{"id":88961,"date":"2020-07-16T19:42:34","date_gmt":"2020-07-16T17:42:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/anycast-protiv-unicast-chto-luchshe-vybirat-v-kazhdom-sluchae"},"modified":"2020-07-16T19:42:34","modified_gmt":"2020-07-16T17:42:34","slug":"anycast-protiv-unicast-chto-luchshe-vybirat-v-kazhdom-sluchae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/anycast-protiv-unicast-chto-luchshe-vybirat-v-kazhdom-sluchae","title":{"rendered":"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O Anycast ur\u010dit\u011b sly\u0161elo mnoho lid\u00ed. P\u0159i t\u00e9to metod\u011b s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho adresov\u00e1n\u00ed a sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed je jedna IP adresa p\u0159id\u011blena n\u011bkolika server\u016fm v s\u00edti. Tyto servery mohou b\u00fdt dokonce um\u00edst\u011bny daleko od sebe ve vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch datov\u00fdch centrech. My\u0161lenkou Anycastu je, \u017ee na z\u00e1klad\u011b um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed zdroje po\u017eadavk\u016f jsou data odes\u00edl\u00e1na na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed (dle topologie s\u00edt\u011b, p\u0159esn\u011bji \u2013 protokolu sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed BGP) server. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem lze sn\u00ed\u017eit po\u010det s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch skok\u016f (hop) a latenci. <\/p>\n<p>V podstat\u011b je vyhl\u00e1\u0161en stejn\u00fd sm\u011brovac\u00ed cestu z n\u011bkolika datov\u00fdch center po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem budou klienti sm\u011brov\u00e1ni do \u201enejlep\u0161\u00edho\u201c a \u201enejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho\u201c datov\u00e9ho centra podle cest BGP. Pro\u010d zrovna Anycast? Pro\u010d pou\u017e\u00edvat Anycast m\u00edsto Unicast?<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/511050\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/6573f1e2d39d783575348734518c4bae.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nUnicast se opravdu hod\u00ed pro webovou str\u00e1nku s jedn\u00edm webov\u00fdm serverem a m\u00edrnou \u00farovn\u00ed provozu. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, pokud m\u00e1 slu\u017eba miliony odb\u011bratel\u016f, obvykle pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mnoho webov\u00fdch server\u016f, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 stejnou IP adresu. Tyto servery jsou geograficky rozlo\u017eeny pro optim\u00e1ln\u00ed obsluhu po\u017eadavk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>V tomto sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i Anycast zlep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon (provoz je sm\u011brov\u00e1n u\u017eivateli s minim\u00e1ln\u00ed latenc\u00ed), zajist\u00ed spolehlivost slu\u017eby (d\u00edky z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edm server\u016fm) a vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee \u2013 sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed na n\u011bkolik server\u016f efektivn\u011b rozlo\u017e\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e mezi nimi, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zlep\u0161\u00ed rychlost fungov\u00e1n\u00ed webu.<\/p>\n<p>Oper\u00e1to\u0159i nab\u00edzej\u00ed klient\u016fm r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee zalo\u017een\u00e9 na Anycastu a DNS. Klienti mohou ur\u010dit IP adresy, na kter\u00e9 budou po\u017eadavky sm\u011brov\u00e1ny na z\u00e1klad\u011b geografick\u00e9ho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky. To umo\u017e\u0148uje flexibiln\u011bji rozd\u011blovat po\u017eadavky u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee existuje n\u011bkolik lokalit, mezi kter\u00fdmi je t\u0159eba rozd\u011blit z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e (u\u017eivatel\u00e9), nap\u0159\u00edklad internetov\u00fd obchod s 100 000 po\u017eadavky denn\u011b nebo popul\u00e1rn\u00ed blog. Pro omezen\u00ed regionu, odkud u\u017eivatel\u00e9 p\u0159istupuj\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed lokalitu, lze vyu\u017e\u00edt mo\u017enost Geo Community. Ta umo\u017e\u0148uje omezit region, v r\u00e1mci n\u011bho\u017e oper\u00e1tor bude oznamovat trasu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/54582f256a946a3ff557ab971cec087d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/48849a5cf65cb1c7190c1f75aa33e2d8.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Anycast a Unicast: rozd\u00edly<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Anycast je \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v aplikac\u00edch jako DNS (syst\u00e9m dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch jmen) a CDN (s\u00edt\u011b pro doru\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu), co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159ij\u00edmat rozhodnut\u00ed o sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zvy\u0161uj\u00ed v\u00fdkonnost s\u00edt\u011b. S\u00edt\u011b pro doru\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed Anycast, nebo\u0165 se pot\u00fdkaj\u00ed s velk\u00fdm objemem provozu, a Anycast v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nab\u00edz\u00ed \u0159adu v\u00fdhod (o nich\u017e se dozv\u00edte n\u00ed\u017ee). V DNS Anycast v\u00fdrazn\u011b zvy\u0161uje \u00farove\u0148 spolehlivosti a odolnosti slu\u017eby.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/8043fec22ecef8aa2b3b9c1a06e8f5f9.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>V Anycast IP p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed BGP existuje n\u011bkolik cest k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu hostovi. Ve skute\u010dnosti se jedn\u00e1 o kopie hostitel\u016f v n\u011bkolika datov\u00fdch centrech, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k navazov\u00e1n\u00ed spojen\u00ed s ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed latenc\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V s\u00edti Anycast se stejn\u00e1 IP adresa vyhla\u0161uje z r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edst, a s\u00ed\u0165 rozhoduje, kam sm\u011brovat po\u017eadavek u\u017eivatele, z hlediska \"n\u00e1klad\u016f\" cesty. Nap\u0159\u00edklad protokol BGP se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k ur\u010den\u00ed nejkrat\u0161\u00ed cesty pro p\u0159enos dat. Kdy\u017e u\u017eivatel ode\u0161le Anycast po\u017eadavek, BGP ur\u010duje nejlep\u0161\u00ed trasu pro dostupn\u00e9 servery v s\u00edti Anycast.