{"id":87903,"date":"2020-07-11T01:43:00","date_gmt":"2020-07-10T23:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-p2p-platformy-gnunet-0-13-prodvizhenie-gns-v-kachestve-internet-standarta"},"modified":"2020-07-11T01:43:00","modified_gmt":"2020-07-10T23:43:00","slug":"vypusk-p2p-platformy-gnunet-0-13-prodvizhenie-gns-v-kachestve-internet-standarta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/vypusk-p2p-platformy-gnunet-0-13-prodvizhenie-gns-v-kachestve-internet-standarta","title":{"rendered":"Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed P2P platformy GNUnet 0.13. Propagace GNS jako internetn\u00edho standardu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00fdbor IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 rozvojem protokol\u016f a architektury Internetu, zah\u00e1jil proces standardizace syst\u00e9mu dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch jmen GNS (GNU Name System), vyv\u00edjen\u00e9ho projektem <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/gnunet.org\">GNUnet<\/a><\/noindex> jako pln\u011b decentralizovan\u00e9 a cenzu\u0159e odoln\u00e9 alternativy k DNS. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/id\/draft-schanzen-gns-01.html\">byla vyd\u00e1na<\/a><\/noindex> prvn\u00ed koncept standardu, po jeho\u017e stabilizaci bude vytvo\u0159en RFC s postaven\u00edm \u201eN\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho standardu\u201c.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/gnunet.org\/en\/gns.html\">GNS<\/a><\/noindex> m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eit vedle DNS a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v tradi\u010dn\u00edch aplikac\u00edch, jako jsou webov\u00e9 prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010de. Integrita a nem\u011bnnost z\u00e1znam\u016f je zaji\u0161t\u011bna pomoc\u00ed kryptografick\u00fdch mechanism\u016f. Na rozd\u00edl od DNS v GNS m\u00edsto hierarchick\u00e9 stromov\u00e9 struktury server\u016f existuje orientovan\u00fd graf. P\u0159evod n\u00e1zv\u016f je podobn\u00fd jako u DNS, ale dotazy a odpov\u011bdi jsou prov\u00e1d\u011bny s ohledem na ochranu soukrom\u00ed \u2014 uzel zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed dotaz nev\u00ed, komu odpov\u011b\u010f jde, a p\u0159echodn\u00e9 uzly a t\u0159et\u00ed strany nemohou de\u0161ifrovat dotazy a odpov\u011bdi.<\/p>\n<p>DNS z\u00f3na v GNS je ur\u010dena pomoc\u00ed p\u00e1ru ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho a soukrom\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ECDSA\">ECDSA<\/a><\/noindex> na z\u00e1klad\u011b eliptick\u00fdch k\u0159ivek <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curve25519\">Curve25519<\/a><\/noindex>. Pou\u017eit\u00ed Curve25519 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/soatok.blog\/2020\/07\/08\/gnu-a-heuristic-for-bad-cryptography\/\">je vn\u00edm\u00e1no<\/a><\/noindex> n\u011bkter\u00fdmi jako velmi zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed krok, proto\u017ee pro ECDSA se obvykle pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jin\u00e9 typy eliptick\u00fdch k\u0159ivek, a spolu s Curve25519 se obvykle aplikuj\u00ed algoritmy digit\u00e1ln\u00edho podepisov\u00e1n\u00ed <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EdDSA#Ed25519\">Ed25519<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/soatok.blog\/2020\/04\/26\/a-furrys-guide-to-digital-signature-algorithms\/\">modern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex>, bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ECDSA. Z pohledu kryptografick\u00e9 odolnosti je tak\u00e9 znepokojuj\u00edc\u00ed volba velikosti kl\u00ed\u010de \u2014 32 byt\u016f nam\u00edsto 64 byt\u016f, kter\u00e9 se obvykle pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro Ed25519, a nav\u00edc aplikace <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiple_encryption\">kask\u00e1dov\u00e9ho<\/a><\/noindex> symetrick\u00e9ho \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed, s vyu\u017eit\u00edm algoritm\u016f AES a TwoFish v re\u017eimu CFB.<\/p>\n<p>Takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup je od\u016fvodn\u011bn nutnost\u00ed implementace hierarchick\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt ko\u0159enov\u00fd ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc vlastnost linearity k\u0159ivky Curve25519. Tato vlastnost umo\u017e\u0148uje vygenerovat pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010de bez znalosti uzav\u0159en\u00fdch ko\u0159enov\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f. Uveden\u00e1 technika je tak\u00e9 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.bitcoin.it\/wiki\/BIP_0032\">se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/a><\/noindex> v Bitcoin. Velikost kl\u00ed\u010de 32 bajty byla zvolena tak, aby kl\u00ed\u010d byl um\u00edst\u011bn do jednoho z\u00e1znamu DNS.