{"id":92367,"date":"2020-08-26T07:42:09","date_gmt":"2020-08-26T05:42:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/putevoditel-po-rezervnomu-kopirovaniyu-baz-dannyh"},"modified":"2020-08-26T07:42:09","modified_gmt":"2020-08-26T05:42:09","slug":"putevoditel-po-rezervnomu-kopirovaniyu-baz-dannyh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/putevoditel-po-rezervnomu-kopirovaniyu-baz-dannyh","title":{"rendered":"Pr\u016fvodce z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00edm datab\u00e1z\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote><p>\u2013 O, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u00fakryt nep\u0159e\u017eije z\u00e1sah meteoritu. Ale i vy, jako ka\u017ed\u00fd, m\u00e1te rezervu, tak\u017ee si nemus\u00edte d\u011blat starosti.<\/p>\n<p><i>Stanislav Lem, \u201eHv\u011bzdn\u00e9 den\u00edky Ijona Tich\u00e9ho\u201c<\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nZ\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed znamen\u00e1 uchov\u00e1n\u00ed kopie dat n\u011bkde mimo hlavn\u00ed m\u00edsto jejich ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u016fvodce z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00edm datab\u00e1z\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/c1dba0d8999cab69315560dfc57546e0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nHlavn\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed je obnoven\u00ed dat po jejich ztr\u00e1t\u011b. V t\u00e9to souvislosti se \u010dasto \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee pokud m\u00e1te replikaci datab\u00e1ze, data m\u016f\u017eete v\u017edy obnovit z n\u00ed, a z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed je tedy zbyte\u010dn\u00e9. Ve skute\u010dnosti z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje vy\u0159e\u0161it alespo\u0148 t\u0159i \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 nelze vy\u0159e\u0161it pomoc\u00ed repliky, a replikaci bez z\u00e1lohy nelze ani inicializovat.<\/p>\n<p>Za prv\u00e9, z\u00e1loha umo\u017e\u0148uje obnovit data po logick\u00e9 chyb\u011b. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u00fa\u010detn\u00ed smazal skupinu \u00fa\u010detn\u00edch doklad\u016f nebo spr\u00e1vce datab\u00e1ze zni\u010dil tabulkov\u00fd prostor. Ob\u011b operace jsou z pohledu datab\u00e1ze naprosto leg\u00e1ln\u00ed, a proces replikace je p\u0159enese do replikovan\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n<p>Za druh\u00e9, modern\u00ed S\u0158BD jsou velmi spolehliv\u00e9 programov\u00e9 komplexy, av\u0161ak ob\u010das k po\u0161kozen\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edch struktur datab\u00e1ze doch\u00e1z\u00ed, co\u017e vede ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupu k dat\u016fm. Co\u017e je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9, proto\u017ee k takov\u00e9mu poru\u0161en\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed obvykle p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei nebo b\u011bhem instalace n\u011bjak\u00e9 aktualizace. Ale jak vysok\u00e1 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e, tak pravideln\u00e9 aktualizace nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee datab\u00e1ze rozhodn\u011b nen\u00ed testovac\u00ed a data, kter\u00e1 obsahuje, jsou cenn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Nakonec t\u0159et\u00ed \u00fakol, jeho\u017e \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vy\u017eaduje existenci z\u00e1lohy, je klonov\u00e1n\u00ed datab\u00e1ze, nap\u0159\u00edklad pro testovac\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed datab\u00e1z\u00ed stoj\u00ed na jednom ze dvou princip\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u00fdb\u011br dat s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm ulo\u017een\u00edm v libovoln\u00e9m form\u00e1tu;<\/li>\n<li>Sn\u00edmek stavu soubor\u016f datab\u00e1ze a uchov\u00e1n\u00ed protokol\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPod\u00edvejme se na tyto principy a n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00e9 je realizuj\u00ed, podrobn\u011bji.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Export dat<\/h3>\n<p>\nV sad\u011b n\u00e1stroj\u016f p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00fdch k jak\u00e9koliv S\u0158BD jsou v\u017edy dostupn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje pro export a import dat. Data se ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed bu\u010f v textov\u00e9m form\u00e1tu, nebo ve specifick\u00e9m bin\u00e1rn\u00edm form\u00e1tu pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed S\u0158BD. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulce jsou uvedeny takov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje:<\/p>\n<p>Bin\u00e1rn\u00ed form\u00e1t<br \/>\nTextov\u00fd form\u00e1t<\/p>\n<p>Oracle<br \/>\nDataPump Export\/DataPump Import<br \/>\nExport\/Import<br \/>\nSQL*Plus\/SQL*Loader<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL<br \/>\npg_dump, pg_dumpall\/pg_restore<br \/>\npg_dump, pg_dumpall\/psql<\/p>\n<p>Microsoft SQL Server<br \/>\nbcp<br \/>\nbcp<\/p>\n<p>DB2<br \/>\nunload\/load<br \/>\nunload\/load<\/p>\n<p>MySQL<\/p>\n<p>mysqldump, mysqlpump\/mysql, mysqlimport<\/p>\n<p>MongoDB<br \/>\nmongodump\/mongorestore<br \/>\nmongoexport\/mongoimport<\/p>\n<p>Cassandra<br \/>\nnodetool snapshot\/sstableloader<br \/>\ncqlsh<\/p>\n<p>\nTextov\u00fd form\u00e1t je dobr\u00fd v tom, \u017ee jej lze upravovat nebo dokonce vytv\u00e1\u0159et pomoc\u00ed extern\u00edch program\u016f, zat\u00edmco bin\u00e1rn\u00ed form\u00e1t je dobr\u00fd, proto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uje rychlej\u0161\u00ed export a import dat d\u00edky \u00faspo\u0159e zdroj\u016f p\u0159i p\u0159evodu form\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159es jednoduchost a zjevnost my\u0161lenky exportu dat se tento zp\u016fsob pro z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed vyt\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch datab\u00e1z\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 z\u0159\u00eddka. Zde jsou d\u016fvody, pro\u010d export nen\u00ed vhodn\u00fd pro plnohodnotn\u00e9 z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>proces exportu vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na syst\u00e9mu zdroje;<\/li>\n<li>export trv\u00e1 dlouho \u2013 k okam\u017eiku dokon\u010den\u00ed exportu ji\u017e nebude aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>uskute\u010dnit konzistentn\u00ed export cel\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze za vysok\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee je prakticky nemo\u017en\u00e9, proto\u017ee DBMS mus\u00ed uchovat sn\u00edmek sv\u00e9ho stavu v okam\u017eiku zah\u00e1jen\u00ed exportu. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce transakc\u00ed se uskute\u010dnilo od za\u010d\u00e1tku exportu, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed objem sn\u00edmku (neaktu\u00e1ln\u00edch kopi\u00ed dat v PostgreSQL, undo prostoru v Oracle, tempdb v Microsoft SQL Server apod.);<\/li>\n<li>export uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 logickou strukturu dat, ale neuchov\u00e1v\u00e1 jejich fyzickou strukturu \u2013 parametry fyzick\u00e9ho ulo\u017een\u00ed tabulek, indexy atd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNicm\u00e9n\u011b export m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 v\u00fdhody:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vysok\u00e1 selektivita: lze exportovat ur\u010dit\u00e9 tabulky, jednotliv\u00e9 sloupce a dokonce i jednotliv\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dky;<\/li>\n<li>exportovan\u00e1 data lze na\u010d\u00edst do datab\u00e1ze jin\u00e9 verze, a pokud byl export proveden ve form\u00e1tu textu, tak i do jin\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nT\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem se export v z\u00e1sad\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro \u00fakoly jako z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed mal\u00fdch tabulek (nap\u0159\u00edklad slovn\u00edk\u016f) nebo distribuci datov\u00fdch sad s dal\u0161\u00edm uveden\u00edm aplikace. <\/p>\n<p>Nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed datab\u00e1z\u00ed je v\u0161ak kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed soubor\u016f datab\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n<h3>\u201eStuden\u00e9\u201c ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed soubor\u016f DB<\/h3>\n<p>\nZ\u0159ejm\u00e1 my\u0161lenka \u2013 zastavit datab\u00e1zi a zkop\u00edrovat v\u0161echny jej\u00ed soubory. Tato z\u00e1loha se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201estuden\u00e1\u201c. Metoda je krajn\u011b spolehliv\u00e1 a jednoduch\u00e1, ale m\u00e1 dva zjevn\u00e9 nedostatky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Z \u201estuden\u00e9\u201c z\u00e1lohy je mo\u017en\u00e9 obnovit pouze stav datab\u00e1ze, kter\u00fd existoval v okam\u017eiku zastaven\u00ed; transakce proveden\u00e9 po restartu datab\u00e1ze se do \u201estuden\u00e9\u201c z\u00e1lohy nedostanou.