<\/p>\n<h2>V\u00fdhody Anycast<\/h2>\n<p>Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed latence<br \/>\nSyst\u00e9my s Anycast jsou schopny sn\u00ed\u017eit latenci p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f, nebo\u0165 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1vat data z nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho serveru. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee u\u017eivatel\u00e9 se v\u017edy p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed k \"nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu\" (z hlediska sm\u011brovac\u00edho protokolu) DNS serveru. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee Anycast zkracuje dobu interakce sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi klientem a serverem. To nejen\u017ee sni\u017euje latenci, ale tak\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uje vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee.<\/p>\n<p>Rychlost<\/p>\n<p>Jeliko\u017e je provoz sm\u011brov\u00e1n na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed uzel a sni\u017euje se latence p\u0159i p\u0159enosu dat mezi klientem a uzlem, vede to ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed rychlosti dod\u00e1n\u00ed, bez ohledu na to, odkud klient \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 o informace.<\/p>\n<p>Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 stabilita a odolnost<\/p>\n<p>Pokud n\u011bkolik server\u016f po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stejnou IP adresu, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b selh\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho ze server\u016f nebo jeho odpojen\u00ed bude provoz p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed server. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee Anycast \u010din\u00ed slu\u017ebu odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a zaji\u0161\u0165uje lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k s\u00edti\/latenci\/rychlosti.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>D\u00edky tomu, \u017ee existuje n\u011bkolik server\u016f neust\u00e1le dostupn\u00fdch pro u\u017eivatele, Anycast nap\u0159\u00edklad zvy\u0161uje stabilitu \u010dinnosti DNS. P\u0159i selh\u00e1n\u00ed uzlu budou u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 dotazy p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1ny na jin\u00fd server DNS bez jak\u00e9hokoli ru\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1sahu nebo p\u0159enastaven\u00ed. Anycast zaji\u0161\u0165uje prakticky bezprobl\u00e9mov\u00e9 p\u0159epnut\u00ed na jin\u00e9 str\u00e1nky t\u00edm, \u017ee jednodu\u0161e odstran\u00ed trasy probl\u00e9mov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00e9 vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n<p>V syst\u00e9mu Anycast je s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fd provoz rozd\u011blen mezi r\u016fzn\u00e9 servery. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee funguje jako z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00fd vyv\u00e1\u017ee\u010d, co\u017e zabra\u0148uje tomu, aby jak\u00fdkoli jednotliv\u00fd server dost\u00e1val v\u011bt\u0161inu provozu. Z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00e9 vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed lze vyu\u017e\u00edt nap\u0159\u00edklad tehdy, pokud se na stejn\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od zdroje dotaz\u016f nach\u00e1z\u00ed n\u011bkolik s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch uzl\u016f. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e rozd\u011blena mezi uzly.<\/p>\n<p>Redukce vlivu DoS \u00fatok\u016f\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed Anycastu je odolnost v\u016f\u010di DDoS. DDoS \u00fatoky pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nebudou schopny vy\u0159adit syst\u00e9m Anycastu, proto\u017ee by bylo nutn\u00e9 potla\u010dit lavinou \u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed v\u0161echny servery v t\u00e9to s\u00edti.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i DDoS \u00fatoc\u00edch se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed botnety, kter\u00e9 mohou generovat takov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed provozu, \u017ee p\u0159et\u00ed\u017e\u00ed napaden\u00fd server. V\u00fdhodou pou\u017eit\u00ed Anycastu v t\u00e9to situaci je, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd server je schopen \u201epohltit\u201c \u010d\u00e1st \u00fatoku, co\u017e sni\u017euje zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho serveru. \u00datok typu \u201eodm\u00edtnut\u00ed slu\u017eby\u201c pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bude lokalizov\u00e1n na serveru a neovlivn\u00ed cel\u00fd servis.<\/p>\n<p>Vysok\u00e1 horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost<\/p>\n<p>Syst\u00e9my Anycast jsou dob\u0159e p\u0159izp\u016fsobeny pro slu\u017eby s velk\u00fdmi objemy provozu. Pokud slu\u017eba vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed Anycast pot\u0159ebuje nov\u00e9 servery pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed rostouc\u00edho provozu, mohou b\u00fdt do s\u00edt\u011b pro jeho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159id\u00e1ny nov\u00e9 servery. Ty mohou b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bny na nov\u00fdch nebo ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00edch m\u00edstech.