{"id":93097,"date":"2020-09-03T01:42:36","date_gmt":"2020-09-02T23:42:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ustroena-grafika-v-linux-obzor-razlichnyh-sred-oformleniya-rabochego-stola"},"modified":"2020-09-03T01:42:36","modified_gmt":"2020-09-02T23:42:36","slug":"kak-ustroena-grafika-v-linux-obzor-razlichnyh-sred-oformleniya-rabochego-stola","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ustroena-grafika-v-linux-obzor-razlichnyh-sred-oformleniya-rabochego-stola","title":{"rendered":"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u00edm, jak funguje grafika v Linuxu a z jak\u00fdch komponent\u016f se skl\u00e1d\u00e1. Obsahuje mnoho screenshot\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed pracovn\u00ed plochy.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Pokud si nejste jisti rozd\u00edlem mezi KDE a GNOME, nebo je rozli\u0161ujete, ale cht\u011bli byste zjistit, jak\u00e9 jin\u00e9 alternativy existuj\u00ed, je tento \u010dl\u00e1nek ur\u010den pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00e1m. Je to p\u0159ehledn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek a i kdy\u017e obsahuje mnoh\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a trochu terminologie, bude u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd i pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed se teprve d\u00edvaj\u00ed sm\u011brem k Linuxu.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e9ma m\u016f\u017ee zaj\u00edmat i pokro\u010dil\u00e9 u\u017eivatele p\u0159i nastavov\u00e1n\u00ed vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu a p\u0159i implementaci tenk\u00e9ho klienta. \u010casto potk\u00e1v\u00e1m pom\u011brn\u011b zku\u0161en\u00e9 linux\u00e1ky, kte\u0159\u00ed tvrd\u00ed: \u201eNa serveru je pouze p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1dek a grafiku podrobn\u011bji zkoumat nepl\u00e1nuji, proto\u017ee to v\u0161echno je pot\u0159eba jen pro oby\u010dejn\u00e9 u\u017eivatele.\u201c Ale i znalci Linuxu s velk\u00fdm p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm a radost\u00ed objevuj\u00ed mo\u017enost \u201e-X\u201c u p\u0159\u00edkazu ssh (a pro to je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 rozum\u011bt fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a funkc\u00edm X-serveru).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/9aee6ddc1d2e56b7dc2699104b2c7c5c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.freepik.com\/premium-photo\/empty-working-table-in-room-with-window_5478457.htm\"><i>Zdroj<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nPosledn\u00edch t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 15 let vyu\u010duji na kurzech Linuxu v \u201e<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/academy.ru\/\">S\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 Akad\u00e9mii LANIT<\/a><\/noindex>A jsem si jist\u00fd, \u017ee mnoz\u00ed z t\u011bch v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u011bti tis\u00edc lid\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsem \u0161kolil, \u010dtou a ur\u010dit\u011b p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky na Habru. Kurzy jsou v\u017edy velmi intenzivn\u00ed (pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 d\u00e9lka kurzu je p\u011bt dn\u00ed), je pot\u0159eba pokr\u00fdt t\u00e9mata, na jejich\u017e d\u016fkladn\u00e9 sezn\u00e1men\u00ed je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed alespo\u0148 deset dn\u00ed. A v\u017edy b\u011bhem kurzu, v z\u00e1vislosti na poslucha\u010d\u00edch (zda se se\u0161li nov\u00e1\u010dci nebo zku\u0161en\u00ed administr\u00e1to\u0159i) a tak\u00e9 na \"dotazech z pl\u00e9na\", se rozhodnu, co vysv\u011btlit podrobn\u011bji a co se dotknout jen povrchn\u011b, abych mohl v\u011bnovat v\u00edce \u010dasu utilit\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edkazov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1dku a jejich praktick\u00e9mu pou\u017eit\u00ed. Takov\u00fdch t\u00e9mat, kter\u00fdmi mus\u00edm trochu ob\u011btovat, je dost. Jsou to \"Historie Linuxu\", \"Rozd\u00edly mezi distribucemi Linuxu\", \"O licenc\u00edch: GPL, BSD, ...\", \"O grafice a prost\u0159ed\u00edch pracovn\u00edch stol\u016f\" (t\u00e9ma tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku) a dal\u0161\u00ed. Ne, \u017ee by nebyla d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, ale obvykle existuje spousta aktu\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nal\u00e9hav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zek a m\u00e1me pouze p\u011bt dn\u00ed... Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pro obecn\u00e9 pochopen\u00ed z\u00e1klad\u016f opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu Linux, porozum\u011bn\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 rozmanitosti (abychom i p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jedn\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed distribuce Linuxu m\u011bli \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed pohled na tento obrovsk\u00fd a nekone\u010dn\u00fd sv\u011bt, kter\u00fd naz\u00fdv\u00e1me \"Linux\") je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 a nutn\u00e9 studovat tato t\u00e9mata.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>V pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dl\u00e1nku zmi\u0148uji odkazy k jednotliv\u00fdm komponent\u016fm pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed proniknout hloub\u011bji do t\u00e9matu, nap\u0159\u00edklad na \u010dl\u00e1nky na Wikipedii (p\u0159itom uv\u00e1d\u00edm na \u00fapln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\/u\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verzi pokud existuj\u00ed anglick\u00e9 a rusk\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky).<\/p>\n<p>Pro hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady a sn\u00edmky obrazovky jsem pou\u017eil distribuci openSUSE. Mohla b\u00fdt pou\u017eita jak\u00e1koli jin\u00e1 komunitn\u011b vyv\u00edjen\u00e1 distribuce s velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f v repozit\u00e1\u0159i. Je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9, ale mo\u017en\u00e9, demonstrovat rozmanitost prost\u0159ed\u00ed pracovn\u00edho stolu na komer\u010dn\u00ed distribuci, proto\u017ee se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pouze jedno nebo dv\u011b nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed pracovn\u00edho stolu. Takto si v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i z\u00fa\u017e\u00ed \u00fakol na vyd\u00e1n\u00ed stabiln\u00edho a vylad\u011bn\u00e9ho opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Na tuto syst\u00e9m jsem nainstaloval v\u0161echny DM\/DE\/WM (vysv\u011btlen\u00ed t\u011bchto pojm\u016f n\u00ed\u017ee), kter\u00e9 jsem na\u0161el v repozit\u00e1\u0159i.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Sn\u00edmky obrazovky se \"modr\u00fdmi r\u00e1me\u010dky\" byly po\u0159\u00edzeny na openSUSE.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Sn\u00edmky obrazovky s \"b\u00edl\u00fdmi r\u00e1me\u010dky\" byly po\u0159\u00edzeny na jin\u00fdch distribuc\u00edch, ty jsou uvedeny na sn\u00edmku.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Sn\u00edmky obrazovky se \"\u0161ed\u00fdmi r\u00e1me\u010dky\" byly p\u0159evzaty z internetu jako p\u0159\u00edklady uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pracovn\u00edho stolu z minul\u00fdch let.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee, za\u010dn\u011bme.<\/p>\n<h2>Hlavn\u00ed komponenty, ze kter\u00fdch se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 grafika<\/h2>\n<p>\nVyzdvihnu t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed komponenty a vyjmenuji je v po\u0159ad\u00ed, jak se spou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159i startu syst\u00e9mu:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>DM (Display Manager);<\/li>\n<li>Display Server;<\/li>\n<li>DE (Desktop Environment).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nDopl\u0148kov\u011b jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 podkomponenty u Desktop Environment:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Apps Manager\/Launcher\/Switcher (tla\u010d\u00edtko \u201eStart\u201c);\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>WM (Window Manager);<\/li>\n<li>r\u016fzn\u00fd software dod\u00e1van\u00fd spolu se syst\u00e9mem pracovn\u00edho stolu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPodrobn\u011bji k jednotliv\u00fdm bod\u016fm.<\/p>\n<h3>DM (Display Manager)<\/h3>\n<p>\nPrvn\u00ed aplikace, kter\u00e1 se spou\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159i startu \u201egrafiky\u201c, je DM (Display Manager), spr\u00e1vce zobrazen\u00ed. Jeho hlavn\u00ed \u00fakoly jsou:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>zeptat se, kter\u00e9 u\u017eivatele pustit do syst\u00e9mu, po\u017e\u00e1dat o autentiza\u010dn\u00ed \u00fadaje (heslo, otisk prstu);<\/li>\n<li>vybrat, jak\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed pracovn\u00edho stolu spustit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV sou\u010dasnosti se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch distribuc\u00edch \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simple_Desktop_Display_Manager\">SDDM<\/a><\/noindex> (nahradil <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KDE_Display_Manager\">KDM<\/a><\/noindex>),<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GNOME_Display_Manager\">GDM<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LightDM\">LightDM<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XDM\">XDM<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/li>\n<li>Tak\u00e9 lze zm\u00ednit Fly-DM (pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v AstraLinux).