<\/li>\n<li>Nen\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e1 datab\u00e1ze vybavena \u010dasov\u00fdm oknem, kdy ji lze zastavit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPokud v\u00e1m vyhovuje \u201estuden\u00e9\u201c z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u011bli byste m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, \u017ee<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201estuden\u00e1\u201c kopie by n\u011bkdy m\u011bla zahrnovat i \u017eurn\u00e1ly. Metody ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eurn\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt zahrnuty do \u201estuden\u00e9\u201c kopie, se li\u0161\u00ed pro ka\u017edou S\u0158BD. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v Oracle je nutn\u00e9 zkop\u00edrovat takzvan\u00e9 online redo, tedy pevn\u00fd po\u010det \u017eurn\u00e1lov\u00fdch soubor\u016f ve speci\u00e1ln\u00edm adres\u00e1\u0159i, a to i tehdy, kdy\u017e je datab\u00e1ze spr\u00e1vn\u011b zastavena. V PostgreSQL je pot\u0159eba uchovat v\u0161echny \u017eurn\u00e1ly po\u010d\u00ednaje t\u00edm, kter\u00fd obsahuje posledn\u00ed kontroln\u00ed bod, jeho\u017e informace jsou obsa\u017eeny v \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edm souboru.<\/li>\n<li>Adres\u00e1\u0159 datab\u00e1ze m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 soubory do\u010dasn\u00fdch tabulkov\u00fdch prostor\u016f, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 zahrnout do z\u00e1lohy. Mimochodem, toto pozorn\u011bn\u00ed plat\u00ed i pro \u201ehork\u00e9\u201c z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>\u201eHork\u00e9\u201c z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed soubor\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>\nV\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00e1loh modern\u00edch datab\u00e1z\u00ed je prov\u00e1d\u011bna kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00edm soubor\u016f datab\u00e1ze bez zastaven\u00ed datab\u00e1ze. Zde se objevuje n\u011bkolik probl\u00e9m\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V okam\u017eiku zah\u00e1jen\u00ed kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed se obsah datab\u00e1ze nemus\u00ed shodovat s obsahem soubor\u016f, proto\u017ee \u010d\u00e1st informac\u00ed je v mezipam\u011bti a je\u0161t\u011b nebyla zaps\u00e1na na disk.<\/li>\n<li>B\u011bhem kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed se obsah datab\u00e1ze m\u016f\u017ee m\u011bnit. Pokud jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny m\u011bniteln\u00e9 datov\u00e9 struktury, m\u011bn\u00ed se obsah soubor\u016f, a pokud jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny nem\u011bniteln\u00e9 struktury, m\u011bn\u00ed se souborov\u00e1 sada: nov\u00e9 soubory se objevuj\u00ed, zat\u00edmco star\u00e9 jsou odstra\u0148ov\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<li>Proto\u017ee z\u00e1pis dat do datab\u00e1ze a \u010dten\u00ed soubor\u016f DB nejsou nijak synchronizov\u00e1ny, m\u016f\u017ee program z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst nespr\u00e1vnou str\u00e1nku, ve kter\u00e9 polovina bude z star\u00e9 verze str\u00e1nky a druh\u00e1 polovina \u2013 z nov\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAby z\u00e1loha byla konzistentn\u00ed, existuje pro ka\u017edou S\u0158BD p\u0159\u00edkaz, kter\u00fd oznamuje, \u017ee byl zah\u00e1jen proces z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed. Syntakticky se tento p\u0159\u00edkaz m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v Oracle je to samostatn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkaz ALTER DATABASE\/TABLESPACE BEGIN BACKUP;<\/li>\n<li>v PostgreSQL \u2013 funkce pg_start_backup();<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159\u00edprava na z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed v Microsoft SQL Server a DB2 prob\u00edh\u00e1 implicitn\u011b b\u011bhem prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazu BACKUP DATABASE;<\/li>\n<li>V MySQL Enterprise, Cassandra a MongoDB se p\u0159\u00edprava implicitn\u011b prov\u00e1d\u00ed extern\u00edm n\u00e1strojem \u2013 mysqlbackup, OpsCenter a Ops Manager v tomto po\u0159ad\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNavzdory syntaktick\u00fdm rozd\u00edl\u016fm vypad\u00e1 proces p\u0159\u00edpravy na z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Takto vypad\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edprava na z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed v syst\u00e9mech s m\u011bnitelnou diskovou strukturou, tedy ve v\u0161ech tradi\u010dn\u00edch diskov\u00fdch rela\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Zaznamen\u00e1 se okam\u017eik za\u010d\u00e1tku z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed; z\u00e1loha bude obsahovat z\u00e1znamy datab\u00e1ze od tohoto okam\u017eiku.