161\u00ed objemy kapacity ulo\u017ei\u0161\u0165 na \u00fakor dekadick\u00fdch bajt\u016f, p\u0159i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a p\u0159esunu dat je situace opa\u010dn\u00e1. Poskytovatel hostingu, kter\u00fd nab\u00edz\u00ed 100 TB dat, ve skute\u010dnosti poskytuje m\u00e9n\u011b, ne\u017e by mohlo b\u00fdt, pokud se to po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 podle bin\u00e1rn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

Na prvn\u00ed pohled se zd\u00e1, \u017ee rozd\u00edl nen\u00ed velk\u00fd, jen 24 bajt\u016f na 1000, chybn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek tedy \u010din\u00ed pouze 2,4 %, ale pro\u010d vznik\u00e1 tak velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl na \u00farovni 10 %? Mo\u017en\u00e1 opravdu n\u011bjak\u00fd datov\u00fd objem nebyl zohledn\u011bn?<\/p>\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti je t\u0159eba si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee \u201echybovost\u201c se zvy\u0161uje, a to konkr\u00e9tn\u011b:<\/p>\n

1024 bajt\u016f v kibibyte (pokud mluv\u00edme podle standard\u016f ISO), v mebibyte ji\u017e 1024*1024 = 1 048 576 bajt\u016f, v gibibyte \u2014 1024*1024*1024 = 1 073 741 824, a v tebibyte \u2014 1024*1024*1024*1024 = 1 099 511 627 776.<\/p>\n

Neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd zvrat? Ano?<\/p>\n

P\u0159i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed dat v terabajtech rozd\u00edl mezi jednotkami v \u00fa\u010detnictv\u00ed \u010din\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b 10 %!<\/p>\n

\"Hosting<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b toho m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt rozd\u00edl v datech, kter\u00e1 se z portu p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010de a portu serveru ode\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed, zp\u016fsoben DDoS \u00fatokem, kter\u00fd se nedostane k z\u00e1kazn\u00edkovi a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt odstran\u011bn na \u00farovni \u201erouteru\u201c, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159esto doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke spot\u0159eb\u011b dat. <\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed tak\u00e9 dobr\u00e9 zapom\u00ednat, \u017ee n\u011bkdy program nezohled\u0148uje data ze v\u0161ech port\u016f, a n\u011bjak\u00e1 data mohou \u201euniknout\u201c monitoringu. <\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 je t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee kdy\u017e je nab\u00edzen\u00fd limitovan\u00fd p\u0159enos dat, \u010dasto se zohled\u0148uje celkov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed + odchoz\u00ed, a pokud m\u00e1te nap\u0159\u00edklad VPN slu\u017ebu, bude pom\u011br 1:1 a va\u0161i z\u00e1kazn\u00edci budou moci celkov\u011b p\u0159en\u00e9st maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 50 TB dat p\u0159i limitu 100.<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b\u2026<\/p>\n

Mal\u00e1 reklama \ud83d\ude42<\/h3>\n

\nD\u011bkujeme, \u017ee s n\u00e1mi z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1te. L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m na\u0161e \u010dl\u00e1nky? Chcete vid\u011bt v\u00edce zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f? Podpo\u0159te n\u00e1s objedn\u00e1vkou nebo doporu\u010den\u00edm zn\u00e1m\u00fdm, cloudov\u00e9 VPS pro v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e od 4,99 $<\/a><\/noindex>, unik\u00e1tn\u00ed alternativa entry-level server\u016f, kterou jsme pro v\u00e1s vymysleli:<\/b> V\u0161echny pravdy o VPS (KVM) E5-2697 v3 (6 jader) 10GB DDR4 480GB SSD 1Gbps od 19 $ nebo jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozd\u011blit server?<\/a><\/noindex> (k dispozici varianty s RAID1 a RAID10, a\u017e 24 jader a a\u017e 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd je dvakr\u00e1t levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v datov\u00e9m centru Equinix Tier IV v Amsterdamu?<\/b> Jen u n\u00e1s 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB od 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> v Nizozemsku! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2GHz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 od 99 $!<\/b><\/b> \u010ct\u011bte o tom Jak postavit infrastrukturu podnikov\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pou\u017eit\u00edm server\u016f Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 v hodnot\u011b 9000 eur za pakatel?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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