{"id":89253,"date":"2020-07-21T01:42:24","date_gmt":"2020-07-20T23:42:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/krutye-uri-ne-izmenyayutsya"},"modified":"2020-07-21T01:42:24","modified_gmt":"2020-07-20T23:42:24","slug":"krutye-uri-ne-izmenyayutsya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/krutye-uri-ne-izmenyayutsya","title":{"rendered":"Kreativn\u00ed URI se nem\u011bn\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Autor \u2014 sir Tim Berners-Lee, vyn\u00e1lezce URI, URL, HTTP, HTML a World Wide Webu, sou\u010dasn\u00fd \u0159editel W3C. \u010cl\u00e1nek byl naps\u00e1n v roce 1998. <\/p>\n<p>Jak\u00fd URI lze pova\u017eovat za \"cool\"?<br \/>\nTakov\u00fd, kter\u00fd se nem\u011bn\u00ed.<br \/>\nJak se URI m\u011bn\u00ed?<br \/>\n<i>URI se nem\u011bn\u00ed: m\u011bn\u00ed je lid\u00e9.<\/i> <\/p>\n<p>Teoreticky nemaj\u00ed lid\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fvod m\u011bnit URI (nebo p\u0159estat podporovat dokumenty), ale v praxi jich jsou miliony.<\/p>\n<p>Teoreticky, nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastn\u00edk dom\u00e9nov\u00e9ho prostoru skute\u010dn\u011b vlastn\u00ed dom\u00e9nov\u00fd prostor a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem v\u0161echny URI v n\u011bm. Krom\u011b platebn\u00ed neschopnosti, nic nebr\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edkovi dom\u00e9ny udr\u017eet si toto jm\u00e9no. A teoreticky, prostor URI pod va\u0161\u00ed dom\u00e9nou je pln\u011b pod va\u0161\u00ed kontrolou, tak\u017ee si ho m\u016f\u017eete ud\u011blat tak stabiln\u00edm, jak pot\u0159ebujete. V z\u00e1sad\u011b je jedin\u00fdm skute\u010dn\u00fdm d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d dokument zmiz\u00ed z internetu, to, \u017ee spole\u010dnost, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1le\u017eelo dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no, p\u0159estala existovat nebo si u\u017e nem\u016f\u017ee dovolit provozovat server. Pro\u010d je tedy v tomto sv\u011bt\u011b tolik nefunk\u010dn\u00edch odkaz\u016f? \u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b to je prost\u011b nedostatek p\u0159edv\u00eddavosti. Tady je n\u011bkolik d\u016fvod\u016f, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eete sly\u0161et:<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h4>Jednodu\u0161e jsme reorganizovali web, abychom ho zlep\u0161ili.<\/h4>\n<p>\nOpravdu si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee star\u00e9 URI u\u017e nemohou fungovat? Pokud ano, vybrali jste je velmi \u0161patn\u011b. Zva\u017ete, zda si je m\u016f\u017eete udr\u017eet i po dal\u0161\u00ed redesignu.<\/p>\n<h4>M\u00e1me tolik materi\u00e1lu, \u017ee nem\u016f\u017eeme sledovat, co zastaralo, co je d\u016fv\u011brn\u00e9 a co je st\u00e1le aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed, a proto jsme si mysleli, \u017ee je lep\u0161\u00ed to v\u0161echno prost\u011b vypnout.<\/h4>\n<p>\nMohu v\u00e1m jen vyj\u00e1d\u0159it soustrast. W3C si pro\u0161la obdob\u00edm, kdy jsme museli d\u016fkladn\u011b proch\u00e1zet archivn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly z hlediska d\u016fv\u011brnosti, ne\u017e jsme je zp\u0159\u00edstupnili ve\u0159ejnosti. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt promy\u0161len\u00e9 p\u0159edem \u2014 ujist\u011bte se, \u017ee u ka\u017ed\u00e9ho dokumentu zaznamen\u00e1te p\u0159ijateln\u00fd okruh \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f, datum vytvo\u0159en\u00ed a, ide\u00e1ln\u011b, dobu platnosti. Uchovejte si tato metadata.