{"id":91048,"date":"2020-08-08T01:42:02","date_gmt":"2020-08-07T23:42:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ne-stoit-polzovatsya-offset-i-limit-v-zaprosah-s-razbieniem-na-straniczy"},"modified":"2020-08-08T01:42:02","modified_gmt":"2020-08-07T23:42:02","slug":"ne-stoit-polzovatsya-offset-i-limit-v-zaprosah-s-razbieniem-na-straniczy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ne-stoit-polzovatsya-offset-i-limit-v-zaprosah-s-razbieniem-na-straniczy","title":{"rendered":"Nen\u00ed dobr\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat OFFSET a LIMIT v po\u017eadavc\u00edch s paginac\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Minuly jsou doby, kdy bylo zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 se ob\u00e1vat optimalizace v\u00fdkonu datab\u00e1z\u00ed. \u010cas ne\u010dek\u00e1. Ka\u017ed\u00fd nov\u00fd podnikatel v oblasti vysok\u00fdch technologi\u00ed chce vytvo\u0159it dal\u0161\u00ed Facebook, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se sna\u017e\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017edit v\u0161echna data, kter\u00e1 je mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat. Tato data jsou pro podnik\u00e1n\u00ed nezbytn\u00e1 pro kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tr\u00e9nink model\u016f, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed generovat zisk. V takov\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch mus\u00ed program\u00e1to\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159et API, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed rychlou a spolehlivou pr\u00e1ci s obrovsk\u00fdmi objemy informac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Nen\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex>
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nPokud jste ji\u017e n\u011bjakou dobu zam\u011b\u0159eni na n\u00e1vrh serverov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed aplikac\u00ed nebo datab\u00e1z\u00ed, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jste psali k\u00f3d pro prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dotaz\u016f s str\u00e1nkov\u00e1n\u00edm. Nap\u0159\u00edklad takto:<\/p>\n

SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT 10 OFFSET 40\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nJe to tak?<\/p>\n
Ale pokud jste str\u00e1nkov\u00e1n\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bli pr\u00e1v\u011b takto, mus\u00edm s politov\u00e1n\u00edm konstatovat, \u017ee jste to d\u011blali daleko ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n
Chcete mi oponovat? M\u016f\u017eete<\/a><\/noindex> ne<\/a><\/noindex> str\u00e1vit<\/a><\/noindex> \u010das<\/a><\/noindex>. Slack<\/a><\/noindex>, Shopify<\/a><\/noindex> a Mixmax<\/a><\/noindex> u\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 techniky, o kter\u00fdch chci dnes hovo\u0159it.<\/p>\n
Uve\u010fte alespo\u0148 jednoho backendov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00fd nikdy nepou\u017eil OFFSET<\/code> a LIMIT<\/code> pro prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dotaz\u016f s str\u00e1nkov\u00e1n\u00edm. V MVP (Minimum Viable Product, minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eivotaschopn\u00fd produkt) a v projektech, kde se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mal\u00e9 objemy dat, je tento p\u0159\u00edstup zcela aplikovateln\u00fd. Funguje, d\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edci, \u201ejednodu\u0161e\u201c.<\/p>\n
Ale pokud je pot\u0159eba od nuly vytv\u00e1\u0159et spolehliv\u00e9 a efektivn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, je dobr\u00e9 se p\u0159edem postarat o efektivitu prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dotaz\u016f na datab\u00e1ze pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v takov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech.<\/p>\n
Dnes budeme hovo\u0159it o probl\u00e9mech spojen\u00fdch s \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi (je \u0161koda, \u017ee je to tak) implementacemi mechanism\u016f prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dotaz\u016f se str\u00e1nkov\u00e1n\u00edm a o tom, jak dos\u00e1hnout vysok\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu p\u0159i pln\u011bn\u00ed podobn\u00fdch dotaz\u016f.<\/p>\n
Co je \u0161patn\u011b s OFFSET a LIMIT?<\/h2>\n
\nJak ji\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, OFFSET<\/code> a LIMIT<\/code> se skv\u011ble osv\u011bd\u010duj\u00ed v projektech, kde nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 pracovat s velk\u00fdmi objemy dat.<\/p>\n
Probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1v\u00e1, pokud se datab\u00e1ze rozroste do takov\u00e9 velikosti, \u017ee p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt schopna se vej\u00edt do pam\u011bti serveru. P\u0159itom je v\u0161ak b\u011bhem pr\u00e1ce s touto datab\u00e1z\u00ed t\u0159eba pou\u017e\u00edvat dotazy se str\u00e1nkov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n
Aby se tento probl\u00e9m projevil, je nutn\u00e9, aby vznikla situace, ve kter\u00e9 SDB prov\u00e1d\u00ed neefektivn\u00ed operaci \u00fapln\u00e9ho prohled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tabulky (Full Table Scan) p\u0159i vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho dotazu s rozd\u011blen\u00edm na str\u00e1nky (mezi t\u00edm mohou prob\u00edhat operace vkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed dat a zastaral\u00e1 data jsou n\u00e1m p\u0159itom nepot\u0159ebn\u00e1!).<\/p>\n
