{"id":92998,"date":"2020-09-02T01:42:42","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T23:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery"},"modified":"2020-09-02T01:42:42","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T23:42:42","slug":"odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery","title":{"rendered":"Jedna z funkc\u00ed Chromia vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed obrovskou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e na ko\u0159enov\u00e9 DNS servery","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Jedna
\n
\nProhl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d Chromium, kter\u00fd se aktivn\u011b vyv\u00edj\u00ed jako open-source rodi\u010d Google Chrome a nov\u00e9ho Microsoft Edge, na sebe upozornil z d\u016fvodu funkce, je\u017e byla p\u016fvodn\u011b zam\u00fd\u0161lena s dobr\u00fdmi \u00famysly: kontroluje, zda poskytovatel neprov\u00e1d\u00ed \u00bbkr\u00e1de\u017e\u00ab neexistuj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f dotaz\u016f dom\u00e9n.<\/p>\n

Detektor p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed intranetu<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00fd vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed fale\u0161n\u00e9 dotazy na n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 \u201edom\u00e9ny\u201c, jejich\u017e existence je statisticky velmi nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1, je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b za polovinu celkov\u00e9ho provozu, kter\u00fd z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 DNS servery po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. In\u017een\u00fdr Verisign Matt Thomas napsal rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek<\/a><\/noindex> p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek na blogu APNIC, kter\u00fd popisuje probl\u00e9m a hodnot\u00ed jeho rozsah.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Jak obvykle prob\u00edh\u00e1 DNS p\u0159evod<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jedna
\nTyto servery jsou nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed instanc\u00ed, kterou je t\u0159eba kontaktovat pro rozli\u0161en\u00ed .com, .net a tak d\u00e1le, aby v\u00e1m sd\u011blily, \u017ee frglxrtmpuf nen\u00ed dom\u00e9na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b (TLD).<\/i><\/p>\n

DNS, nebo Domain Name System (\u201esyst\u00e9m dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch jmen\u201c), je syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016fm p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159et zapamatovateln\u00e1 dom\u00e9nov\u00e1 jm\u00e9na jako arstechnica.com na mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b pohodln\u00e9 IP adresy, nap\u0159\u00edklad 3.128.236.93. Bez DNS by internet nemohl existovat v u\u017eivatelsky p\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u00e9 podob\u011b, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zbyte\u010dn\u00e1 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e na infrastruktu\u0159e vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b je skute\u010dn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem.<\/p>\n

Pro na\u010dten\u00ed jedin\u00e9 modern\u00ed webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed operac\u00ed DNS vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e jsme analyzovali domovskou str\u00e1nku ESPN, napo\u010d\u00edtali jsme 93 r\u016fzn\u00fdch dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch jmen, od a.espncdn.com po z.motads.com. V\u0161echna jsou nezbytn\u00e1 pro \u00fapln\u00e9 na\u010dten\u00ed str\u00e1nky!<\/p>\n

Aby takovou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e mohla zvl\u00e1dnout vyhled\u00e1vac\u00ed soustava, kter\u00e1 mus\u00ed obsluhovat cel\u00fd sv\u011bt, je DNS navr\u017eena jako v\u00edce\u00farov\u0148ov\u00e1 hierarchie. Na vrcholu t\u00e9to pyramidy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 servery \u2014 ka\u017ed\u00e1 dom\u00e9na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad .com, m\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed rodinu server\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed instanc\u00ed pro ka\u017edou dom\u00e9nu pod nimi. Jedn\u00edm stupn\u011bm v\u00fd\u0161e t\u011bchto<\/em> server\u016f jsou samotn\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 servery, od a.root-servers.net<\/code> do m.root-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Jak \u010dasto se to st\u00e1v\u00e1?<\/h2>\n

\nD\u00edky v\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00e9 hierarchii ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed do mezipam\u011bti v infrastruktu\u0159e DNS dosahuje velmi mal\u00fd procento sv\u011btov\u00fdch DNS dotaz\u016f k root server\u016fm. V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 informace z DNS resolveru p\u0159\u00edmo od sv\u00e9ho poskytovatele. Kdy\u017e za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u\u017eivatele pot\u0159ebuje zjistit, jak se dostat na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed web, dotaz je nejprve zasl\u00e1n na DNS server spravovan\u00fd t\u00edmto m\u00edstn\u00edm poskytovatelem. Pokud m\u00edstn\u00ed DNS server nezn\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f, p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1v\u00e1 dotaz na sv\u00e9 \u201ep\u0159esm\u011brovac\u00ed servery\u201c (pokud jsou uvedeny).<\/p>\n