<\/p>\n<h4>Zjistili jsme, \u017ee je t\u0159eba p\u0159esunout soubory\u2026<\/h4>\n<p>\nTo je jedno z nej\u00fabo\u017eej\u0161\u00edch od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed. Mnoz\u00ed nev\u011bd\u00ed, \u017ee webov\u00e9 servery umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed spravovat vztah mezi URI objektu a jeho skute\u010dn\u00fdm um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm v souborov\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu. P\u0159edstavte si prostor URI jako abstraktn\u00ed prostor, dokonale organizovan\u00fd. Pot\u00e9 prove\u010fte zobrazen\u00ed na jakoukoli realitu, kterou skute\u010dn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te pro jej\u00ed realizaci. A pak to oznamte webov\u00e9mu serveru. Dokonce m\u016f\u017eete napsat \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho serveru, abyste to ud\u011blali spr\u00e1vn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>John ji\u017e tuto \u010d\u00e1stku nepodporuje, te\u010f to d\u011bl\u00e1 Jane.<\/p>\n<p>Bylo jm\u00e9no Johna v URI? Ne, jen byl soubor v jeho adres\u00e1\u0159i? No jasn\u011b.<\/p>\n<h4>D\u0159\u00edve jsme pro to pou\u017e\u00edvali CGI skript, nyn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me bin\u00e1rn\u00ed program.<\/h4>\n<p>\nExistuje \u0161\u00edlen\u00fd n\u00e1zor, \u017ee str\u00e1nky vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 skripty by m\u011bly b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bny v oblasti \"cgibin\" nebo \"cgi\". To odhaluje zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm spou\u0161t\u00edte sv\u016fj webov\u00fd server. Zm\u011bn\u00edte mechanismus (i kdy\u017e uchov\u00e1te obsah), a bum \u2014 v\u0161echny va\u0161e URI se zm\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Vezm\u011bme si nap\u0159\u00edklad N\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u011bdeckou nadaci (NSF):<\/p>\n<p>Online dokumenty NSF<\/p>\n<pre>http:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/cgi-bin\/pubsys\/browser\/odbrowse.pl<\/pre>\n<p>\nPrvn\u00ed str\u00e1nka pro zah\u00e1jen\u00ed prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed dokument\u016f jasn\u011b nez\u016fstane stejn\u00e1 za n\u011bkolik let. <code>cgi-bin<\/code>, <code>oldbrowse<\/code> a <code>pl<\/code>\u00a0\u2014 to v\u0161echno poskytuje \u010d\u00e1stice informac\u00ed o tom, jak-to-d\u011bl\u00e1me-te\u010f. Pokud v\u0161ak pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te str\u00e1nku k vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dokumentu, dost\u00e1v\u00e1te jako prvn\u00ed tak\u00e9 \u0161patn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek:<\/p>\n<p>Zpr\u00e1va pracovn\u00ed skupiny pro kryptoanal\u00fdzu a teorii k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n<pre>http:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/cgi-bin\/getpub?nsf9814<\/pre>\n<p>\npro indexovou str\u00e1nku dokumentu, i kdy\u017e samotn\u00fd html dokument vypad\u00e1 mnohem l\u00e9pe:<\/p>\n<pre>http:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/pubs\/1998\/nsf9814\/nsf9814.htm<\/pre>\n<p>\nZde nadpis pubs\/1998 poskytne jak\u00e9mukoli budouc\u00edmu archiva\u010dn\u00edmu servisu dobr\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d k pochopen\u00ed toho, co funguje v r\u00e1mci star\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu klasifikace dokument\u016f z roku 1998. I kdy\u017e v roce 2098 mohou \u010d\u00edsla dokument\u016f vypadat jinak, mohu si p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee toto URI bude st\u00e1le platn\u00e9, a nijak neohroz\u00ed NSF nebo jakoukoli jinou organizaci, kter\u00e1 bude podporovat archiv.<\/p>\n<h4>Nemyslel jsem, \u017ee adresy URL by m\u011bly b\u00fdt trval\u00e9 \u2014 byly p\u0159ece URN.<\/h4>\n<p>\nTo je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jeden z nejhor\u0161\u00edch vedlej\u0161\u00edch efekt\u016f diskuse o URN. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee kv\u016fli v\u00fdzkum\u016fm o trvalej\u0161\u00edm prostoru n\u00e1zv\u016f se mohou nedbale stav\u011bt k vis\u00edc\u00edm odkaz\u016fm, proto\u017ee \u00abURN to v\u0161echno vy\u0159e\u0161\u00ed\u00bb. Pokud jste jedn\u00edm z t\u011bchto lid\u00ed, nechte se zklamat.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina sch\u00e9mat URN, kter\u00e1 jsem vid\u011bl, vypad\u00e1 jako identifik\u00e1tor autority, za kter\u00fdm n\u00e1sleduje bu\u010f datum a \u0159et\u011bzec, kter\u00fd si vyberete, nebo jen \u0159et\u011bzec, kter\u00fd si vyberete. Je to velmi podobn\u00e9 HTTP URI. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, pokud si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee va\u0161e organizace bude schopna vytv\u00e1\u0159et dlouhodob\u00e9 URN, doka\u017ete to nyn\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee je pou\u017eijete pro sv\u00e9 HTTP URI. V samotn\u00e9m HTTP neexistuje nic, co by v\u00e1\u0161 URI \u010dinilo nestabiln\u00edm. Pouze va\u0161e organizace. Vytvo\u0159te datab\u00e1zi, kter\u00e1 mapuje URN dokumentu na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev souboru, a nechte webov\u00fd server pou\u017e\u00edt ji k faktick\u00e9mu vyta\u017een\u00ed soubor\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud jste se dostali a\u017e sem, a pokud nem\u00e1te \u010das, pen\u00edze a kontakty na v\u00fdvoj n\u011bjak\u00e9ho softwaru, m\u016f\u017eete uv\u00e9st n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed omluvu:<\/p>\n<h4>Cht\u011bli jsme, ale prost\u011b nem\u00e1me pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje.<\/h4>\n<p>\nT\u00edmto se d\u00e1 souc\u00edtit. Naprosto souhlas\u00edm. Co pot\u0159ebujete ud\u011blat, je donutit webov\u00fd server, aby okam\u017eit\u011b zpracoval trval\u00e9 URI a vr\u00e1til soubor, a\u0165 u\u017e je nyn\u00ed kdekoli ve va\u0161\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed bl\u00e1zniv\u00e9 souborov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e. Chcete uchov\u00e1vat v\u0161echna URI v souboru jako ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a neust\u00e1le udr\u017eovat datab\u00e1zi v aktu\u00e1lnosti. Chcete uchovat vztahy mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi verzemi a p\u0159eklady stejn\u00e9ho dokumentu a tak\u00e9 uchovat nez\u00e1visl\u00fd z\u00e1znam kontroln\u00edho sou\u010dtu, abyste zajistili ochranu p\u0159ed po\u0161kozen\u00edm souboru n\u00e1hodnou chybou. A webov\u00e9 servery prost\u011b nefunguj\u00ed s t\u011bmito funkcemi hned od za\u010d\u00e1tku. Kdy\u017e chcete vytvo\u0159it nov\u00fd dokument, v\u00e1\u0161 editor v\u00e1s \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1, abyste zadali URI.<\/p>\n<p>Pot\u0159ebujete mo\u017enost m\u011bnit vlastnictv\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edstup k dokumentu, \u00farove\u0148 zabezpe\u010den\u00ed archiva\u010dn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b a dal\u0161\u00ed v prostoru URI bez zm\u011bny URI.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161echno je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u0161patn\u00e9. Ale situaci naprav\u00edme. V W3C pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me funk\u010dnost Jigedit (server Jigsaw pro editaci), kter\u00fd sleduje verze, a experimentujeme se skripty na vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed dokument\u016f. Pokud vyv\u00edj\u00edte n\u00e1stroje, servery a klienty, v\u011bnujte pozornost tomuto probl\u00e9mu!<\/p>\n<p>Tato omluva se vztahuje i na mnoh\u00e9 str\u00e1nky W3C, v\u010detn\u011b t\u00e9to: tak\u017ee d\u011blejte to, co \u0159\u00edk\u00e1m, a ne to, co d\u011bl\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<h1>Pro\u010d by m\u011b to m\u011blo zaj\u00edmat?