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Pokud je na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b pozorov\u00e1n v\u00fdznamn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst provozu, p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed serveru pom\u016f\u017ee vyv\u00e1\u017eit z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e pro tuto lokalitu. P\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed serveru na nov\u00e9 lokalit\u011b pom\u016f\u017ee zkr\u00e1tit dobu \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vytvo\u0159\u00ed pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 u\u017eivatele novou nejkrat\u0161\u00ed cestu. Ob\u011b metody tak\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed zvy\u0161ovat stabilitu slu\u017eby, proto\u017ee v s\u00edti se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 nov\u00e9 servery. T\u00edm p\u00e1dem, pokud je server p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een, lze jednodu\u0161e nasadit dal\u0161\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b, kter\u00e9 mu umo\u017en\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edmat n\u011bjakou \u010d\u00e1st po\u017eadavk\u016f p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00e9ho serveru. P\u0159itom nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nastaven\u00ed ze strany klient\u016f.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Pouze t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem je mo\u017en\u00e9 obslou\u017eit terabity provozu a velmi velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u016f, kdy\u017e m\u00e1 server pouze n\u011bkolik port\u016f 10 nebo 25 Gbit\/s. 100 hostitel\u016f s jednou IP adresou umo\u017en\u00ed zpracovat terabitov\u00e9 objemy provozu.<\/p>\n<p>Jednoduchost spr\u00e1vy konfigurace<\/p>\n<p>Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno v\u00fd\u0161e, zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed Anycastu \u2014 DNS. Je mo\u017en\u00e9 um\u00edstit na uzly s\u00edt\u011b n\u011bkolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch DNS server\u016f, ale pou\u017e\u00edvat jednu DNS adresu. V z\u00e1vislosti na tom, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed zdroj, jsou po\u017eadavky sm\u011brov\u00e1ny k nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu uzlu. To zaji\u0161\u0165uje ur\u010ditou vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e provozu a redundanci v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b selh\u00e1n\u00ed DNS serveru. Tak\u017ee m\u00edsto toho, abyste nastavovali r\u016fzn\u00e9 DNS servery v z\u00e1vislosti na jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed, lze konfiguraci jednoho DNS serveru roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it na v\u0161echny uzly.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00edt\u011b Anycast lze nastavit pro sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f nejen na z\u00e1klad\u011b vzd\u00e1lenosti, ale tak\u00e9 podle takov\u00fdch parametr\u016f, jako je dostupnost serveru, po\u010det otev\u0159en\u00fdch spojen\u00ed nebo doba odezvy.<\/p>\n<p>Pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed technologie Anycast na stran\u011b klienta nejsou pot\u0159eba \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed servery, s\u00edt\u011b nebo speci\u00e1ln\u00ed komponenty. Ale Anycast m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody. Pova\u017euje se za slo\u017eit\u00fd \u00fakol implementace, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje dal\u0161\u00ed hardware, spolehliv\u00e9 poskytovatele a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed provozu.<\/p>\n<h2>Od \u010dist\u00e9ho pramene do kr\u00e1sn\u00e9ho daleka<\/h2>\n<p>\nI kdy\u017e Anycast sm\u011bruje u\u017eivatele na z\u00e1klad\u011b nejmen\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu p\u0159echod\u016f, to nutn\u011b neznamen\u00e1 minim\u00e1ln\u00ed zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed. Zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko, proto\u017ee u jednoho p\u0159echodu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u deseti. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/8fb50007806759ab243c89bb88cdeb31.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>P\u0159\u00edklad: mezikontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikace m\u016f\u017ee zahrnovat jeden p\u0159echod s velmi vysokou latenc\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Anycast se hlavn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro slu\u017eby zalo\u017een\u00e9 na UDP, jako je DNS. Dotazy u\u017eivatel\u016f jsou sm\u011brov\u00e1ny do \"nejlep\u0161\u00ed\" a \"nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed\" datov\u00e9ho centra na z\u00e1klad\u011b BGP tras. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/05a1b75b981d55967e44e3b90cfd88b9.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>P\u0159\u00edklad: pracovn\u00ed stanice DNS klienta s Anycast DNS IP adresou 123.10.10.10 prov\u00e1d\u00ed DNS resoluci pro nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed z t\u0159\u00ed DNS server\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou nasazeny s t\u00edmto stejn\u00fdm Anycast IP. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b selh\u00e1n\u00ed routeru R1 nebo serveru A budou pakety DNS klienta automaticky p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1ny na dal\u0161\u00ed nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed DNS server p\u0159es routery R2 a R3. D\u00e1le bude trasa k na\u0161emu serveru A odstran\u011bna z tabulek sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e zabr\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edmu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto serveru jmen.<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e nasazen\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>\nExistuj\u00ed dv\u011b obecn\u00e9 sch\u00e9mata, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed, ke kter\u00e9mu serveru se u\u017eivatel p\u0159ipojuje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Anycast na \u00farovni s\u00edt\u011b<\/b>. Spojuje u\u017eivatele s nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edm serverem. Zde je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 cesta od u\u017eivatele k serveru.<\/li>\n<li><b>Anycast na \u00farovni aplikace<\/b>. V tomto sch\u00e9matu je v\u00edce m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdch metrik, v\u010detn\u011b dostupnosti serveru, doby odezvy, po\u010dtu p\u0159ipojen\u00ed atd. To z\u00e1vis\u00ed na extern\u00edm monitoru, kter\u00fd poskytuje statistiku o s\u00edti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Anycast zalo\u017een\u00fd na CDN<\/h2>\n<p>\nNyn\u00ed se vra\u0165me k vyu\u017eit\u00ed Anycast v s\u00edt\u00edch pro doru\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu. Anycast je rozhodn\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 koncepce a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed uzn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi poskytovateli CDN nov\u00e9 generace.