{"id":92270,"date":"2020-08-25T07:42:24","date_gmt":"2020-08-25T05:42:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-29-let"},"modified":"2020-08-25T07:42:24","modified_gmt":"2020-08-25T05:42:24","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-29-let","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-29-let","title":{"rendered":"J\u00e1dru Linuxu bylo 29 let","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>25. srpna 1991, po p\u011bti m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch v\u00fdvoje, 21let\u00fd student Linus Torvalds <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/~awb\/linux.history.html\">ozn\u00e1mil<\/a><\/noindex> na diskusn\u00ed skupin\u011b comp.os.minix ozn\u00e1mil vytvo\u0159en\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00edho prototypu nov\u00e9ho opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu Linux, pro kter\u00fd bylo dokon\u010deno portov\u00e1n\u00ed bash 1.08 a gcc 1.40. Prvn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 verze j\u00e1dra Linux byla p\u0159edstavena 17. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. J\u00e1dro <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.linuxgrill.com\/anonymous\/kernel\/Archive\/historic\/\">0.0.1<\/a><\/noindex> m\u011blo velikost 62 KB ve zmen\u0161en\u00e9 podob\u011b a obsahovalo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du. Dne\u0161n\u00ed j\u00e1dro Linuxu obsahuje v\u00edce ne\u017e 26 milion\u016f \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du. Podle v\u00fdzkumu proveden\u00e9ho v roce 2010 na zak\u00e1zku Evropsk\u00e9 unie by p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e1 cena v\u00fdvoje od nuly projektu, kter\u00fd by byl podobn\u00fd modern\u00edmu j\u00e1dru Linuxu, \u010dinila <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=25560\">v\u00edce ne\u017e miliardu<\/a><\/noindex> americk\u00fdch dolar\u016f (v\u00fdpo\u010det byl proveden, kdy\u017e j\u00e1dro m\u011blo 13 milion\u016f \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du), podle <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dwheeler.com\/essays\/linux-kernel-cost.html\">jin\u00fdch<\/a><\/noindex> hodnocen\u00ed &#8212; <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/linuxcost.blogspot.ru\/2011\/03\/cost-of-linux.html\">v\u00edce ne\u017e 3 miliardy<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>J\u00e1dro Linux bylo vytvo\u0159eno pod vlivem opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu MINIX, kter\u00fd Linuse neuspokojoval svou omezenou licenc\u00ed. Pozd\u011bji, kdy se Linux stal zn\u00e1m\u00fdm projektem, se nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 pokusili obvinit Linuse z p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00f3du n\u011bkter\u00fdch subsyst\u00e9m\u016f MINIX. \u00datok odrazil Andrew Tanenbaum, autor MINIX, kter\u00fd pov\u011b\u0159il jednoho z student\u016f, aby provedl podrobn\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00f3du Minix a prvn\u00edch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch verz\u00ed Linux. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.vu.nl\/~ast\/brown\/codecomparison\/alexey.html\">V\u00fdsledky<\/a><\/noindex> Studie uk\u00e1zaly pouze \u010dty\u0159i nepodstatn\u00e1 shodn\u00e1 m\u00edsta blok\u016f k\u00f3du, zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 po\u017eadavky POSIX a ANSI C.<\/p>\n<p>P\u016fvodn\u011b Linus zam\u00fd\u0161lel nazvat j\u00e1dro Freax, co\u017e bylo od slov &#171;free&#187;, &#171;freak&#187; a X (Unix). Ale jm\u00e9no &#171;Linux&#187; j\u00e1dro dostalo z\u00e1sluhou Ariho Lemmkeho, kter\u00fd na \u017e\u00e1dost Linuse um\u00edstil j\u00e1dro na <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.funet.fi\/pub\/linux\/\">FTP server<\/a><\/noindex> univerzitu a pojmenoval adres\u00e1\u0159 s archivem nikoli &#171;freax&#187;, jak \u017e\u00e1dal Torvalds, ale &#171;linux&#187;. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee podnikav\u00fd obchodn\u00edk William Della Croce dok\u00e1zal zaregistrovat ochrannou zn\u00e1mku Linux a cht\u011bl postupem \u010dasu vyb\u00edrat poplatky, ale pozd\u011bji si to rozmyslel a p\u0159edal ve\u0161ker\u00e1 pr\u00e1va na ochrannou zn\u00e1mku Linusovi. Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed maskot j\u00e1dra Linux, tu\u010d\u0148\u00e1k Tux, byl vybr\u00e1n v d\u016fsledku <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.earlham.edu\/%7Ejeremiah\/linux-pix\/linux-logo.html\">sout\u011b\u017ee<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00e1 se konala v roce 1996. Jm\u00e9no Tux je zkratka pro Torvalds UniX.<\/p>\n<p>Dynamika r\u016fstu k\u00f3dov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny (po\u010det \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f zdrojov\u00e9ho k\u00f3du) j\u00e1dra:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> 0.0.1 \u2013 z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1991, 10 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 1.0.0 \u2013 b\u0159ezen 1994, 176 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 1.2.0 \u2013 b\u0159ezen 1995, 311 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.0.0 \u2013 \u010derven 1996, 778 tis\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.2.0 \u2013 leden 1999, 1.8 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.4.0 \u2013 leden 2001, 3.4 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.6.0 \u2013 prosinec 2003, 5.9 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.6.28 \u2013 prosinec 2008, 10.2 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.6.35 \u2013 srpen 2010, 13.4 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.0 \u2013 srpen 2011, 14.6 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.5 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2012, 15.