<\/h1>\n<p>\nKdy\u017e zm\u011bn\u00edte URI na sv\u00e9m serveru, nikdy nem\u016f\u017eete s jistotou \u0159\u00edct, kdo bude m\u00edt odkazy na star\u00e9 URI. M\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt odkazy z b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek. Z\u00e1lo\u017eky na va\u0161i str\u00e1nku. URI mohlo b\u00fdt naps\u00e1no na okraj\u00edch dopisu p\u0159\u00edteli.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e n\u011bkdo klikne na odkaz a ten nefunguje, obvykle ztr\u00e1c\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bru k majiteli serveru. Je tak\u00e9 zklaman\u00fd \u2013 jak emocion\u00e1ln\u011b, tak re\u00e1ln\u011b z neschopnosti dos\u00e1hnout sv\u00e9ho c\u00edle.<\/p>\n<p>Mnoho lid\u00ed neust\u00e1le si st\u011b\u017euje na nefunk\u010dn\u00ed odkazy, a douf\u00e1m, \u017ee \u0161koda je jasn\u00e1. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee tak\u00e9 je jasn\u00e9 reputa\u010dn\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00ed spr\u00e1vci serveru, kde dokument zmizel.<\/p>\n<h1>Co tedy m\u00e1m d\u011blat? N\u00e1vrh URI<\/h1>\n<p>\nJe povinnost\u00ed webmastra navrhnout URI, kter\u00e1 budou pou\u017eiteln\u00e1 za 2 roky, za 20 let, za 200 let. K tomu je pot\u0159eba promy\u0161lenost, organizovanost a c\u00edlev\u011bdomost.<\/p>\n<p>URI se m\u011bn\u00ed, pokud se zm\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 informace. Je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, jak je navrhujete. (Co, n\u00e1vrh URI? M\u00e1m navrhovat URI? Ano, m\u011bli byste o tom p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let). N\u00e1vrh v podstat\u011b znamen\u00e1 nep\u0159id\u00e1vat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 informace do URI.<\/p>\n<p>Datum vytvo\u0159en\u00ed dokumentu \u2013 datum vyd\u00e1n\u00ed URI \u2013 je n\u011bco, co se nikdy nezm\u011bn\u00ed. Je to velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 pro odd\u011blen\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, od t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed star\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Je dobr\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edt URI t\u00edmto datem. Pokud je na dokumentu uvedeno n\u011bjak\u00e9 datum, i kdy\u017e dokument bude aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed i v budoucnu, je to dobr\u00fd za\u010d\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n<p>Jedinou v\u00fdjimkou je str\u00e1nka, kter\u00e1 je z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b \u201eposledn\u00ed\u201c verz\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad pro celou organizaci nebo jej\u00ed velkou \u010d\u00e1st.<\/p>\n<pre>http:\/\/www.pathfinder.com\/money\/moneydaily\/latest\/<\/pre>\n<p>\nTohle je posledn\u00ed sloupek Money Daily v \u010dasopise Money. Hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d v tomto URI nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba datum, je, \u017ee neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u016fvody k uchov\u00e1n\u00ed URI, kter\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017eije \u010dasopis. Koncept Money Daily zmiz\u00ed, jakmile \u010dasopis zanikne. Pokud chcete odkazovat na obsah, m\u011bli byste na n\u011bj odkazovat zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v archivech:<\/p>\n<pre>http:\/\/www.pathfinder.com\/money\/moneydaily\/1998\/981212.moneyonline.html<\/pre>\n<p>\n(Vypad\u00e1 to dob\u0159e. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee \"money\" bude znamenat to sam\u00e9 po celou dobu existence pathfinder.com. Existuje duplicita \"98\" a zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 \".html\", ale jinak to vypad\u00e1 jako siln\u00e9 URI.