<\/p>\n<p>CDN je distribuovan\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 server\u016f, kter\u00e9 dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed obsah koncov\u00fdm u\u017eivatel\u016fm s vysokou dostupnost\u00ed a n\u00edzkou latenc\u00ed. S\u00edt\u011b pro doru\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu hraj\u00ed dnes d\u016fle\u017eitou roli, nebo\u0165 jsou z\u00e1kladem mnoha multimedi\u00e1ln\u00edch online slu\u017eeb, a spot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 jsou \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l m\u00e9n\u011b tolerantn\u00ed k pomal\u00fdm rychlostem na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed. Video a hlasov\u00e9 aplikace jsou obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 citliv\u00e9 na jitter a latenci v s\u00edti. <\/p>\n<p>CDN spojuje v\u0161echny servery do jedn\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b a zaji\u0161\u0165uje rychlej\u0161\u00ed na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu. N\u011bkdy se poda\u0159\u00ed zkr\u00e1tit dobu \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017eivatele o 5\u20136 sekund. C\u00edlem CDN je optimalizace doru\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee poskytuje obsah ze serveru, kter\u00fd je nejbl\u00ed\u017ee koncov\u00e9mu u\u017eivateli. To je velmi podobn\u00e9 Anycast, kde je vybr\u00e1n nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed server v z\u00e1vislosti na poloze koncov\u00e9ho u\u017eivatele. Zd\u00e1lo by se, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd poskytovatel CDN ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Anycast, ale ve skute\u010dnosti tomu tak nen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Aplikace, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed protokoly jako HTTP\/TCP, se spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na navazovan\u00e1 spojen\u00ed. Pokud je vybr\u00e1n nov\u00fd uzel Anycast (nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i selh\u00e1n\u00ed serveru), m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt slu\u017eba p\u0159eru\u0161ena. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto byl Anycast d\u0159\u00edve doporu\u010dov\u00e1n pro slu\u017eby bez navazov\u00e1n\u00ed spojen\u00ed, jako jsou UDP a DNS. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b Anycast dob\u0159e funguje i pro protokoly orientovan\u00e9 na spojen\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad TCP skv\u011ble funguje v re\u017eimu Anycast.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed poskytovatel\u00e9 CDN pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b Anycast, jin\u00ed preferuj\u00ed sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b DNS: nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed server je vyb\u00edr\u00e1n podle toho, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed DNS server u\u017eivatele.<\/p>\n<p>Hybridn\u00ed infrastruktury a infrastruktury s v\u00edce datov\u00fdmi centry jsou dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem vyu\u017eit\u00ed Anycast. Adresa Load Balancing IP poskytovan\u00e1 poskytovatelem umo\u017e\u0148uje rozlo\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee mezi IP adresy r\u016fzn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f v datov\u00e9m centru poskytovatele. D\u00edky technologii adresov\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00e9mukoli za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed to zaji\u0161\u0165uje lep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei, odolnost proti v\u00fdpadk\u016fm a pom\u00e1h\u00e1 optimalizovat dobu odezvy p\u0159i velk\u00e9m po\u010dtu u\u017eivatel\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>V hybridn\u00edch infrastruktur\u00e1ch s v\u00edce datov\u00fdmi centry je mo\u017en\u00e9 rozlo\u017eit provoz mezi servery nebo dokonce virtu\u00e1ln\u00edmi stroji na dedikovan\u00fdch serverech.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee existuje obrovsk\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br technick\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro budov\u00e1n\u00ed infrastruktury. Je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 nastavit vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee podle IP adres v n\u011bkolika datov\u00fdch centrech pomoc\u00ed adresov\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00e9mukoli za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed skupiny pro optimalizaci v\u00fdkonu webu.<\/p>\n<p>M\u016f\u017eete distribuovat provoz podle vlastn\u00edch pravidel, ur\u010den\u00edm \u201ev\u00e1hy\u201c ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z distribuovan\u00fdch server\u016f v ka\u017ed\u00e9m datov\u00e9m centru. Tato konfigurace je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1, kdy\u017e je k dispozici distribuovan\u00fd serverov\u00fd park a v\u00fdkon slu\u017eeb nen\u00ed stejn\u00fd. To umo\u017en\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji distribuovat provoz pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu server\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed kontroln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazu ping je mo\u017en\u00e9 konfigurovat sondy. To umo\u017e\u0148uje administr\u00e1torovi definovat vlastn\u00ed kontroln\u00ed postupy a z\u00edskat jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ehled o stavu ka\u017ed\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti v infrastruktu\u0159e. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem lze definovat krit\u00e9ria dostupnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Existuje mo\u017enost vybudovat hybridn\u00ed infrastrukturu: n\u011bkdy je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 ponechat back office v podnikov\u00e9 s\u00edti, zat\u00edmco rozhran\u00ed lze outsourcovat poskytovateli.