Co je to \u201e\u00fapln\u00e9 prohled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tabulky\u201c (nebo \u201esekven\u010dn\u00ed prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tabulky\u201c, Sequential Scan)? Je to operace, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 SDB sekven\u010dn\u011b \u010dte ka\u017edou \u0159\u00e1dku tabulky, tedy \u2014 data, kter\u00e1 obsahuje, a ov\u011b\u0159uje je podle zadan\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee tento typ prohled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed tabulek je nejpomalej\u0161\u00ed. D\u016fvodem je, \u017ee b\u011bhem jeho prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed je vykon\u00e1no mnoho operac\u00ed vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu, kter\u00e9 zat\u011b\u017euj\u00ed diskov\u00fd subsyst\u00e9m serveru. Situaci zhor\u0161uj\u00ed zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed spojen\u00e1 s prac\u00ed s daty ulo\u017een\u00fdmi na disc\u00edch a to, \u017ee p\u0159enos dat z disku do pam\u011bti \u2014 je operace n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 na zdroje.<\/p>\n
Nap\u0159\u00edklad m\u00e1te z\u00e1pisy o 100000000 u\u017eivatel\u00edch a prov\u00e1d\u00edte dotaz s konstrukc\u00ed OFFSET 50000000<\/code>. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee SDB bude muset na\u010d\u00edst v\u0161echna tato data (a\u017e je v\u016fbec nepot\u0159ebujeme!), um\u00edstit je do pam\u011bti a teprve potom vz\u00edt, dejme tomu, 20 v\u00fdsledk\u016f, o kter\u00fdch je zm\u00ednka v LIMIT<\/code>.<\/p>\n
\u0158ekn\u011bme, \u017ee to m\u016f\u017ee vypadat takto: \u201evybrat \u0159\u00e1dky od 50000 do 50020 z 100000\u201c. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee syst\u00e9mu pro vykon\u00e1n\u00ed dotazu bude nejprve muset na\u010d\u00edst 50000 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f. Vid\u00edte, kolik zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce bude muset ud\u011blat?<\/p>\n
Pokud nev\u011b\u0159\u00edte \u2014 pod\u00edvejte se na p\u0159\u00edklad, kter\u00fd jsem vytvo\u0159il pomoc\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed db-fiddle.com<\/a><\/noindex>.\u00a0<\/p>\n
\"Nen\u00ed
\nP\u0159\u00edklad na db-fiddle.com<\/i><\/p>\n
Tam vlevo v poli Schema SQL<\/code>, je k\u00f3d, kter\u00fd prov\u00e1d\u00ed vlo\u017een\u00ed do datab\u00e1ze 100000 \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f, a vpravo v poli Query SQL<\/code>, jsou zobrazeny dva dotazy. Prvn\u00ed, pomal\u00fd, vypad\u00e1 takto:<\/p>\n
SELECT *\nFROM `docs`\nLIMIT 10 OFFSET 85000;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nA druh\u00fd, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavuje efektivn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed t\u00e9ho\u017e \u00fakolu, takto:<\/p>\n
SELECT *\nFROM `docs`\nWHERE id > 85000\nLIMIT 10;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nPro vykon\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto dotaz\u016f sta\u010d\u00ed stisknout tla\u010d\u00edtko Spustit<\/code> v horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti str\u00e1nky. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem porovn\u00e1me \u00fadaje o \u010dase vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dotaz\u016f. Ukazuje se, \u017ee vykon\u00e1n\u00ed neefektivn\u00edho dotazu trv\u00e1 alespo\u0148 30kr\u00e1t d\u00e9le ne\u017e vykon\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u00e9ho (od spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ke spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed se tento \u010das li\u0161\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad syst\u00e9m m\u016f\u017ee uv\u00e9st, \u017ee vykon\u00e1n\u00ed prvn\u00edho dotazu trvalo 37 ms, zat\u00edmco vykon\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u00e9ho \u2013 1 ms).<\/p>\n
A pokud bude dat je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce, bude to vypadat je\u0161t\u011b h\u016f\u0159e (abyste se o tom p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dili \u2013 pod\u00edvejte se na m\u016fj p\u0159\u00edklad<\/a><\/noindex> s 10 miliony \u0159\u00e1dky).<\/p>\n
To, co jsme pr\u00e1v\u011b probrali, by v\u00e1m m\u011blo poskytnout ur\u010dit\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed toho, jak se vlastn\u011b zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed dotazy na datab\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n
M\u011bjte na pam\u011bti, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je hodnota OFFSET<\/code> \u2014 t\u00edm d\u00e9le bude dotaz vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n.<\/p>\n
Co se vyplat\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt m\u00edsto kombinace OFFSET a LIMIT?<\/h2>\n
\nM\u00edsto kombinace OFFSET<\/code> a LIMIT<\/code> se vyplat\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt konstrukci, zalo\u017eenou na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed sch\u00e9matu:<\/p>\n