<\/p>\n<h4>Co nechat stranou<\/h4>\n<p>\nV\u0161echno! Krom\u011b data vytvo\u0159en\u00ed, vkl\u00e1dat jak\u00e9koli informace do URI si nep\u0159\u00edmo \u0159\u00edk\u00e1te o probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Jm\u00e9no autora<\/b>. Autorship can change with the release of new versions. People leave organizations and pass things on to others.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>P\u0159edm\u011bt<\/b>. It's very complex. It always looks good at first, but it changes surprisingly quickly. I'll elaborate on this below.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Stav<\/b>. Categories like 'old', 'draft', and so on, not to mention 'latest' and 'cool', appear in all file systems. Documents change status \u2014 otherwise, there would be no point in creating drafts. The latest version of a document needs a constant identifier, regardless of its status. Keep the status out of the name.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>P\u0159\u00edstup<\/b>. At W3C, we divided the site into sections for staff, members, and the public. It sounds good, but of course documents start as team ideas from staff, are discussed with members, and then become public. It's really unfortunate if every time a document is opened for wider discussion, all the old links to it break! Now we move to simple date code.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>P\u0159\u00edpona souboru<\/b>. Velmi b\u011b\u017en\u00fd jev. \"cgi\", dokonce i \".html\" se v budoucnu zm\u011bn\u00ed. Mo\u017en\u00e1 za 20 let nebudete pro tuto str\u00e1nku pou\u017e\u00edvat HTML, ale dne\u0161n\u00ed odkazy na ni by m\u011bly st\u00e1le fungovat. Kanonick\u00e9 odkazy na webu W3C nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"#1\">jak to ud\u011blat<\/a><\/noindex>).\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Programov\u00e9 mechanismy<\/b>. V URI hledejte \"cgi\", \"exec\" a dal\u0161\u00ed term\u00edny, kter\u00e9 k\u0159i\u010d\u00ed: \u201epod\u00edvejte se, jak\u00fd software pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me\u201c. Chce n\u011bkdo v\u011bnovat cel\u00fd \u017eivot skript\u016fm Perl CGI? Ne? Tak odstra\u0148te p\u0159\u00edponu .pl. P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si p\u0159\u00edru\u010dku serveru o tom, jak to ud\u011blat.\n<\/li>\n<li>Jm\u00e9no disku. No tak! Ale j\u00e1 to vid\u011bl.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSo the best example from our site is simply<\/p>\n<pre>http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/12\/01\/chairs<\/pre>\n<p>\n\u2026 the report of the W3C chair meeting.<\/p>\n<h4>T\u00e9mata a klasifikace podle t\u00e9mat<\/h4>\n<p>\nO t\u00e9to hrozb\u011b v\u00e1m podrobn\u011bji pov\u00edm, proto\u017ee to je jedna z t\u011bch v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00fdm se nejh\u016f\u0159e vyh\u00fdb\u00e1. Obvykle se t\u00e9mata dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed do URI, kdy\u017e klasifikujete sv\u00e9 dokumenty podle vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Ale toto rozd\u011blen\u00ed se \u010dasem zm\u011bn\u00ed. N\u00e1zvy oblast\u00ed se zm\u011bn\u00ed. Ve W3C jsme cht\u011bli zm\u011bnit MarkUP na Markup a pot\u00e9 na HTML, aby to odr\u00e1\u017eelo aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed obsah sekce. Nav\u00edc, \u010dasto je zde ploch\u00fd prostor n\u00e1zv\u016f. Za 100 let si jste jisti, \u017ee nebudete cht\u00edt nic znovu pou\u017e\u00edt? U\u017e b\u011bhem na\u0161eho kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho \u017eivota jsme cht\u011bli znovu pou\u017e\u00edt \u201eHistorii\u201c a \u201eStylov\u00e9 tabulky\u201c, nap\u0159\u00edklad.