<\/p>\n<p>Je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159idat certifik\u00e1ty SSL pro vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee, \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch dat a zabezpe\u010den\u00ed komunikace mezi n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky webu a podnikovou infrastrukturou. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee mezi datov\u00fdmi centry je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 aplikovat SSL.<\/p>\n<p>Slu\u017ebu Anycast s vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee adres m\u016f\u017eete z\u00edskat od poskytovatele. Tato funkce pom\u016f\u017ee zlep\u0161it algoritmus interakce u\u017eivatel\u016f s aplikacemi v z\u00e1vislosti na jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed. Sta\u010d\u00ed ozn\u00e1mit, jak\u00e9 slu\u017eby jsou k dispozici v datov\u00e9m centru, a provoz bude p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed infrastrukturu. Pokud m\u00e1te vyhrazen\u00e9 servery, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve Francii nebo v Severn\u00ed Americe, budou klienti p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1ni na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed server v s\u00edti.<\/p>\n<p>Jednou z mo\u017enost\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed Anycastu je optim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br m\u00edsta p\u0159\u00edtomnosti oper\u00e1tora (PoP). Uv\u00e1d\u00edme <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/engineering.linkedin.com\/network-performance\/tcp-over-ip-anycast-pipe-dream-or-reality\">p\u0159\u00edklad<\/a><\/noindex>. LinkedIn (blokovan\u00fd v Rusku) se sna\u017e\u00ed nejen zlep\u0161ovat v\u00fdkon a rychlost sv\u00fdch produkt\u016f \u2013 mobiln\u00edch a webov\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 zdokonalovat s\u00ed\u0165ovou infrastrukturu pro urychlen\u00e9 doru\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu. K tomu LinkedIn aktivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 PoP \u2013 m\u00edsta p\u0159\u00edtomnosti pro dynamick\u00e9 doru\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu. Aby byly u\u017eivatel\u00e9 sm\u011brov\u00e1ni k nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu PoP, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se Anycast.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fvodem je, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Unycast m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd PoP LinkedIn unik\u00e1tn\u00ed IP adresu. U\u017eivatel\u00e9 jsou pak p\u0159i\u0159azeni k PoP na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich geografick\u00e9 polohy pomoc\u00ed DNS. Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed DNS bylo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 30 % u\u017eivatel\u016f ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1no na suboptim\u00e1ln\u00ed PoP. D\u00edky postupn\u00e9mu zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed Anycast se pod\u00edl suboptim\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed PoP sn\u00ed\u017eil z 31 % na 10 %.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/f1635951294bc476639ec65d175c11e0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>V\u00fdsledky pilotn\u00edho testu jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny na grafu, kde osa Y p\u0159edstavuje procento optim\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed PoP. S postupn\u00fdm nab\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm Anycast v mnoha st\u00e1tech USA bylo pozorov\u00e1no zlep\u0161en\u00ed pod\u00edlu provozu k optim\u00e1ln\u00edmu PoP.<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b Anycast<\/h2>\n<p>\nTeoreticky jsou s\u00edt\u011b Anycast jednoduch\u00e9: v\u00edce fyzick\u00fdch server\u016f m\u00e1 p\u0159i\u0159azenou stejnou IP adresu, kterou BGP pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro ur\u010den\u00ed trasy. Av\u0161ak implementace a n\u00e1vrh Anycast platforem jsou slo\u017eit\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na to plat\u00ed pro odoln\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b Anycast. Je\u0161t\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je efektivn\u00ed monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b Anycast pro rychl\u00e9 odhalen\u00ed a lokalizaci z\u00e1vad. <\/p>\n<p>Pokud slu\u017eby vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k dod\u00e1vce sv\u00e9ho obsahu extern\u00ed poskytovatele CDN, je pro n\u011b velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 sledovat a ov\u011b\u0159ovat v\u00fdkonnost s\u00edt\u011b. P\u0159i monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed CDN zalo\u017een\u00e9 na Anycast je hlavn\u00ed d\u016fraz kladen na m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed latenc\u00ed a charakteristik p\u0159edposledn\u00edho skoku, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zjistit, kter\u00fd datov\u00fd centrum dod\u00e1v\u00e1 obsah. Anal\u00fdza HTTP hlavi\u010dek serveru je dal\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak zjistit, odkud data poch\u00e1zej\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/9dfcf689c3c7a553b00de5f0dac4d0ec.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>P\u0159\u00edklad: HTTP hlavi\u010dky odpov\u011bdi, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed serveru CDN.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad CloudFlare pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed hlavi\u010dku CF-Ray v HTTP odpov\u011bd\u00edch, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje ozna\u010den\u00ed datov\u00e9ho centra, do kter\u00e9ho byla \u017e\u00e1dost posl\u00e1na. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Zendesk je hlavi\u010dka CF-Ray pro region Seattle CF-RAY: 2a21675e65fd2a3d-SEA a pro Amsterdam CF-RAY: 2a216896b93a0c71-AMS. K ur\u010den\u00ed, kde se obsah nach\u00e1z\u00ed, lze tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt HTTP-X hlavi\u010dky z HTTP odpov\u011bdi.