<\/li>\n<li>Provede se kontroln\u00ed bod, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161echny zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 se staly na datech p\u0159ed zaznamenan\u00fdm okam\u017eikem, se ulo\u017e\u00ed na disk. To zaru\u010duje, \u017ee z\u00e1znamy p\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed nebudou pot\u0159eba p\u0159i obnoven\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Aktivuje se speci\u00e1ln\u00ed re\u017eim zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed: pokud je str\u00e1nka dat poprv\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011bna po na\u010dten\u00ed z disku, nam\u00edsto toho, aby se zm\u011bna str\u00e1nky zaznamenala do protokolu, se zaznamen\u00e1 cel\u00e1 str\u00e1nka. B\u011bhem p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e9ho procesu se v\u0161echny str\u00e1nky zap\u00ed\u0161\u00ed na disk, a proto p\u0159i prvn\u00edm zm\u011bn\u011b bude blok v\u017edy zaznamen\u00e1n v protokolu jako celek. Pokud v\u0161ak bude str\u00e1nka b\u011bhem z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed op\u011bt zaps\u00e1na na disk, pak jej\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bna povede tak\u00e9 k zaznamen\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9 kopie str\u00e1nky v protokolu. To zaru\u010duje, \u017ee pokud dojde k po\u0161kozen\u00ed str\u00e1nky p\u0159i kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed datov\u00e9ho souboru, pou\u017eit\u00ed protokolu ji znovu oprav\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Zablokuje se zm\u011bna hlavi\u010dek datov\u00fdch soubor\u016f, tedy t\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, jej\u00ed\u017e zm\u011bny nejsou zaznamen\u00e1ny v protokolech. To zaru\u010duje, \u017ee hlavi\u010dka bude kop\u00edrov\u00e1na spr\u00e1vn\u011b a pot\u00e9 budou k datov\u00e9mu souboru spr\u00e1vn\u011b aplikov\u00e1ny protokoly.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nJakmile jsou v\u0161echny v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 postupy dokon\u010deny, je mo\u017en\u00e9 kop\u00edrovat datov\u00e9 soubory pomoc\u00ed prost\u0159edk\u016f opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu \u2013 cp, rsync a dal\u0161\u00edch. Aktivace re\u017eimu z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed sni\u017euje v\u00fdkon datab\u00e1ze: za prv\u00e9, zvy\u0161uje se objem \u017eurn\u00e1l\u016f, a za druh\u00e9, pokud dojde k chyb\u011b v re\u017eimu z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed, obnova bude \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee se neaktualizuj\u00ed hlavi\u010dky datov\u00fdch soubor\u016f. \u010c\u00edm rychleji se z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed dokon\u010d\u00ed, t\u00edm l\u00e9pe pro datab\u00e1zi, proto je zde vhodn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1stroje jako je sn\u00edmek (snapshot) souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu nebo roztr\u017een\u00ed zrcadla (BCV) v diskov\u00e9m poli. N\u011bkter\u00e9 S\u0158BD (Oracle, PostgreSQL) umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed administr\u00e1torovi s\u00e1m vybrat zp\u016fsob kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed, jin\u00e9 (Microsoft SQL Server) nab\u00edzej\u00ed rozhran\u00ed pro integraci vlastn\u00edch z\u00e1lohovac\u00edch utilit s mechanismy souborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f nebo S\u00d3\u0158.<\/p>\n<p>Po dokon\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u0159eba vr\u00e1tit datab\u00e1zi zp\u011bt do b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho stavu. V Oracle se to prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazem ALTER DATABASE\/TABLESPACE END BACKUP, v PostgreSQL \u2013 vol\u00e1n\u00edm funkce pg_stop_backup(), a v jin\u00fdch datab\u00e1z\u00edch \u2013 vnit\u0159n\u00edmi podprogramy p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f nebo extern\u00edch slu\u017eeb.