<\/p>\n<p>To je l\u00e1kav\u00fd zp\u016fsob organizace webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky \u2014 a skute\u010dn\u011b l\u00e1kav\u00fd zp\u016fsob organizace \u010dehokoliv, v\u010detn\u011b cel\u00e9 S\u00edt\u011b. Je to skv\u011bl\u00e9 st\u0159edn\u011bdob\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, ale m\u00e1 v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 nedostatky z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b d\u016fvody spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed v filozofii smyslu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd term\u00edn v jazyce je potenci\u00e1ln\u00edm objektem klasifikace a ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk si m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o tom, co to znamen\u00e1. Proto\u017ee vztahy mezi subjekty sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed pavu\u010dinu ne\u017e strom, i ti, kdo souhlas\u00ed s pavu\u010dinou, si mohou vybrat jin\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed stromu. Toto jsou m\u00e9 (\u010dasto opakovan\u00e9) obecn\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mky o nebezpe\u010d\u00edch hierarchick\u00e9 klasifikace jako obecn\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Ve skute\u010dnosti, kdy\u017e pou\u017eijete jm\u00e9no t\u00e9ma v URI, zavazujete se k ur\u010dit\u00e9 klasifikaci. Mo\u017en\u00e1 v budoucnu budete preferovat jinou variantu. Tehdy bude URI vystaveno poru\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fvod pou\u017eit\u00ed tematick\u00e9 oblasti jako \u010d\u00e1sti URI spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee odpov\u011bdnost za podsekce prostoru URI je obvykle delegov\u00e1na, a pak pot\u0159ebujete jm\u00e9no organiza\u010dn\u00edho org\u00e1nu \u2014 odd\u011blen\u00ed, skupiny nebo n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho, co nese odpov\u011bdnost za toto pods\u00ed\u0165. Tato vazba URI na organiza\u010dn\u00ed strukturu je obvykle bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e je d\u00e1le (nalevo) URI chr\u00e1n\u011bno datem: 1998\/pics m\u016f\u017ee pro v\u00e1\u0161 server znamenat \u201eto, co jsme m\u011bli na mysli v roce 1998 pod pics\u201c, a ne \u201eto, co jsme v roce 1998 ud\u011blali s t\u00edm, co nyn\u00ed naz\u00fdv\u00e1me pics.\u201c<\/p>\n<h4>Nezapome\u0148te na dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no<\/h4>\n<p>\nPamatujte, \u017ee to plat\u00ed nejen pro cestu v URI, ale tak\u00e9 pro n\u00e1zev serveru. Pokud m\u00e1te odd\u011blen\u00e9 servery pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u011bci, pamatujte, \u017ee toto rozd\u011blen\u00ed nebude mo\u017en\u00e9 zm\u011bnit, ani\u017e byste zni\u010dili spoustu odkaz\u016f. N\u011bkter\u00e9 klasick\u00e9 chyby jako \u201epod\u00edvejte se, jak\u00fd software dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me\u201c \u2014 dom\u00e9nov\u00e1 jm\u00e9na \"cgi.pathfinder.com\", \"secure\", \"lists.w3.org\". Jsou vytvo\u0159ena pro usnadn\u011bn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy server\u016f. Bez ohledu na to, zda dom\u00e9na p\u0159edstavuje n\u011bjakou divizi va\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, status dokumentu, \u00farove\u0148 p\u0159\u00edstupu nebo \u00farove\u0148 zabezpe\u010den\u00ed, bu\u010fte velmi, velmi opatrn\u00ed, ne\u017e pou\u017eijete v\u00edce ne\u017e jedno dom\u00e9nov\u00e9 jm\u00e9no pro n\u011bkolik typ\u016f dokument\u016f. Pamatujte, \u017ee m\u016f\u017eete skr\u00fdt mnoho webov\u00fdch server\u016f uvnit\u0159 jednoho viditeln\u00e9ho webov\u00e9ho serveru pomoc\u00ed p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed a proxy.<\/p>\n<p>Ano, a tak\u00e9 p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lejte o sv\u00e9m dom\u00e9nov\u00e9m jm\u00e9nu. Nechcete p\u0159ece, aby v\u00e1s odkazovali jako na soap.com pot\u00e9, co zm\u011bn\u00edte produktovou \u0159adu a p\u0159estanete vyr\u00e1b\u011bt m\u00fddlo (omlouv\u00e1m se tomu, kdo moment\u00e1ln\u011b vlastn\u00ed soap.com).