<\/p>\n<h2>Dal\u0161\u00ed metody adresace<\/h2>\n<p>\nExistuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed metody adresace pro sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdch dotaz\u016f k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu koncov\u00e9mu bodu s\u00edt\u011b:<\/p>\n<p>Unicast<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina internetu dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b tento metod. Unicast je jednosm\u011brn\u00fd p\u0159enos, IP adresa je spojena pouze s jedn\u00edm konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm uzlem v s\u00edti. To se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 shoda.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Multicast<\/p>\n<p>Multicast vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 spojen\u00ed \"jeden k mnoha z mnoha\" nebo \"mnoz\u00ed k mnoha\". Mnohop\u0159enos umo\u017e\u0148uje odes\u00edlat dotaz od odes\u00edlatele sou\u010dasn\u011b na r\u016fzn\u00e1 vybran\u00e1 koncov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. To d\u00e1v\u00e1 klientovi mo\u017enost stahovat soubor po \u010d\u00e1stech z n\u011bkolika hostitel\u016f najednou (co\u017e je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 pro streaming audio nebo video). Mnohop\u0159enos je \u010dasto zam\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1n s Anycast, av\u0161ak hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee Anycast sm\u011b\u0159uje odes\u00edlatele k jednomu konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu uzlu, i kdy\u017e je k dispozici v\u00edce uzl\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Broadcast<\/p>\n<p>Datagram od jedin\u00e9ho odes\u00edlatele je sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n na v\u0161echny koncov\u00e9 body p\u0159idru\u017een\u00e9 k \u0161irokop\u00e1smov\u00e9 adrese. S\u00ed\u0165 automaticky replikov\u00e1 datagramy, aby mohla komunikovat se v\u0161emi p\u0159\u00edjemci v r\u00e1diov\u00e9m vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed (obvykle v jedn\u00e9 pods\u00edti).<\/p>\n<p>Geocast<\/p>\n<p>Geocast je do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry podobn\u00fd Multicast: \u017e\u00e1dosti od odes\u00edlatele jsou sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1ny sou\u010dasn\u011b na v\u00edce koncov\u00fdch bod\u016f. Rozd\u00edl je v\u0161ak v tom, \u017ee adres\u00e1t je ur\u010den jeho geografickou polohou. Toto je specializovan\u00e1 forma skupinov\u00e9ho adresov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 n\u011bkter\u00fdmi protokoly sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed pro mobiln\u00ed peer-to-peer s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Geografick\u00fd sm\u011brova\u010d (Geo Router) vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 svou oblast pokryt\u00ed a p\u0159ibli\u017euje ji. Geosm\u011brova\u010de si vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed oblasti pokryt\u00ed a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed sm\u011brovac\u00ed tabulky. Syst\u00e9m geosm\u011brova\u010d\u016f m\u00e1 hierarchickou strukturu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/fa98a1f0705bd754e1a9c8b479c834a7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/da36388f194ac565aba7b7661839ff6c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/16161b1bdc81867d8c8bba7bd084b7cf.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Unicast, Multicast a Broadcast.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pou\u017eit\u00ed technologie Anycast zvy\u0161uje \u00farove\u0148 spolehlivosti, odolnosti v\u016f\u010di chyb\u00e1m a bezpe\u010dnosti DNS. D\u00edky t\u00e9to technologii oper\u00e1to\u0159i nab\u00edzej\u00ed sv\u00fdm klient\u016fm slu\u017eby r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee na z\u00e1klad\u011b DNS. V \u0159\u00eddic\u00edm panelu je mo\u017en\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u011bt IP adresy, na kter\u00e9 budou dotazy sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1ny v z\u00e1vislosti na geografick\u00e9 lokalizaci. To d\u00e1 klient\u016fm mo\u017enost flexibiln\u011bji distribuovat u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 dotazy.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed oper\u00e1to\u0159i vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed monitorovac\u00ed prost\u0159edky trasy na ka\u017ed\u00e9m bodu p\u0159\u00edtomnosti (POP): syst\u00e9m automaticky analyzuje nejkrat\u0161\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed trasy pro body p\u0159\u00edtomnosti a p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1v\u00e1 je p\u0159es geografick\u00e9 polohy s nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed latenc\u00ed a nulov\u00fdm prostoje.<\/p>\n<p>V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je Anycast nejstabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vysoce zat\u011b\u017eovan\u00fdch DNS slu\u017eeb, kter\u00e9 kladou vysok\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na odolnost a spolehlivost. <\/p>\n<p>Dom\u00e9na .ru podporuje 35 server\u016f Anycast DNS, kter\u00e9 jsou seskupeny do 20 uzl\u016f rozlo\u017een\u00fdch v p\u011bti Anycast oblastech. P\u0159i tom se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 princip geografick\u00e9ho zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, tedy Geocast. P\u0159i um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed DNS uzl\u016f se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 jejich p\u0159esun do geograficky vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch lokalit bl\u00edzk\u00fdch nejaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm u\u017eivatel\u016fm, maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace rusk\u00fdch poskytovatel\u016f na m\u00edst\u011b um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed uzlu a tak\u00e9 dostupnost voln\u00fdch kapacit a pohodl\u00ed p\u0159i interakci s webem.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak vybudovat CDN?<\/h2>\n<p>\nCDN je s\u00ed\u0165 server\u016f, kter\u00e1 urychluje dod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu u\u017eivatel\u016fm.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/503800\/\"> S\u00ed\u0165 pro dod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu<\/a><\/noindex> sdru\u017euje v\u0161echny servery do jedn\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b a zaji\u0161\u0165uje rychlej\u0161\u00ed na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu. Rychlost na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed je ovlivn\u011bna vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed od serveru k u\u017eivateli.