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e1le lze poznamenat <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/gnunet.org\/en\/news\/2020-07-0.13.0.html\">nov\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> frameworku <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/gnunet.org\">GNUnet 0.13<\/a><\/noindex>, ur\u010den\u00fd pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed zabezpe\u010den\u00fdch decentralizovan\u00fdch P2P s\u00edt\u00ed. S\u00edt\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed GNUnet nemaj\u00ed jednotn\u00e9 m\u00edsto selh\u00e1n\u00ed a dok\u00e1\u017eou zaru\u010dit ochranu soukrom\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b vylou\u010den\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9ho zneu\u017eit\u00ed ze strany tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb a spr\u00e1vc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k uzl\u016fm s\u00edt\u011b. Vyd\u00e1n\u00ed je ozna\u010deno jako obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zm\u011bny protokolu, kter\u00e9 naru\u0161uj\u00ed zp\u011btnou kompatibilitu s verzemi 0.12.x.<\/p>\n<p>GNUnet podporuje vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed P2P s\u00edt\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b TCP, UDP, HTTP\/HTTPS, Bluetooth a WLAN, m\u016f\u017ee fungovat v re\u017eimu F2F (p\u0159\u00edtel k p\u0159\u00edteli). Podporuje obch\u00e1zen\u00ed NAT, v\u010detn\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed UPnP a ICMP. Pro adresaci ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dat je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt distribuovanou hash tabulku (DHT). Poskytuje prost\u0159edky pro nasazen\u00ed mesh s\u00edt\u00ed. Pro selektivn\u00ed poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed a odvol\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00fdch pr\u00e1v se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 slu\u017eba decentralizovan\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny atribut\u016f identity. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/reclaimID\">reclaimID<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1805.06253.pdf\">vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex> GNS (GNU Name System) a \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b atribut\u016f (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attribute-based_Encryption\">Attribute-Based Encryption<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/p>\n<p>Syst\u00e9m se vyzna\u010duje n\u00edzkou spot\u0159ebou zdroj\u016f a pou\u017eit\u00edm v\u00edcerozm\u011brn\u00e9 architektury pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed izolace mezi komponenty. Poskytuje flexibiln\u00ed prost\u0159edky pro veden\u00ed log\u016f a shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed statistik. Pro v\u00fdvoj koncov\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed GNUnet poskytuje API pro jazyk C a vazby pro dal\u0161\u00ed programovac\u00ed jazyky. Pro zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdvoje se m\u00edsto vl\u00e1ken doporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edvat smy\u010dky zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed (event loop) a procesy. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je testovac\u00ed knihovna pro automatick\u00e9 nasazen\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed des\u00edtky tis\u00edc peer\u016f. <\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b GNS na b\u00e1zi technologi\u00ed GNUnet se tak\u00e9 vyv\u00edj\u00ed n\u011bkolik hotov\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Slu\u017eba pro anonymn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bnu soubor\u016f, kter\u00e1 neumo\u017e\u0148uje analyzovat informace prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u0159enosu dat pouze v za\u0161ifrovan\u00e9 podob\u011b a neumo\u017e\u0148uje sledovat, kdo soubory um\u00edstil, hledal a stahoval, d\u00edky pou\u017eit\u00ed protokolu GAP.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Syst\u00e9m VPN pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed skryt\u00fdch slu\u017eeb v dom\u00e9n\u011b \u201e.gnu\u201c a tunelov\u00e1n\u00ed IPv4 a IPv6 p\u0159es P2P s\u00ed\u0165. D\u00e1le jsou podporov\u00e1ny sch\u00e9mata p\u0159eklad\u016f IPv4-v-IPv6 a IPv6-v-IPv4, stejn\u011b jako vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed tunel\u016f IPv4-p\u0159es-IPv6 a IPv6-p\u0159es-IPv4.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Slu\u017eba GNUnet Conversation pro realizaci hlasov\u00fdch hovor\u016f p\u0159es GNUnet. Pro identifikaci u\u017eivatel\u016f se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 GNS, obsah hlasov\u00e9ho provozu je p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en za\u0161ifrovan\u011b. Anonymita zat\u00edm nen\u00ed poskytov\u00e1na \u2014 ostatn\u00ed peers mohou sledovat spojen\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma u\u017eivateli a ur\u010dit jejich IP adresy.