<\/p>\n<p>Takto vypad\u00e1 \u010dasov\u00e1 diagram procesu z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u016fvodce z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00edm datab\u00e1z\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/4e74f865e9f35acec083b747da4449cf.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>P\u0159\u00edprava na z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed (begin backup) zab\u00edr\u00e1 \u010das, n\u011bkdy zna\u010dn\u00fd. I kdy\u017e se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zrcadlov\u00e9 svazky nebo souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my s mo\u017enost\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed sn\u00edmk\u016f, proces z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed nebude okam\u017eit\u00fd.<\/li>\n<li>Spolu s datov\u00fdmi soubory je nutn\u00e9 uchovat \u017eurn\u00e1ly po\u010d\u00ednaje okam\u017eikem zah\u00e1jen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravy na z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed a kon\u010de okam\u017eikem n\u00e1vratu datab\u00e1ze do norm\u00e1ln\u00edho stavu.<\/li>\n<li>Obnovit se z t\u00e9to z\u00e1lohy lze <b>v moment\u011b, kdy se datab\u00e1ze vr\u00e1t\u00ed do norm\u00e1ln\u00edho stavu<\/b>. Obnova k d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu okam\u017eiku nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSe za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi datab\u00e1z\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nem\u011bnn\u00e9 datov\u00e9 struktury (sn\u00edmky pam\u011bti, LSM-stromy), je situace jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edprava na z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch krok\u016f:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Data z pam\u011bti se zapisuj\u00ed na disk.<\/li>\n<li>Je zaznamen\u00e1n seznam soubor\u016f zahrnut\u00fdch do z\u00e1lohy. Do t\u00e9 doby, dokud proces z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed neskon\u010d\u00ed, je datab\u00e1zi zak\u00e1z\u00e1no mazat tyto soubory, i kdy\u017e se stanou nepot\u0159ebn\u00fdmi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nNa sign\u00e1l o ukon\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee datab\u00e1ze s nem\u011bnn\u00fdmi strukturami op\u011bt mazat nepot\u0159ebn\u00e9 soubory.<\/p>\n<h3>Obnoven\u00ed na bod<\/h3>\n<p>\nZ\u00e1loha umo\u017e\u0148uje obnovit stav datab\u00e1ze k okam\u017eiku, kdy byla dokon\u010dena p\u0159\u00edkaz k n\u00e1vratu z re\u017eimu z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed. Av\u0161ak hav\u00e1rie, po n\u00ed\u017e bude t\u0159eba obnovit, m\u016f\u017ee nastat kdykoli. \u00dakol obnovit stav DB k libovoln\u00e9mu okam\u017eiku se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201eobnoven\u00ed na bod\u201c (point-in-time recovery).<\/p>\n<p>Aby byla tato mo\u017enost zaji\u0161t\u011bna, m\u011bly by se uchov\u00e1vat protokoly DB od okam\u017eiku ukon\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed, a b\u011bhem obnovy pokra\u010dovat v aplikaci protokol\u016f na obnovenou kopii. Pot\u00e9, co byla DB obnovena ze z\u00e1lohy k okam\u017eiku ukon\u010den\u00ed kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed, je stav datab\u00e1ze (soubory a mezipam\u011b\u0165 str\u00e1nek) zaru\u010den\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00fd, proto nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd speci\u00e1ln\u00ed re\u017eim protokolov\u00e1n\u00ed. Aplikac\u00ed protokol\u016f do po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho okam\u017eiku lze z\u00edskat stav datab\u00e1ze k libovoln\u00e9mu bodu v \u010dase.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud je rychlost obnoven\u00ed z\u00e1lohy omezena pouze \u0161\u00ed\u0159kou p\u00e1sma disku, pak je rychlost aplikace protokol\u016f obvykle omezena v\u00fdkonem procesoru. Pokud doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m v prim\u00e1rn\u00ed datab\u00e1zi paraleln\u011b, pak p\u0159i obnov\u011b jsou v\u0161echny zm\u011bny prov\u00e1d\u011bny sekven\u010dn\u011b \u2013 v po\u0159ad\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed z protokolu. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem \u010das obnoven\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, jak daleko je bod obnoven\u00ed od bodu ukon\u010den\u00ed z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu je pot\u0159eba docela \u010dasto prov\u00e1d\u011bt \u00fapln\u00e9 z\u00e1lohy \u2013 minim\u00e1ln\u011b jednou t\u00fddn\u011b pro datab\u00e1ze s n\u00edzkou transak\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed a a\u017e po ka\u017edodenn\u00ed z\u00e1lohy pro vysoce zat\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n<h3>Inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>\nAby se urychlilo obnoven\u00ed na bod, bylo by dobr\u00e9 m\u00edt mo\u017enost prov\u00e1d\u011bt z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed co nej\u010dast\u011bji, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 nezab\u00edrat zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edsto na disc\u00edch a nezat\u011b\u017eovat datab\u00e1zi \u00fakoly z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu \u2013 inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed, tedy kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed pouze t\u011bch str\u00e1nek dat, kter\u00e9 se zm\u011bnily od posledn\u00edho z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed.<br \/>\nInkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl pouze pro datab\u00e1ze, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u011bniteln\u00e9 datov\u00e9 struktury.<\/p>\n<p>Inkrement m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n jak od \u00fapln\u00e9 z\u00e1lohy (kumulativn\u00ed z\u00e1loha), tak od jak\u00e9koli p\u0159edchoz\u00ed z\u00e1lohy (diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1loha). <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u016fvodce z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00edm datab\u00e1z\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/10e3bb87445cb36693c7b5469d62eeaf.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nBohu\u017eel neexistuje jednotn\u00e1 terminologie, a r\u016fzn\u00ed v\u00fdrobci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 term\u00edny:<\/p>\n<p>Diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed<br \/>\nKumulativn\u00ed<\/p>\n<p>Oracle<br \/>\nDiferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed<br \/>\nKumulativn\u00ed<\/p>\n<p>PostgresPro<br \/>\nInkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed<br \/>\n\u2014<\/p>\n<p>Microsoft SQL Server<br \/>\n\u2014<br \/>\nDiferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/p>\n<p>IBM DB2<br \/>\nDelta<br \/>\nInkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/p>\n<p>\nP\u0159i existenci inkrement\u00e1ln\u00edch kopi\u00ed vypad\u00e1 proces obnoven\u00ed k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu bodu n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>obnov\u00ed se posledn\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e1 z\u00e1loha, kter\u00e1 byla provedena p\u0159ed okam\u017eikem obnoven\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>na plnou kopii se obnov\u00ed inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed kopie;<\/li>\n<li>aplikuj\u00ed se protokoly od bodu za\u010d\u00e1tku z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed do bodu obnoven\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nP\u0159\u00edtomnost kumulativn\u00ed kopie urychluje proces obnoven\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pro obnoven\u00ed stavu datab\u00e1ze k bodu mezi T3 a T4 je t\u0159eba obnovit dv\u011b inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed kopie, ale pro obnoven\u00ed k bodu po T4 \u2013 pouze jednu.<br \/>\nJe z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee objem jedn\u00e9 kumulativn\u00ed kopie je men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e objem n\u011bkolika diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edch kopi\u00ed, proto\u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 str\u00e1nky byly zm\u011bn\u011bny n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t a ka\u017ed\u00e1 inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed kopie obsahuje svou verzi str\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n<p>Existuj\u00ed t\u0159i zp\u016fsoby, jak vytvo\u0159it inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed kopii:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>vytvo\u0159en\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9 kopie a v\u00fdpo\u010det rozd\u00edlu s p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u00faplnou kopi\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>anal\u00fdza