<\/p>\n<p>CDN umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed server\u016f, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed nejbl\u00ed\u017ee k c\u00edlov\u00e9mu publiku. To zkracuje \u010das \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed a pom\u00e1h\u00e1 urychlit na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek pro v\u0161echny n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky, co\u017e je zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kritick\u00e9 pro weby s velk\u00fdmi soubory nebo multimedi\u00e1ln\u00edmi slu\u017ebami. Typick\u00e9 oblasti pou\u017eit\u00ed CDN zahrnuj\u00ed elektronick\u00fd obchod a oblast z\u00e1bavy.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00ed\u0165 dodate\u010dn\u00fdch server\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e1 v infrastruktu\u0159e CDN, kter\u00e9 jsou um\u00edst\u011bny co nejbl\u00ed\u017ee k u\u017eivatel\u016fm, p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke stabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu a rychlej\u0161\u00edmu dod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dat. Podle statistik pou\u017eit\u00ed CDN sni\u017euje latenci p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edstupu na web o v\u00edce ne\u017e 70 % ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s weby bez CDN.<\/p>\n<p>Jak<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/466447\/\"> vytvo\u0159it CDN pomoc\u00ed DNS<\/a><\/noindex>? \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 CDN \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Anycast \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c GeoDNS \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0421 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 GeoDNS \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c CDN \u0441 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 DNS. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e DNS-\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0438\u0437 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b.<\/p>\n<p>Pomoc\u00ed GeoDNS lze vracet r\u016fzn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi DNS v z\u00e1vislosti na IP adrese u\u017eivatele. K tomu je nastaven DNS server tak, aby vracel r\u016fzn\u00e9 IP adresy na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdchoz\u00ed IP adresy v po\u017eadavku. Obvykle se k ur\u010den\u00ed regionu, ze kter\u00e9ho je po\u017eadavek zasl\u00e1n, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 datab\u00e1ze GeoIP. Geolokace pomoc\u00ed DNS umo\u017e\u0148uje u\u017eivatel\u016fm zas\u00edlat obsah z nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho webu.<\/p>\n<p>GeoDNS ur\u010duje IP adresu klienta, kter\u00fd poslal \u017e\u00e1dost DNS, nebo IP adresu rekurzivn\u00edho DNS serveru poskytovatele, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed klientsk\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dosti. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b IP klienta a datab\u00e1ze GeoIP se ur\u010duje zem\u011b\/oblast. Pot\u00e9 klient z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 IP adresu nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho CDN serveru. O nastaven\u00ed GeoDNS se m\u016f\u017eete dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/178727\/\"> zde<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h2>Anycast nebo GeoDNS?<\/h2>\n<p>\nZat\u00edmco Anycast je skv\u011bl\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak dod\u00e1vat obsah na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni, chyb\u00ed mu specifikace. A pr\u00e1v\u011b zde p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed na pomoc GeoDNS. Tento servis umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1\u0159et pravidla, kter\u00e1 sm\u011bruj\u00ed u\u017eivatele na unik\u00e1tn\u00ed koncov\u00e9 body v z\u00e1vislosti na jejich poloze.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/05c9d6752ba196f90bfefe6091075b23.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>P\u0159\u00edklad: U\u017eivatele z Evropy sm\u011brujeme k jin\u00e9 koncov\u00e9 c\u00edlov\u00e9 adrese.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 zak\u00e1zat p\u0159\u00edstup k dom\u00e9n\u00e1m t\u00edm, \u017ee se v\u0161echny \u017e\u00e1dosti odm\u00edtnou. To je rychl\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak od\u0159\u00edznout \u00fato\u010dn\u00edky.<\/p>\n<p>GeoDNS poskytuje p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odpov\u011bdi ne\u017e Anycast. Zat\u00edmco v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Anycast je nejkrat\u0161\u00ed trasa ur\u010dena po\u010dtem skok\u016f, v GeoDNS se sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed pro koncov\u00e9 u\u017eivatele prov\u00e1d\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich fyzick\u00e9ho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed. To sni\u017euje zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed a zvy\u0161uje p\u0159esnost p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed granul\u00e1rn\u00edch pravidel sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i p\u0159echodu na dom\u00e9nu se prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d obrac\u00ed na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed DNS server, kter\u00fd, v z\u00e1vislosti na dom\u00e9n\u011b, vyd\u00e1 IP adresu pro na\u010dten\u00ed webu. P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee internetov\u00fd obchod je popul\u00e1rn\u00ed v USA a v Evrop\u011b, a DNS servery pro n\u011bj jsou pouze v Evrop\u011b. Pak u\u017eivatel\u00e9 z USA, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt slu\u017eeb obchodu, budou muset poslat \u017e\u00e1dost k nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmu serveru, a proto\u017ee je velmi daleko, budou muset dlouho \u010dekat na odpov\u011b\u010f \u2013 na\u010dten\u00ed str\u00e1nky nebude rychl\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud um\u00edst\u00edme GeoDNS server v USA, u\u017eivatel\u00e9 se na n\u011bj obr\u00e1t\u00ed. Odpov\u011b\u010f bude rychl\u00e1, co\u017e ovlivn\u00ed rychlost na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed webu.