Pokud ani DNS server m\u00edstn\u00edho poskytovatele, ani servery uveden\u00e9 v jeho konfiguraci \u201ep\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c nemaj\u00ed ulo\u017eenou odpov\u011b\u010f, dotaz se zved\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo k autoritativn\u00edmu serveru dom\u00e9ny p\u0159\u00edstupu.<\/em> t\u00e9, kterou se pokou\u0161\u00edte p\u0159ev\u00e9st. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b domena.com<\/code> to bude znamenat, \u017ee dotaz je zasl\u00e1n na autoritativn\u00ed servery samotn\u00e9 dom\u00e9ny com<\/code>, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na adrese gtld-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Syst\u00e9m gtld-servers<\/code>, na kterou byl dotaz, odpov\u00edd\u00e1 seznamem autoritativn\u00edch jmenn\u00fdch server\u016f pro dom\u00e9nu domena.com, a tak\u00e9 minim\u00e1ln\u011b jedn\u00edm z\u00e1znamem, kter\u00fd obsahuje IP adresu jednoho z t\u011bchto jmenn\u00fdch server\u016f. Odpov\u011bdi se d\u00e1le posouvaj\u00ed po \u0159et\u011bzci \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159esm\u011brovac\u00ed server p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 tyto odpov\u011bdi zp\u011bt tomu serveru, kter\u00fd je po\u017eadoval, dokud odpov\u011b\u010f kone\u010dn\u011b nedoraz\u00ed na server m\u00edstn\u00edho poskytovatele a po\u010d\u00edta\u010d u\u017eivatele. V\u0161ichni p\u0159itom ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed tuto odpov\u011b\u010f do mezipam\u011bti, aby se nemuseli zbyte\u010dn\u011b obracet na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f budou z\u00e1znamy jmenn\u00fdch server\u016f pro domena.com<\/strong> ji\u017e ulo\u017eeny v mezipam\u011bti na jednom z t\u011bchto p\u0159esm\u011brovac\u00edch server\u016f, tak\u017ee root servery nikdo neobt\u011b\u017euje. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b zat\u00edm mluv\u00edme o obvykl\u00e9m form\u00e1tu URL \u2013 tom, kter\u00fd se m\u011bn\u00ed na b\u011b\u017enou webovou str\u00e1nku. Dotazy v Chromu se vztahuj\u00ed k \u00farovni p\u0159\u00edstupu.<\/em> toho, na \u00farovni samotn\u00fdch cluster\u016f root-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Chromium a kontrola \u00fanosu NXDomain<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jedna
\nKontroly Chromium \u201etenhle DNS server m\u011b neklame?\u201c p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovinu ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho provozu, kter\u00fd doraz\u00ed do clusteru root DNS server\u016f Verisign.<\/i><\/p>\n

Prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d Chromium, mate\u0159sk\u00fd projekt Google Chrome, nov\u00e9ho Microsoft Edge a nespo\u010dtu m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdch prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d\u016f, chce u\u017eivatel\u016fm usnadnit vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v jednom poli, kter\u00e9 se ob\u010das naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201eOmnibox\u201c. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, u\u017eivatel zad\u00e1v\u00e1 jak skute\u010dn\u00e9 URL, tak dotazy do vyhled\u00e1va\u010de do stejn\u00e9ho textov\u00e9ho pole v horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti okna prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010de. Je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce usnad\u0148uje, \u017ee u\u017eivatele nenut\u00ed zad\u00e1vat \u010d\u00e1st URL s http:\/\/<\/code> nebo https:\/\/<\/code>.<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli je tento p\u0159\u00edstup velmi pohodln\u00fd, vy\u017eaduje, aby prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d rozpoznal, co je t\u0159eba pova\u017eovat za URL a co za vyhled\u00e1vac\u00ed dotaz. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f je to docela z\u0159ejm\u00e9 \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0159et\u011bzec s mezerami nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt URL. Ale m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e vezmeme v \u00favahu intranety \u2013 soukrom\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 tak\u00e9 mohou pou\u017e\u00edvat soukrom\u00e9 dom\u00e9ny nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du k p\u0159evodu na skute\u010dn\u00e9 webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n