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE id > 10 LIMIT 20\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nJedn\u00e1 se o prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dotazu s paginac\u00ed zalo\u017eenou na kurzoru (Cursor based pagination).<\/p>\n
M\u00edsto toho, abyste lok\u00e1ln\u011b uchov\u00e1vali aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed OFFSET<\/code> a LIMIT<\/code> a p\u0159ed\u00e1vali je s ka\u017ed\u00fdm dotazem, je t\u0159eba uchov\u00e1vat posledn\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fd prim\u00e1rn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d (obvykle je to ID<\/code>) a LIMIT<\/code>, v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 dotazy budou p\u0159ipom\u00ednat v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Pro\u010d? Je to proto, \u017ee pokud explicitn\u011b uvedete identifik\u00e1tor posledn\u00edho p\u0159e\u010dten\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1dku, informujete svou DBMS o tom, kde m\u00e1 za\u010d\u00edt hledat pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 data. A d\u00edky pou\u017eit\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010de bude hled\u00e1n\u00ed efektivn\u00ed, syst\u00e9m se nemus\u00ed rozptylovat \u0159\u00e1dky, kter\u00e9 le\u017e\u00ed mimo uveden\u00fd rozsah.<\/p>\n
Pod\u00edvejme se na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed porovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonnosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch dotaz\u016f. Tady je neefektivn\u00ed dotaz.<\/p>\n
\"Nen\u00ed
\nPomal\u00fd dotaz<\/i><\/p>\n
A tady je optimalizovan\u00e1 verze tohoto dotazu.<\/p>\n
\"Nen\u00ed
\nRychl\u00fd dotaz<\/i><\/p>\n
Oba dotazy vracej\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b stejn\u00fd objem dat. Ale vykon\u00e1n\u00ed prvn\u00edho trv\u00e1 12,80 sekundy, zat\u00edmco druh\u00e9ho \u2013 0,01 sekundy. C\u00edt\u00edte ten rozd\u00edl?<\/p>\n
Mo\u017en\u00e9 probl\u00e9my<\/h2>\n
\nPro efektivn\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed navr\u017een\u00e9 metody prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dotaz\u016f je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby v tabulce byl p\u0159\u00edtomen sloupec (nebo sloupce), obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed unik\u00e1tn\u00ed, sekven\u010dn\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 indexy, jako je celo\u010d\u00edseln\u00fd identifik\u00e1tor. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch specifick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech to m\u016f\u017ee ur\u010dovat \u00fasp\u011bch pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00fdch dotaz\u016f pro zrychlen\u00ed pr\u00e1ce s datab\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, p\u0159i konstruov\u00e1n\u00ed dotaz\u016f je t\u0159eba br\u00e1t v \u00favahu zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti architektury tabulek a vyb\u00edrat ty mechanismy, kter\u00e9 se nejl\u00e9pe osv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed na existuj\u00edc\u00edch tabulk\u00e1ch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud pot\u0159ebujete pracovat v dotazech s velk\u00fdmi objemy souvisej\u00edc\u00edch dat, m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1s zaj\u00edmat tento<\/a><\/noindex> \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n
Pokud \u010del\u00edme probl\u00e9mu absence prim\u00e1rn\u00edho kl\u00ed\u010de, nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud existuje tabulka s vztahem \u201emnoho k mnoha\u201c, pak tradi\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd zahrnuje pou\u017eit\u00ed OFFSET<\/code> a LIMIT<\/code>, n\u00e1m zaru\u010den\u011b vyhovuje. Ale jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u011b pomal\u00fdch dotaz\u016f. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech bych doporu\u010dil pou\u017e\u00edt prim\u00e1rn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d s automatick\u00fdm inkrementem, i kdy\u017e je pot\u0159ebn\u00fd pouze pro organizaci prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dotaz\u016f s str\u00e1nkov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n
Pokud v\u00e1s tato t\u00e9ma zaj\u00edm\u00e1 \u2014 tady je<\/a><\/noindex>, tady je<\/a><\/noindex> a tady je<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 n\u011bkolik u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011bry<\/h2>\n
\nHlavn\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017eeme u\u010dinit, je ten, \u017ee v\u017edy, bez ohledu na velikost datab\u00e1z\u00ed, je pot\u0159eba analyzovat rychlost prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed dotaz\u016f. V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b je mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, a pokud ji\u017e na za\u010d\u00e1tku pr\u00e1ce na n\u011bjak\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu dob\u0159e navrhneme v\u0161e, m\u016f\u017ee to v budoucnu u\u0161et\u0159it v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159ovi spoustu probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n
Jak analyzujete a optimalizujete dotazy na datab\u00e1ze?<\/b><\/p>\n
\"Nen\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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