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSeznam existuj\u00edc\u00edch DM je aktu\u00e1ln\u011b veden v <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X_display_manager\">Wiki-\u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/204956890c2073f8e78affd6f8a436f5.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/78be3e46c5f19e94ead51d28342a88cd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/8289defcc50aefe22335f246bf087d40.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/e015108e5fe4cd8726d85cbc35485b7b.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nJe t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch sn\u00edmc\u00edch obrazovky se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stejn\u00fd zobrazovac\u00ed spr\u00e1vce LightDM, ale v r\u016fzn\u00fdch distribuc\u00edch (n\u00e1zvy distribuc\u00ed jsou uvedeny v z\u00e1vork\u00e1ch). Zhodno\u0165te, jak rozd\u00edln\u011b m\u016f\u017ee tento spr\u00e1vce vypadat d\u00edky pr\u00e1ci design\u00e9r\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch distribuc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/e5f027663ede346b0a8672145b270a9c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/c38028561921938a26854c09b2df9962.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/bcd3fb8587073ea4cc13d3a3e8d288e0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/78ecb10881fe774621884bcce9eccaf9.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/28748bef94fe0ff0f6c5e9decf2f8671.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nHlavn\u00ed je, aby bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee existuje takov\u00e1 aplikace, kter\u00e1 se star\u00e1 o spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed grafiky a p\u0159\u00edstup u\u017eivatele k t\u00e9to grafice, a existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 implementace t\u00e9to aplikace, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed vzhledem a trochu i funkcionalitou (v\u00fdb\u011br grafick\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v\u00fdb\u011br u\u017eivatel\u016f, verze pro slabozrak\u00e9 u\u017eivatele, mo\u017enost vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm protokolu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XDMCP\">XDMCP<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/p>\n<h3>Zobrazovac\u00ed server<\/h3>\n<p>\nZobrazovac\u00ed server je jak\u00e1si z\u00e1kladna grafiky, jeho hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem je pracovat s grafickou kartou, monitorem a r\u016fzn\u00fdmi vstupn\u00edmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi (kl\u00e1vesnice, my\u0161, touchpady). To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee aplikaci (nap\u0159\u00edklad prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010di nebo textov\u00e9mu editoru), kter\u00e1 se vykresluje v \u201egrafice\u201c, nen\u00ed t\u0159eba v\u011bd\u011bt, jak pracovat p\u0159\u00edmo s za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi, nen\u00ed t\u0159eba v\u011bd\u011bt o ovlada\u010d\u00edch. To v\u0161e si bere na starosti X Window.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e se mluv\u00ed o zobrazovac\u00edm serveru, mnoho let v Linuxu a tak\u00e9 v Unixu se t\u00edm m\u011bl na mysli aplikace <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X_Window_System\">X Window System<\/a><\/noindex> nebo laicky \u0159e\u010deno X (Iksoidn\u00ed).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>V sou\u010dasnosti mnoho distribuc\u00ed nahrazuje X <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayland\">Wayland<\/a><\/noindex>.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayland\">\u00a0<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 si m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X_Window_System_protocols_and_architecture\">obecn\u00fd popis architektury X'\u016f<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xephyr\">spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed X'\u016f v X'\u00e1ch<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xming\">X'y pod opera\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem Windows<\/a><\/noindex> (pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed grafick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed PuTTY).