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.10 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2013, 15.8 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.16 \u2013 srpen 2014, 17.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.1 \u2013 \u010derven 2015, 19.5 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.7 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2016, 21.7 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.12 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2017, 24.1 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.18 \u2013 srpen 2018, 25.3 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.\n<\/li>\n<li> 5.2 \u2013 \u010dervenec 2019, 26.55 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.\n<\/li>\n<li> 5.8 \u2014 srpen 2020, 28,36 milionu \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f k\u00f3du.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokrok ve v\u00fdvoji j\u00e1dra:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1991, prvn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 podporuje pouze CPU i386 a spou\u0161t\u00ed se z disket.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.12 \u2014 leden 1992, k\u00f3d za\u010dal b\u00fdt distribuov\u00e1n pod licenc\u00ed GPLv2.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.95 \u2014 b\u0159ezen 1992, zaji\u0161t\u011bna mo\u017enost spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed X Window System, implementov\u00e1na podpora virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed pam\u011bti a swapov\u00e9ho prostoru.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, za\u010dala pr\u00e1ce na s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9m z\u00e1sobn\u00edku. P\u0159edstavena souborov\u00e1 syst\u00e9m Ext2, p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora form\u00e1tu soubor\u016f ELF, p\u0159edstaveny ovlada\u010de pro zvukov\u00e9 karty a SCSI kontrol\u00e9ry, realizov\u00e1no na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed modul\u016f j\u00e1dra a souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \/proc.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roce 1992 se objevily prvn\u00ed distribuce SLS a Yggdrasil. V l\u00e9t\u011b 1993 byly zalo\u017eeny projekty Slackware a Debian.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.0 \u2014 b\u0159ezen 1994, prvn\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed stabiln\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.2 \u2014 b\u0159ezen 1995, v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu ovlada\u010d\u016f, podpora platforem Alpha, MIPS a SPARC, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku, vznik paketov\u00e9ho filtru, podpora NFS.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.0 \u2014 \u010derven 1996, podpora v\u00edcej\u00e1drov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> B\u0159ezen 1997: zalo\u017een LKML, mailing list v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f j\u00e1dra Linux;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 1998: spu\u0161t\u011bn prvn\u00ed cluster na b\u00e1zi Linuxu, kter\u00fd se dostal na seznam Top500, slo\u017een\u00fd z 68 uzl\u016f s CPU Alpha;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.2 &#8212; leden 1999, zv\u00fd\u0161ena efektivita syst\u00e9mu spr\u00e1vy pam\u011bti, p\u0159id\u00e1na podpora IPv6, realizov\u00e1na nov\u00e1 br\u00e1na firewall, p\u0159edstavena nov\u00e1 zvukov\u00e1 subsyst\u00e9m;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.4 \u2014 \u00fanor 2001, zaji\u0161t\u011bna podpora 8-j\u00e1drov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a 64 GB RAM, souborov\u00e1 syst\u00e9m Ext3, podpora USB, ACPI.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.6 \u2014 prosinec 2003, podpora SELinux, prost\u0159edky automatick\u00e9ho lad\u011bn\u00ed parametr\u016f j\u00e1dra, sysfs, p\u0159epracovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m spr\u00e1vy pam\u011bti.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roce 2005 byl p\u0159edstaven hypervizor Xen, kter\u00fd otev\u0159el \u00e9ru virtualizace;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2008 byl vyd\u00e1n prvn\u00ed release platformy Android, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na j\u00e1d\u0159e Linux;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V \u010dervenci 2011, po 10 letech v\u00fdvoje v\u011btve 2.6.x <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=31259\">byl<\/a><\/noindex> proveden p\u0159echod k \u010d\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed 3.x. Po\u010det objekt\u016f v Git repozit\u00e1\u0159i dos\u00e1hl 2 milion\u016f;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V roce 2015 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=42029\">se uskute\u010dnilo<\/a><\/noindex> bylo vyd\u00e1no j\u00e1dro Linux 4.0. Po\u010det git objekt\u016f v repozit\u00e1\u0159i dos\u00e1hl 4 milion\u016f;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V dubnu 2018 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=48447\">byl p\u0159ekon\u00e1n<\/a><\/noindex> miln\u00edk 6 milion\u016f git objekt\u016f v repozit\u00e1\u0159i j\u00e1dra.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> V lednu 2019 byla vytvo\u0159ena v\u011btev j\u00e1dra <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50201\">Linux 5.0<\/a><\/noindex>. Repozit\u00e1\u0159 dos\u00e1hl \u00farovn\u011b 6,5 milionu git objekt\u016f.\n<li class=\"l\"> J\u00e1dro 5.8, vydan\u00e9 v srpnu 2020, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53479\">se stalo<\/a><\/noindex> nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm co do po\u010dtu zm\u011bn ze v\u0161ech jader v historii projektu.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53593\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-92270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 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