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Platforma pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed decentralizovan\u00fdch soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/secushare.org\/\">Secushare<\/a><\/noindex>, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed protokol <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/about.psyc.eu\/\">PSYC<\/a><\/noindex> a podporuj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ozn\u00e1men\u00ed v re\u017eimu multicast s pou\u017eit\u00edm end-to-end \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed, aby m\u011bly p\u0159\u00edstup k zpr\u00e1v\u00e1m, soubor\u016fm, chat\u016fm a diskuz\u00edm pouze autorizovan\u00e9 osoby (ti, kter\u00fdm zpr\u00e1vy nejsou adresov\u00e1ny, v\u010detn\u011b administr\u00e1tor\u016f uzl\u016f, je nebudou moci p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst);\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Syst\u00e9m pro organizaci \u0161ifrovan\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 po\u0161ty <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/pep.foundation\/\">pretty Easy privacy<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 GNUnet pro ochranu metadat a podporuje r\u016fzn\u00e9 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pep.security\/docs\/general_information.html#the-pp-concept\">kryptografick\u00e9 protokoly<\/a><\/noindex> pro verifikaci kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Platebn\u00ed syst\u00e9m <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=44544\">GNU Taler<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00fd zaji\u0161\u0165uje anonymitu pro kupuj\u00edc\u00ed, ale sleduje transakce prod\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed transparentnosti a poskytnut\u00ed da\u0148ov\u00e9ho vykazov\u00e1n\u00ed. Podporuje pr\u00e1ci s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi existuj\u00edc\u00edmi m\u011bnami a elektronick\u00fdmi pen\u011bzi, v\u010detn\u011b dolar\u016f, eur a bitcoin\u016f.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hlavn\u00ed novinky GNUnet 0.13:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Byl uveden do provozu registr <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.gnunet.org\/gana.git\/tree\/README\">GANA<\/a><\/noindex> (GNUnet Assigned Numbers Authority), zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed jmen a adres pro GNUnet.\n<li class=\"l\"> Realizace decentralizovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch jmen GNS byla uvedena do souladu se <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lsd.gnunet.org\/lsd0001\/\">specifikac\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex>, navr\u017een\u00e9 v IETF. Byla nastavena spolupr\u00e1ce NSS pluginu \u201eblock\u201c. Byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny nov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky SUPPLEMENTAL pro z\u00e1znamy, kter\u00e9 nejsou v\u00fdslovn\u011b publikov\u00e1ny pod danou etiketou, ale jsou vr\u00e1ceny resolverem. Do n\u00e1stroje gnunet-namestore byla p\u0159id\u00e1na v\u00fdstupn\u00ed varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1znam\u016f TLSA nebo SRV mimo z\u00e1znam. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/id\/draft-schanzen-gns-01.html#name-box\">BOX<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<li class=\"l\"> V mechanismu odvol\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f (GNS\/REVOCATION) byla funkce <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B\">d\u016fkazu vykonan\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce<\/a><\/noindex> p\u0159evedena na pou\u017eit\u00ed hashovac\u00edho algoritmu Argon2.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ve slu\u017eb\u011b decentralizovan\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny atribut\u016f identifikace (RECLAIM) byl zv\u00fd\u0161en velikost tiket\u016f na 256 bit\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Transportn\u00ed plugin, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed pro p\u0159enos dat protokol UDP, byl p\u0159esunut do kategorie experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch z d\u016fvodu probl\u00e9m\u016f se stabilitou;\n<li class=\"l\"> Form\u00e1t souboru kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f a metoda serializace priv\u00e1tn\u00edch kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f ECDSA jsou sjednoceny s ostatn\u00edmi knihovnami (star\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010de p\u0159estanou fungovat).\n<li class=\"l\"> Jako implementace algoritm\u016f \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00fdch na eliptick\u00fdch k\u0159ivk\u00e1ch je vyu\u017eita knihovna <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50786\">libsodium<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<li class=\"l\"> Byla p\u0159id\u00e1na mo\u017enost kompilace utilit s knihovnou cURL, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed spojena s gnutls.\n<li class=\"l\"> Vr\u00e1cen server pro kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed integraci <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/buildbot.gnunet.org\/\">Buildbot<\/a><\/noindex>.\n<li class=\"l\"> Do z\u00e1vislost\u00ed na sestaven\u00ed byly zahrnuty knihovny libmicrohttpd, libjansson a libsodium.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53320\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0451\u043d GNS (GNU Name System), \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c GNUnet \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b DNS. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d RFC, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 &#171;\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430&#187;. 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