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNejprve spust\u00edme X'y a n\u011bkolik grafick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed v nich.<\/p>\n<h2>Praktikum \u201espou\u0161t\u00edme X a aplikace v n\u011bm\u201c<\/h2>\n<p>\nV\u0161e budu prov\u00e1d\u011bt od nov\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e9ho u\u017eivatele webinaruser (bylo by jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ale ne bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, v\u00e9st v\u0161e jako root).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proto\u017ee X'\u016fm je pot\u0159eba p\u0159\u00edstup k za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm, d\u00e1v\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edstup: <i>Seznam za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsem ur\u010dil podle chyb p\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed X'\u016f v logu (\/home\/webinaruser\/.local\/share\/xorg\/Xorg.77.log)<\/i>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<code>% sudo setfacl -m u:webinaruser:rw \\\/dev\\\/tty8 \\\/dev\\\/dri\\\/card0 \\\/dev\\\/fb0 \\\/dev\\\/input\\\/*<\/code><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pot\u00e9 spou\u0161t\u00edm X'y:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<code>% X -retro :77 vt8 &amp;\u00a0<\/code><\/p>\n<p><i>Mo\u017enosti: * -retro \u2014 spou\u0161t\u00ed s \"\u0161ed\u00fdm\" klasick\u00fdm pozad\u00edm, a ne s \u010dern\u00fdm jako ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed; * :77 \u2014 ud\u00e1v\u00e1m (m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jak\u00fdkoli v rozumn\u00e9m rozsahu, jen :0 u\u017e je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b obsazeno pro ji\u017e spu\u0161t\u011bnou grafiku) \u010d\u00edslo obrazovky, vlastn\u011b n\u011bjak\u00fd unik\u00e1tn\u00ed identifik\u00e1tor, podle kter\u00e9ho budou rozli\u0161eny v\u00edce spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 X'y; * vt8 \u2014 ud\u00e1v\u00e1 termin\u00e1l, zde \/dev\/tty8, na kter\u00e9m budou zobrazeny X'y).<\/i>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Spou\u0161t\u00edme grafickou aplikaci:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPro to p\u0159edem nastavit prom\u011bnnou, podle kter\u00e9 aplikace pochop\u00ed, do kter\u00fdch z m\u00fdch spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch X'\u016f m\u00e1 pos\u00edlat to, co je pot\u0159eba vykreslit:\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><code> % export DISPLAY=\":77\"\u00a0<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Seznam spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch X\u016f lze zobrazit takto:\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><code> ps -fwwC X<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Jakmile nastav\u00edte prom\u011bnnou, m\u016f\u017eete spou\u0161t\u011bt aplikace na na\u0161ich X\u00edch \u2014 nap\u0159\u00edklad spou\u0161t\u00edm hodiny:<\/p>\n<p><code> % xclock -update 1 &amp;\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>% xcalc &amp;\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>% xeyes -g 200x150-300+50 &amp;<\/code><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/1c4d663a9b6ae0f8f399e7bcf23e0153.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nHlavn\u00ed my\u0161lenky a z\u00e1v\u011bry z tohoto \u00faryvku:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>X\u016fm je pot\u0159eba p\u0159\u00edstup k za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm: termin\u00e1lu, grafick\u00e9 kart\u011b, vstupn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm,<\/li>\n<li>Sami Xy nezobrazuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 prvky rozhran\u00ed \u2014 jsou to \u0161ed\u00e9 (pokud je zvolena mo\u017enost \u201e\u2014retro\u201d) nebo \u010dern\u00e9 pl\u00e1tno ur\u010dit\u00e9 velikosti (nap\u0159\u00edklad 1920\u00d71080 nebo 1024\u00d7768), aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 v n\u011bm spou\u0161t\u011bt grafick\u00e9 aplikace.<\/li>\n<li>Podle pohybu \u201ek\u0159\u00ed\u017eku\u201d je vid\u011bt, \u017ee Xy sleduj\u00ed polohy my\u0161i a p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed tyto informace spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm aplikac\u00edm.<\/li>\n<li>Xy tak\u00e9 zachycuj\u00ed stisky kl\u00e1ves na kl\u00e1vesnici a p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed tyto informace aplikac\u00edm.