<\/p>\n<h1>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h1>\n<p>\nUdr\u017eet URI po dobu 2, 20, 200 nebo dokonce 2000 let, o\u010dividn\u011b nen\u00ed tak snadn\u00e9, jak se zd\u00e1. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b na cel\u00e9m internetu webmaste\u0159i \u010din\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed, kter\u00e1 si skute\u010dn\u011b zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed tento \u00fakol v budoucnu. \u010casto se to d\u011bje proto, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed n\u00e1stroje, jejich\u017e \u00fakolem je p\u0159edstavit nejlep\u0161\u00ed web pouze v dan\u00e9m okam\u017eiku \u2013 a nikdo si neuv\u011bdomil, co se stane s odkazy, kdy\u017e se v\u0161echno zm\u011bn\u00ed. Podstatou v\u0161ak je, \u017ee se m\u016f\u017ee a mus\u00ed toho hodn\u011b, opravdu hodn\u011b, zm\u011bnit, a va\u0161e URI mohou a m\u011bly by z\u016fstat stejn\u00e9. To je mo\u017en\u00e9 pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00edte o tom, jak je vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edte.<\/p>\n<p>Viz tak\u00e9:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.useit.com\/alertbox\/990321.html\">Tir\u00e1d Jakoba Nielsena na stejn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1>Dopl\u0148ky<\/h1>\n<p>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"1\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h4>Jak odstranit p\u0159\u00edpony soubor\u016f\u2026<\/h4>\n<p>\n\u2026z URI v aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm webov\u00e9m serveru na z\u00e1klad\u011b soubor\u016f?<\/p>\n<p>Pokud pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te nap\u0159\u00edklad Apache, m\u016f\u017eete ho nakonfigurovat tak, aby souhlasil s obsahem. Uchov\u00e1v\u00e1te p\u0159\u00edponu souboru (nap\u0159\u00edklad .png) v souboru (nap\u0159\u00edklad, <i>mydog.png<\/i>), ale na webov\u00fd zdroj se lze odkazovat i bez n\u011bj. Apache n\u00e1sledn\u011b prozkoum\u00e1 adres\u00e1\u0159, aby na\u0161el v\u0161echny soubory s t\u00edmto n\u00e1zvem a libovolnou p\u0159\u00edponou, a m\u016f\u017ee vybrat ten nejlep\u0161\u00ed z dostupn\u00e9ho souborov\u00e9ho typu (nap\u0159\u00edklad GIF a PNG). A nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 umis\u0165ovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy soubor\u016f do r\u016fzn\u00fdch adres\u00e1\u0159\u016f, ve skute\u010dnosti bude shoda obsahu fungovat pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee to neud\u011bl\u00e1te.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nastavte sv\u016fj server na shodu obsahu\n<\/li>\n<li>V\u017edy odkazujte na URI bez p\u0159\u00edpony<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nOdkazy s p\u0159\u00edponami st\u00e1le funguj\u00ed, ale neumo\u017en\u00ed va\u0161emu serveru vybrat nejlep\u0161\u00ed dostupn\u00fd a budouc\u00ed form\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p>(Ve skute\u010dnosti, <code>mojepes<\/code>, <code>mydog.png<\/code> a <code>mydog.gif<\/code> \u2014 platn\u00e9 webov\u00e9 zdroje, <code>mojepes<\/code> \u2014 je to zdroj univerz\u00e1ln\u00edho typu obsahu, a <code>mydog.png<\/code> a <code>mydog.gif<\/code> \u2014 zdroje konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho typu obsahu).