Pokud u\u017eivatel v intranetu sv\u00e9 firmy zad\u00e1 \u201emarketing\u201c a v intranetu firmy existuje intern\u00ed webov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka se stejn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem, Chromium zobraz\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed okno, kter\u00e9 se pt\u00e1 u\u017eivatele, zda chce hledat \u201emarketing\u201c, nebo p\u0159ej\u00edt na https:\/\/marketing<\/code>. To je celkem p\u0159ijateln\u00e9, ale mnoho poskytovatel\u016f internetu a poskytovatel\u016f ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch Wi-Fi s\u00edt\u00ed \u201eukradne\u201c ka\u017ed\u00e9 chybn\u00e9 URL, p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00edm u\u017eivatele na n\u011bjakou str\u00e1nku plnou reklamn\u00edch banner\u016f.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1hodn\u00e1 generace<\/h2>\n

\nV\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i Chromium necht\u011bli, aby u\u017eivatel\u00e9 na b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00edch vid\u011bli p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho slova informa\u010dn\u00ed okno, kter\u00e9 by se ptalo, co m\u011bli na mysli, proto implementovali test: p\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010de nebo zm\u011bn\u011b s\u00edt\u011b prov\u00e1d\u00ed Chromium DNS vyhled\u00e1n\u00ed u t\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u011b generovan\u00fdch \u201edom\u00e9n\u201c nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du s d\u00e9lkou od sedmi do patn\u00e1cti znak\u016f. Pokud jak\u00e9koli dv\u011b z t\u011bchto po\u017eadavk\u016f vr\u00e1t\u00ed stejnou IP adresu, Chromium p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee lok\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 \u201eukradla\u201c chyby NXDOMAIN<\/code>, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bl z\u00edsk\u00e1vat, a proto prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d do dal\u0161\u00edho upozorn\u011bn\u00ed pova\u017euje v\u0161echny zadan\u00e9 dotazy z jednoho slova za pokusy o hled\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Bohu\u017eel, v s\u00edt\u00edch, kter\u00e9 ne<\/em> kradou v\u00fdsledky DNS dotaz\u016f, tyto t\u0159i operace obvykle vy\u0161plhaj\u00ed a\u017e k samotn\u00fdm ko\u0159enov\u00fdm server\u016fm jmen: lok\u00e1ln\u00ed server nev\u00ed, jak p\u0159ev\u00e9st qwajuixk<\/code>, proto p\u0159esm\u011brov\u00e1v\u00e1 tento dotaz na sv\u016fj p\u0159esm\u011brovac\u00ed server, kter\u00fd d\u011bl\u00e1 tot\u00e9\u017e, dokud nakonec, a.root-servers.net<\/code> nebo jeden z jeho \u201ebratr\u016f\u201c nebude nucen \u0159\u00edct \u201eOmlouv\u00e1me se, ale tohle nen\u00ed dom\u00e9na\u201c.<\/p>\n

Jeliko\u017e existuje zhruba 1,67*10^21 mo\u017en\u00fdch fale\u0161n\u00fdch dom\u00e9nov\u00fdch jmen dlouh\u00fdch od sedmi do patn\u00e1cti znak\u016f, \u010dast\u011bji ka\u017ed\u00fd<\/em> z t\u011bchto test\u016f, proveden\u00fdch v \u201e\u010destn\u00e9\u201c s\u00edti, se dostane k ko\u0159enov\u00e9mu serveru. To p\u0159edstavuje \u00factyhodn\u00fdch polovinu<\/em> celkov\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na ko\u0159enov\u00e9 DNS, pokud m\u00e1me v\u011b\u0159it statistik\u00e1m od t\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti cluster\u016f root-servers.net<\/code>, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed spole\u010dnosti Verisign.<\/p>\n