<\/li>\n<li>Prom\u011bnn\u00e1 DISPLAY ukazuje grafick\u00fdm aplikac\u00edm, na jak\u00e9m displeji (ka\u017ed\u00e9 Xy p\u0159i spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed spou\u0161t\u00ed s unik\u00e1tn\u00edm \u010d\u00edslem displeje), tedy v kter\u00e9 z spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch na m\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edta\u010di, bude pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 vykreslovat Xy. (Tak\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 v t\u00e9to prom\u011bnn\u00e9 uv\u00e9st vzd\u00e1len\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d a pos\u00edlat v\u00fdstup na Xy spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 na jin\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edta\u010di v s\u00edti.) Proto\u017ee Xy byly spu\u0161t\u011bny bez mo\u017enosti -auth, nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 se zab\u00fdvat prom\u011bnnou XAUTHORITY nebo p\u0159\u00edkazem xhost.<\/li>\n<li>Grafick\u00e9 aplikace (nebo jak se jim \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, X-klienti) se vykresluj\u00ed v X\u00edch \u2014 p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e bez mo\u017enosti je p\u0159esouvat\/zav\u00edrat\/zm\u011bnit \u201e-g (\u0160\u00ed\u0159ka)x(V\u00fd\u0161ka)+(PosunOdLev\u00e9Hrany)+(PosunOdHorn\u00edHrany)\u201d. Se znakem \u201em\u00ednus\u201d tedy od prav\u00e9ho a spodn\u00edho okraje.<\/li>\n<li>Dva term\u00edny, kter\u00e9 stoj\u00ed za to zm\u00ednit: X-server (tak se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed Xy) a X-klienti (tak se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 jak\u00e1koliv grafick\u00e1 aplikace spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 v X\u00edch). Existuje mal\u00e1 zmaten\u00ed v ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to terminologie, mnoz\u00ed ji ch\u00e1pou p\u0159esn\u011b naopak. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se z \u201eklientsk\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de\u201d (v terminologii vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu) p\u0159ipojuji k \u201eserveru\u201d (v terminologii vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu), abych zobrazil na sv\u00e9m monitoru grafickou aplikaci ze serveru, pak X-server b\u011b\u017e\u00ed na tom po\u010d\u00edta\u010di, kde je monitor (tj. na \u201eklientsk\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edta\u010di\u201d, a ne na \u201eserveru\u201d), zat\u00edmco X-klienti se spou\u0161t\u00ed a funguj\u00ed na \u201eserveru\u201d, i kdy\u017e se zobrazuj\u00ed na monitoru \u201eklientsk\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de\u201d.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/2d2da75b9d10fc850ad821ea0c00be71.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Komponenty DE<\/h2>\n<p>\nD\u00e1le se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na komponenty, ze kter\u00fdch obvykle sest\u00e1v\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed plocha.<\/p>\n<h3>Komponenty DE: tla\u010d\u00edtko \u201eStart\u201c a \u201ePanel \u00faloh\u201c<\/h3>\n<p>\nZa\u010dn\u011bme takzvan\u00fdm tla\u010d\u00edtkem \u201eStart\u201c. \u010casto je to samostatn\u00fd applet pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd na \u201ePanelu \u00faloh\u201c. Obvykle tam tak\u00e9 b\u00fdv\u00e1 applet pro p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi aplikacemi.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/9e172828edff6ace7ce6b03786216283.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPod\u00edval jsem se na r\u016fzn\u00e9 desktopov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed a shrnul bych podobn\u00e9 aplikace pod spole\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1zev \u201eSpr\u00e1vce aplikac\u00ed (Launcher\/Switcher)\u201c, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 n\u00e1stroj pro spr\u00e1vu aplikac\u00ed (spou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi), a tak\u00e9 uvedu utility, kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159\u00edkladem aplikace tohoto typu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>B\u00fdv\u00e1 ve form\u011b tla\u010d\u00edtka \u201eStart\u201c na klasick\u00e9m (po cel\u00e9 d\u00e9lce jednoho z okraj\u016f obrazovky) \u201ePanelu \u00faloh\u201c:\n<p>\u25cb xfce4-panel,<br \/>\n\u25cb mate-panel\/gnome-panel,<br \/>\n\u25cb vala-panel,<br \/>\n\u25cb tint2.