<\/p>\n<p>V situaci se st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm DNS serverem v USA, p\u0159i p\u0159echodu na tuto dom\u00e9nu, se u\u017eivatel z USA obr\u00e1t\u00ed na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed server, kter\u00fd vyd\u00e1 po\u017eadovanou IP adresu. U\u017eivatel bude sm\u011brov\u00e1n na server, kter\u00fd obsahuje obsah webu, ale proto\u017ee servery s obsahem jsou daleko, rychle ho nedostane.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud um\u00edst\u00edte servery v USA a CDN servery s ulo\u017een\u00fdmi daty, p\u0159i na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d klienta ode\u0161le dotaz na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed DNS server, kter\u00fd vr\u00e1t\u00ed po\u017eadovanou IP adresu. Prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d s obdr\u017eenou IP oslov\u00ed nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed CDN server a hlavn\u00ed server, a CDN server p\u0159ed\u00e1 prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010di ulo\u017een\u00fd obsah. B\u011bhem na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00e9ho obsahu pos\u00edl\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed server chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed soubory pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k na\u010dten\u00ed cel\u00e9 str\u00e1nky. V\u00fdsledkem je zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed doby na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed str\u00e1nky, proto\u017ee z hlavn\u00edho serveru se pos\u00edl\u00e1 mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b soubor\u016f. <\/p>\n<p>Ur\u010den\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9 polohy dan\u00e9 IP adresy nen\u00ed v\u017edy snadn\u00fd \u00fakol: zde p\u016fsob\u00ed mnoho faktor\u016f a vlastn\u00edci adresn\u00edho prostoru IP se mohou rozhodnout vyhl\u00e1sit jej na druh\u00e9m konci sv\u011bta (pak bude t\u0159eba po\u010dkat, a\u017e se datab\u00e1ze aktualizuje, aby se z\u00edskala spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 poloha). N\u011bkdy poskytovatel\u00e9 VPS p\u0159i\u0159azuj\u00ed adresy, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed jako um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 v USA, k VPS v Singapuru.<\/p>\n<p>Na rozd\u00edl od pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Anycast adres se distribuce prov\u00e1d\u00ed b\u011bhem rozli\u0161en\u00ed jmen, nikoliv p\u0159i p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k serveru s mezipam\u011bt\u00ed. Pokud rekurzivn\u00ed server nepodporuje klientsk\u00e9 pods\u00edt\u011b EDNS, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed tohoto rekurzivn\u00edho serveru, a ne u\u017eivatele, kter\u00fd se bude p\u0159ipojovat k serveru s mezipam\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Klientsk\u00e9 pods\u00edt\u011b v DNS jsou roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm DNS (RFC7871), kter\u00e9 definuje, jak mohou rekurzivn\u00ed DNS servery odes\u00edlat informace o klientovi na DNS server, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b informace o s\u00edti, kterou m\u016f\u017ee server GeoDNS pou\u017e\u00edt pro p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ur\u010den\u00ed polohy klienta.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 DNS servery sv\u00e9ho internetov\u00e9ho poskytovatele nebo DNS servery, kter\u00e9 jsou geograficky bl\u00edzko, ale pokud se n\u011bkdo v USA z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu rozhodne pou\u017e\u00edt DNS resolver um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd v Austr\u00e1lii, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1 IP adresu serveru pobl\u00ed\u017e Austr\u00e1lie. <\/p>\n<p>Pokud chcete pou\u017e\u00edt GeoDNS, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt o t\u011bchto zvl\u00e1\u0161tnostech, proto\u017ee v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech to m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it vzd\u00e1lenost mezi servery s mezipam\u011bt\u00ed a klientem.<\/p>\n<p>Shrnut\u00ed: pokud chcete slou\u010dit n\u011bkolik VPS do CDN, nejlep\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed nasazen\u00ed je pou\u017eit\u00ed kombinace DNS serveru s funkc\u00ed GeoDNS + Anycast \"out of the box\".<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/ruvds.com\/ru-rub?utm_source=habr&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=caplin&amp;utm_content=anycastvsunicast#order\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Anycast vs. Unicast: co zvolit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/73c6b0732883a352ddd9096804f2e533.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/511050\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e Anycast \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044f\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d IP-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0426\u041e\u0414. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f Anycast \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 (\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 BGP) \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":88962,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-88961","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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P\u0159i t\u00e9to metod\u011b s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho adresov\u00e1n\u00ed a sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed je jeden IP adresa p\u0159i\u0159azena n\u011bkolika server\u016fm v s\u00edti. Tyto servery mohou b\u00fdt dokonce um\u00edst\u011bny daleko od sebe v r\u016fzn\u00fdch datov\u00fdch centrech.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/anycast-protiv-unicast-chto-luchshe-vybirat-v-kazhdom-sluchae","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"cs_CZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47Anycast \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 Unicast: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 | 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