Historie se opakuje<\/h2>\n

\nNen\u00ed to poprv\u00e9, co projekt vytvo\u0159en\u00fd s t\u011bmi nejlep\u0161\u00edmi \u00famysly zkolaboval<\/a><\/noindex> nebo sotva nezkolaboval ve\u0159ejn\u00fd zdroj nepot\u0159ebn\u00fdm provozem \u2013 okam\u017eit\u011b n\u00e1s to p\u0159ipomn\u011blo dlouhou a smutnou historii D-Link a NTP serveru (Network Time Protocol) Poul-Henning Campa z poloviny 2000. let.<\/p>\n

V roce 2005 obdr\u017eel v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 FreeBSD Poul-Henning, jen\u017e vlastnil tak\u00e9 jedin\u00fd server Network Time Protocol \u00farovn\u011b Stratum 1 v D\u00e1nsku, ne\u010dekan\u011b vysok\u00fd \u00fa\u010det za p\u0159enesen\u00e1 data. Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, d\u016fvodem bylo to, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i D-Link zapsali adresy NTP server\u016f Stratum 1, v\u010detn\u011b serveru Kampa, do firmwaru sv\u00e9 \u0159ady switch\u016f, router\u016f a p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00fdch bod\u016f. To okam\u017eit\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ilo provoz serveru Kampa dev\u011btkr\u00e1t, co\u017e vedlo k tomu, \u017ee Danish Internet Exchange (v\u00fdm\u011bnn\u00fd bod internetov\u00e9ho provozu v D\u00e1nsku) zm\u011bnila jeho tarif z \"Bezplatn\u00e9ho\" na \"9 000 dolar\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b\".<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9m nespo\u010d\u00edval v tom, \u017ee bylo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho sm\u011brova\u010d\u016f D-Link, ale v tom, \u017ee poru\u0161ovali hierarchii. Podobn\u011b jako DNS, i NTP by m\u011blo fungovat v hierarchick\u00e9 podob\u011b \u2014 servery \u00farovn\u011b Stratum 0 p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed informace server\u016fm Stratum 1, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed informace server\u016fm Stratum 2, a tak d\u00e1le dol\u016f v hierarchii. B\u011b\u017en\u00fd dom\u00e1c\u00ed sm\u011brova\u010d, p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010d nebo p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00fd bod, do kter\u00e9ho D-Link nahr\u00e1l adresy NTP server\u016f, by m\u011bl pos\u00edlat dotazy serveru Stratum 2 nebo Stratum 3.<\/p>\n

Projekt Chromium, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b s t\u011bmi nejlep\u0161\u00edmi \u00famysly, zopakoval probl\u00e9m s NTP v probl\u00e9mu s DNS, zat\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 servery internetu dotazy, kter\u00e9 nikdy nem\u011bly zpracov\u00e1vat.<\/p>\n

Nad\u011bje na brzk\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed existuje<\/h2>\n

\nV projektu Chromium je otev\u0159en\u00fd chyba<\/a><\/noindex>, vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed pro odstran\u011bn\u00ed tohoto probl\u00e9mu vypnut\u00ed Intranet Redirect Detector jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed. Je t\u0159eba vyzdvihnout projekt Chromium: chyba byla nalezena p\u0159ed t\u00edm<\/em>, jak Matt Thomas z Verisign p\u0159it\u00e1hl k n\u011bmu obrovskou pozornost sv\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvkem<\/a><\/noindex> v blogu APNIC. Chyba byla otev\u0159ena v \u010dervnu, ale z\u016fstala zapomenuta a\u017e do p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku Thomase; po p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku byla pod pe\u010dliv\u00fdm dohledem.<\/p>\n

Existuje nad\u011bje, \u017ee probl\u00e9m bude brzy vy\u0159e\u0161en, a ko\u0159enov\u00e9 DNS servery nebudou muset denn\u011b odpov\u00eddat na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 60 miliard fale\u0161n\u00fdch dotaz\u016f.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b reklamy<\/h4>\n

\nEpic servery<\/b> \u2014 to je VPS na Windows<\/a><\/noindex> nebo Linux s v\u00fdkonn\u00fdmi procesory rodiny AMD EPYC a velmi rychl\u00fdmi NVMe disky Intel. Nev\u00e1hejte si objednat!<\/p>\n

\"Jedna<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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