<\/li>\n<li>Tak\u00e9 lze samostatn\u011b vyzdvihnout \u201epanely \u00faloh\u201c ve stylu MacOS (ne po cel\u00e9 d\u00e9lce okraje obrazovky), i kdy\u017e mnoho panel\u016f \u00faloh m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zobrazeno v obou variant\u00e1ch. Zde sp\u00ed\u0161e jde o \u010dist\u011b vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed odli\u0161nost \u2014 p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u201eefektu zv\u011bt\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed ikon p\u0159i najet\u00ed\u201c.\n<p>\u25cb docky,<br \/>\n\u25cb latte-dock,<br \/>\n\u25cb cairo-dock,<br \/>\n\u25cb plank.<\/li>\n<li>A\/nebo slu\u017eeb spou\u0161t\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch aplikace p\u0159i stisknut\u00ed \u201ekl\u00e1vesov\u00fdch zkratek\u201c (ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt podobn\u00e1 komponenta p\u0159\u00edtomna a umo\u017e\u0148uje nastavit vlastn\u00ed kl\u00e1vesov\u00e9 zkratky):\n<p>\u25cb sxhkd.<\/li>\n<li>Tak\u00e9 existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 menu-typov\u00e9 \u201elauncher\u201c (z angl. Launch (spou\u0161t\u011bt)):\n<p>\u25cb dmenu-run,<br \/>\n\u25cb rofi -show drun,<br \/>\n\u25cb albert,<br \/>\n\u25cb grun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/b4b3bb6e50afdfa043abbbba6cd78404.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Komponenty DE: WM (Window Manager)<\/h3>\n<p>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_X_Window_System\"><i>V\u00edce v ru\u0161tin\u011b<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_X_window_managers\"><i>V\u00edce v angli\u010dtin\u011b<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>WM (Okenn\u00ed mana\u017eer) \u2014 ur\u010dit\u00e9 aplikace, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed za spr\u00e1vu oken, p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pohyby oken na pracovn\u00ed plo\u0161e (v\u010detn\u011b standardn\u00edho stahov\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed kl\u00e1vesy Alt za jakoukoli \u010d\u00e1st okna, nejen za z\u00e1hlav\u00ed);<\/li>\n<li>zm\u011bna velikosti oken, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159etahov\u00e1n\u00edm za \u201er\u00e1me\u010dek okna\u201c;<\/li>\n<li>p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 do rozhran\u00ed oken \u201en\u00e1zev (title)\u201c a tla\u010d\u00edtka minimalizace\/maximalizace\/zav\u0159en\u00ed aplikace;<\/li>\n<li>pojem, kter\u00e9 aplikace se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve \u201efokusu\u201c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/dc624db555d9733bc8d4c310db52a3d0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nVyjmenuji nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (v kulat\u00fdch z\u00e1vork\u00e1ch uvedu, v jak\u00e9m DE se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mutter_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80)\">mutter<\/a><\/noindex> (GNOME3),<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metacity#Marco\">marco<\/a><\/noindex> (Mate),<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metacity\">metacity<\/a><\/noindex> (GNOME2),<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metacity#Muffin\">muffin<\/a><\/noindex> (Cinnamon),<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KWin\">kwin<\/a><\/noindex> (KDE),<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xfce#Xfwm\">xfwm<\/a><\/noindex> (XFCE),<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twm\">twm<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/d400832d130999737960568217c40c20.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nTak\u00e9 uvedu \u201estar\u00e9 WM s prvky DE\u201c. Tedy krom\u011b spr\u00e1vce oken maj\u00ed prvky jako tla\u010d\u00edtko \u201eStart\u201c a \u201ePanely \u00faloh\u201c, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00edce vlastn\u00ed plnohodnotn\u00fdm DE. I kdy\u017e jak star\u00e9, kdy\u017e IceWM a WindowMaker ji\u017e vydaly sv\u00e9 aktualizovan\u00e9 verze v roce 2020. Spr\u00e1vn\u011bji by bylo \u0159\u00edci \u201estarousedl\u00edci\u201c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IceWM\">IceWM<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Window_Maker\">WindowMaker<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Openbox\">openbox<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blackbox\">blackbox<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluxbox\">fluxbox<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FVWM\">fvwm<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/961752f4dd3a287939c0f23c33df3690.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/c1b41bf8c1403786a9327d323510f8fb.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/bba7016b0444a9bcdf167391febc455b.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/764bc7a1fd7785abbbd7fd57f9b6b4c9.