<\/p>\n<p>Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, pokud p\u00ed\u0161ete vlastn\u00ed webov\u00fd server, bylo by dobr\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt datab\u00e1zi pro asociaci trval\u00fdch identifik\u00e1tor\u016f s jejich aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed formou, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e si dejte pozor na neomezen\u00fd r\u016fst datab\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n<h1>Ostuda \u2014 P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh 1: Channel 7<\/h1>\n<p>\nB\u011bhem roku 1999 jsem sledoval uzav\u0159en\u00ed \u0161kol kv\u016fli sn\u011bhu na str\u00e1nce <code> http:\/\/www.whdh.com\/stormforce\/closings.shtml<\/code>. Nebylo by dobr\u00e9 \u010dekat, a\u017e se informace objev\u00ed na spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti televizn\u00ed obrazovky! Vlo\u017eil jsem na ni odkaz ze sv\u00e9 domovsk\u00e9 str\u00e1nky. P\u0159i\u0161el prvn\u00ed velk\u00fd sn\u011bhov\u00fd v\u00edtr roku 2000 a kontroloval jsem str\u00e1nku. Bylo tam naps\u00e1no:,<\/p>\n<p><i> \u2014 K datu.<br \/>\nV tuto chv\u00edli nen\u00ed nic uzav\u0159eno. Pros\u00edm, vra\u0165te se v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdstrah p\u0159ed po\u010das\u00edm.<\/i> <\/p>\n<p>Nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt, \u017ee by tak siln\u00e1 bou\u0159e. Je legra\u010dn\u00ed, \u017ee datum chyb\u00ed. Ale pokud p\u0159ejdete na domovskou str\u00e1nku webu, bude tam velk\u00e9 tla\u010d\u00edtko \u201eUzn\u00e1van\u00e9 \u0161koly\u201c, kter\u00e9 vede na str\u00e1nku <code>http:\/\/www.whdh.com\/stormforce\/<\/code> s dlouh\u00fdm seznamem uzav\u0159en\u00fdch \u0161kol.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 zm\u011bnili syst\u00e9m pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed seznamu \u2014 ale URI m\u011bnit nemuseli.<\/p>\n<h1>Ostuda \u2014 P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh 2: Microsoft Netmeeting<\/h1>\n<p>\nSe st\u00e1le rostouc\u00ed z\u00e1vislost\u00ed na internetu p\u0159i\u0161la chytr\u00e1 my\u0161lenka, aby se do aplikac\u00ed vkl\u00e1daly odkazy na web v\u00fdrobce. To bylo \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no a siln\u011b zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no, ale \u2014 URL nelze m\u011bnit. Doslova p\u0159ed p\u00e1r dny jsem zkou\u0161el odkaz z klienta Microsoft Netmeeting 2\/something v menu N\u00e1pov\u011bda\/Microsoft na webu\/Zdarma a dostal jsem chybu 404 \u2014 odpov\u011b\u010f serveru nenalezena. Mo\u017en\u00e1 to u\u017e opravili\u2026<\/p>\n<p><i>&copy;1998 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/People\/Berners-Lee\/\">Tim BL<\/a><\/noindex><\/i> <\/p>\n<p>Historick\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka: na konci 20. stolet\u00ed, kdy byl tento text naps\u00e1n, bylo slovo \u201ecool\u201c v\u00fdrazem schv\u00e1len\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na mezi mlad\u00fdmi lidmi, nazna\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm m\u00f3dnost, kvalitu nebo vhodnost. P\u0159i rychl\u00e9m v\u00fdb\u011bru cesty URI se \u010dasto volila \u201ecool\u201c alternativa, nikoli s ohledem na u\u017eite\u010dnost nebo trvanlivost. Tato pozn\u00e1mka se sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159esm\u011brovat energii, kter\u00e1 stoj\u00ed za hled\u00e1n\u00edm coolness.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/511508\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u2014 \u0441\u044d\u0440 \u0422\u0438\u043c \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441-\u041b\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c URI, URL, HTTP, HTML \u0438 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 W3C. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 1998 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 URI \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044b\u043c\u00bb? \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f URI? URI \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435, \u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c URI (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b), \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 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