protokol\u016f, vytvo\u0159en\u00ed seznamu zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdch str\u00e1nek a z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed str\u00e1nek zahrnut\u00fdch v seznamu;<\/li>\n<li>dotaz na zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky v datab\u00e1zi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPrvn\u00ed zp\u016fsob \u0161et\u0159\u00ed diskov\u00fd prostor, ale ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed \u00fakol sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee na datab\u00e1zi. D\u00e1le, pokud m\u00e1me \u00faplnou z\u00e1lohu, pak nen\u00ed smyslupln\u00e9 ji m\u011bnit na inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed, proto\u017ee obnova \u00fapln\u00e9 kopie je rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e obnova p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9 kopie a inkrementu. \u00dakol \u00faspory diskov\u00e9ho prostoru p\u0159i tomto p\u0159\u00edstupu je lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159en\u00e9st na specializovan\u00e9 komponenty s vestav\u011bn\u00fdmi mechanismy deduplikace. Mohou to b\u00fdt jak specializovan\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b (EMC DataDomain, HPE StorageWorks VLS, cel\u00e1 \u0159ada NetApp), tak softwarov\u00e9 produkty (ZFS, Veritas NetBackup PureFile, Windows Server Data Deduplication).<\/p>\n<p>Druh\u00fd a t\u0159et\u00ed zp\u016fsob se li\u0161\u00ed mechanismem ur\u010den\u00ed seznamu zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdch str\u00e1nek. Anal\u00fdza protokol\u016f je \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nav\u00edc je nutn\u00e9 zn\u00e1t strukturu protokolov\u00fdch soubor\u016f. Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed je se zeptat samotn\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze, kter\u00e9 str\u00e1nky se zm\u011bnily, ale k tomu mus\u00ed j\u00e1dro DBMS m\u00edt funk\u010dnost sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdch blok\u016f (block change tracking).<\/p>\n<p>Poprv\u00e9 byla funk\u010dnost inkrement\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed implementov\u00e1na v softwaru Oracle Recovery Manager (RMAN), kter\u00fd se objevil v releasu Oracle 8i. Oracle okam\u017eit\u011b zrealizoval sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdch blok\u016f, proto nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba prov\u00e1d\u011bt anal\u00fdzu protokol\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL nesleduje zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 bloky, a proto n\u00e1stroj pg_probackup, vyvinut\u00fd ruskou spole\u010dnost\u00ed Postgres Professional, ur\u010duje zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky anal\u00fdzou protokolu. Spole\u010dnost v\u0161ak dod\u00e1v\u00e1 i DBMS PostgresPro, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ptrack, sleduj\u00edc\u00ed zm\u011bny str\u00e1nek. P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed pg_probackup s DBMS PostgresPro n\u00e1stroj dotazuje zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky p\u0159\u00edmo u datab\u00e1ze \u2013 p\u0159esn\u011b tak, jak to d\u011bl\u00e1 RMAN.<\/p>\n<p>Microsoft SQL Server, stejn\u011b jako Oracle, sleduje zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky, ale p\u0159\u00edkaz BACKUP umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1\u0159et pouze \u00fapln\u00e9 a kumulativn\u00ed z\u00e1lohy.<\/p>\n<p>V DB2 existuje mo\u017enost sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00fdch str\u00e1nek, ale je ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed vypnuta. Po jej\u00edm zapnut\u00ed DB2 umo\u017en\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et \u00fapln\u00e9, diferencovan\u00e9 a kumulativn\u00ed z\u00e1lohy.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi n\u00e1stroji popsan\u00fdmi v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti (krom\u011b pg_probackup) a souborov\u00fdmi z\u00e1lohovac\u00edmi n\u00e1stroji spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed v tom, \u017ee dotazuj\u00ed datab\u00e1zi na obr\u00e1zky str\u00e1nek, m\u00edsto aby samostatn\u011b \u010dtly data z disku. Nev\u00fdhodou tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu je m\u00edrn\u00e9 dodate\u010dn\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed datab\u00e1ze. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tato nev\u00fdhoda je v\u00edce ne\u017e kompenzov\u00e1na t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159e\u010dten\u00e1 str\u00e1nka je v\u017edy spr\u00e1vn\u00e1, a proto nen\u00ed t\u0159eba do\u010dasn\u011b zap\u00ednat speci\u00e1ln\u00ed re\u017eim protokolov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Je\u0161t\u011b jednou upozor\u0148ujeme, \u017ee existence inkrement\u00e1ln\u00edch kopi\u00ed nezru\u0161uje po\u017eadavky na uchov\u00e1n\u00ed protokol\u016f pro obnoven\u00ed k libovoln\u00e9mu bodu v \u010dase. Proto jsou v pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch datab\u00e1z\u00edch protokoly neust\u00e1le p\u0159episov\u00e1ny na extern\u00ed m\u00e9dium a z\u00e1lohy, \u00fapln\u00e9 a\/nebo inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed, jsou vytv\u00e1\u0159eny podle pl\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n<p>Nejlep\u0161\u00ed realizac\u00ed my\u0161lenky inkrement\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed je software-hardware syst\u00e9m (v terminologii Oracle \u2013 engineered system) Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance \u2013 specializovan\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed Oracle pro z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00ed datab\u00e1ze. Syst\u00e9m p\u0159edstavuje klastr <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/server\/\"   title=\"servery\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1521\">servery<\/a> s velk\u00fdm objemem disk\u016f, na kter\u00e9 je nainstalov\u00e1na modifikovan\u00e1 verze softwaru Recovery Manager, a m\u016f\u017ee pracovat jak s jin\u00fdmi software-hardware syst\u00e9my Oracle (Database Appliance, Exadata, SPARC Supercluster), tak s datab\u00e1zemi Oracle na tradi\u010dn\u00ed infrastruktu\u0159e. Na rozd\u00edl od \u201eb\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho\u201c RMAN, v ZDLRA je realizov\u00e1na koncepce \u201ev\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho inkrementu\u201c (incremental forever). Syst\u00e9m jednou vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed plnou kopii datab\u00e1ze a pot\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u00ed pouze inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed kopie. Dal\u0161\u00ed moduly RMAN umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed spojovat kopie a vytv\u00e1\u0159et nov\u00e9 pln\u00e9 kopie z inkrement\u00e1ln\u00edch. <\/p>\n<p>Ku cti rusk\u00fdch v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f je t\u0159eba zm\u00ednit, \u017ee i pg_probackup um\u00ed spojovat inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed kopie.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pr\u016fvodce z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00edm datab\u00e1z\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/275b649ce74614c04410618a062dddbd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNa rozd\u00edl od mnoha podobn\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek m\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka \u201ejak\u00e1 metoda z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed je nejlep\u0161\u00ed\u201c jednozna\u010dnou odpov\u011b\u010f \u2013 nejl\u00e9pe je nativn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pro pou\u017eit\u00fd SGBD, kter\u00fd zaji\u0161\u0165uje mo\u017enost inkrement\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pro spr\u00e1vce datab\u00e1ze jsou mnohem d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zky v\u00fdb\u011bru strategie z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed a integrace n\u00e1stroj\u016f z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed datab\u00e1z\u00ed do firemn\u00ed infrastruktury. Tyto ot\u00e1zky v\u0161ak p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed r\u00e1mec tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku.<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/516428\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2013 \u041e, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041b\u0435\u043c, \u00ab\u0417\u0432\u0451\u0437\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0418\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0434\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":92368,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-92367","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u2013 \u041e, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435 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