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/97c471d50137dc5015e16632ba1226bc.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nKrom\u011b \u201eklasick\u00fdch\u201c (\u201estohov\u00fdch spr\u00e1vc\u016f oken\u201c) je t\u0159eba zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zm\u00ednit <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80\">dla\u017edicov\u00e9 WM<\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed um\u00eds\u0165ovat okna \u201edla\u017edicov\u011b\u201c po cel\u00e9 obrazovce, a tak\u00e9 pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 aplikace samostatnou pracovn\u00ed plochu pro ka\u017edou spou\u0161t\u011bnou aplikaci na celou obrazovku. To m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt trochu nezvykl\u00e9 pro lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed je d\u0159\u00edve nepou\u017e\u00edvali, ale proto\u017ee u\u017e pom\u011brn\u011b dlouho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1m toto rozhran\u00ed, mohu \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee je to velmi pohodln\u00e9 a rychle si na n\u011bj zvyknete, pak u\u017e \u201eklasick\u00e9\u201c spr\u00e1vce oken nevypadaj\u00ed pohodln\u011b.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/I3_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0)\">i3<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ratpoison\">ratpoison<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Awesome\">awesome<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dwm\">DWM<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xmonad\">Xmonad<\/a><\/noindex>,<\/li>\n<li>qtile,<\/li>\n<li>bspwm,<\/li>\n<li>herbstluftwm,<\/li>\n<li>\u2026<\/li>\n<li>twin,<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sway_(window_manager)\">sway<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/a1d0ed462012443e329e469317d91ea3.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nTak\u00e9 stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku projekt <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compiz\">Compiz <\/a><\/noindex>a takov\u00fd pojem jako \u201eSlo\u017een\u00fd spr\u00e1vce oken\u201c, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mo\u017enosti hardwarov\u00e9ho akcelerace pro zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fhlednosti, st\u00edn\u016f, r\u016fzn\u00fdch trojrozm\u011brn\u00fdch efekt\u016f. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b p\u0159ed 10 lety byl boom 3D efekt\u016f na Linux desktopech. Nyn\u00ed mnoho z integrovan\u00fdch spr\u00e1vc\u016f oken v DE \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 slo\u017een\u00e9 mo\u017enosti. Ned\u00e1vno se objevil <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wayfire.org\/\">Wayfire<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 produkt s podobnou funkcionalitou jako Compiz pod Waylandem.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/15f24a75178725789eb23902beaea754.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPodrobn\u00fd seznam r\u016fzn\u00fdch spr\u00e1vc\u016f oken lze tak\u00e9 nal\u00e9zt v\u00a0 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gilesorr.com\/wm\/table.html\">porovn\u00e1vac\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h3>Komponenty DE: ostatn\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>\nTak\u00e9 stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed komponenty pracovn\u00ed plochy (zde pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1m anglick\u00e9 ust\u00e1len\u00e9 term\u00edny pro popis r\u016fzn\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed \u2014 to nejsou n\u00e1zvy samotn\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Applet(ov\u00e9):<\/li>\n<li>PO (Widget toolkit) \u2013 \u010dasto se dod\u00e1v\u00e1 s jak\u00fdmsi \u201eminim\u00e1ln\u00edm souborem\u201c softwaru:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>DE (Desktop Environment)<\/h3>\n<p>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desktop_environment\"><i>V\u00edce v angli\u010dtin\u011b<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Z uveden\u00fdch komponent\u016f vznik\u00e1 takzvan\u00e9 \u201eprost\u0159ed\u00ed desktopov\u00e9ho zobrazen\u00ed\u201c. \u010casto jsou v\u0161echny jeho komponenty vyv\u00edjeny pomoc\u00ed stejn\u00fdch grafick\u00fdch knihoven a podle stejn\u00fdch designov\u00fdch princip\u016f. T\u00edm se alespo\u0148 zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 jednotn\u00fd styl vzhledu aplikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Zde lze vy\u010dlenit n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00ed desktopov\u00e1 prost\u0159ed\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xfce\">Xfce<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KDE_Plasma_5\">KDE<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GNOME\">GNOME<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinnamon\">Cinnamon<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MATE\">Mate<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LXQt\">LXQt<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enlightenment\">Enlightenment<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi jsou GNOME a KDE, a t\u011bsn\u011b je n\u00e1sleduje XFCE.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/2eac15453f423543757b82fea2252f13.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nSrovn\u00e1n\u00ed podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch parametr\u016f v tabulkov\u00e9 podob\u011b m\u016f\u017eete naj\u00edt v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_X_Window_System_desktop_environments\">\u010dl\u00e1nku na Wikipedii<\/a><\/noindex>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3>Rozmanitost DE<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/cc763dda813bce0f25bb09d7bc12d8f8.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Looking_Glass\"><strong>Project_Looking_Glass<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Existuj\u00ed dokonce zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady z historie: v letech 2003-2007 bylo pro Linux vyvinuto \u201e3D zobrazen\u00ed desktopu\u201c s n\u00e1zvem \u201eProject Looking Glass\u201c od firmy Sun. S\u00e1m jsem ho pou\u017e\u00edval, sp\u00ed\u0161e si s n\u00edm \u201ehr\u00e1l\u201c, proto\u017ee jeho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9. Toto \u201e3D zobrazen\u00ed\u201c bylo naps\u00e1no v Jav\u011b v dob\u011b, kdy je\u0161t\u011b neexistovaly grafick\u00e9 karty s podporou 3D. V\u0161echny efekty tak po\u010d\u00edtal procesor, a po\u010d\u00edta\u010d musel b\u00fdt velmi v\u00fdkonn\u00fd, jinak v\u0161echno b\u011b\u017eelo pomalu. Ale vypadalo to kr\u00e1sn\u011b. T\u0159\u00eddimenzion\u00e1ln\u00ed dla\u017edice aplikac\u00ed bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ot\u00e1\u010det\/rozbalovat. Mohli jste se oto\u010dit v cylindru desktopu s tapetami z panoramatu v 360 stupn\u00edch. M\u011blo to n\u011bkolik vlastn\u00edch kr\u00e1sn\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed: nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ehr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed hudby ve form\u00e1tu \u201ev\u00fdm\u011bny CD\u201c atd. M\u016f\u017eete si na YouTube prohl\u00e9dnout <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/results?search_query=%22Project+Looking+Glass%22+SUN\">video<\/a><\/noindex> o tomto projektu, jen kvalita t\u011bchto vide\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nebude dobr\u00e1, proto\u017ee v t\u011bch letech nebyla mo\u017enost nahr\u00e1t video vysok\u00e9 kvality.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/edd6331139d2083a3d93995d3e52d45d.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xfce\"><strong>Xfce<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Lehk\u00fd desktop. Projekt existuje u\u017e d\u00e1vno, od roku 1996. V posledn\u00edch letech je velmi popul\u00e1rn\u00ed jako alternativn\u00ed volba k t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edm KDE a GNOME, na mnoha distribuc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed lehk\u00e9 a \u201eklasick\u00e9\u201c u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed desktopu. Nab\u00edz\u00ed mnoho mo\u017enost\u00ed nastaven\u00ed a velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vlastn\u00edch program\u016f: termin\u00e1l (xfce4-terminal), spr\u00e1vce soubor\u016f (thunar), prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d obr\u00e1zk\u016f (ristretto), textov\u00fd editor (mousepad).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/35897d01e7aa9be0a8ab392211175d69.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elementary_OS#Pantheon\"><strong>Pantheon<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v distribuci \u201eElementary OS\u201c. Zde lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee existuj\u00ed \u201epracovn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed\u201c, kter\u00e1 jsou vyvinuta a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na v r\u00e1mci jedn\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed distribuce a nejsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na (pokud ne\u0159\u00edct \u201ev\u016fbec nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na\u201c) v jin\u00fdch distribuc\u00edch. Minim\u00e1ln\u011b zat\u00edm nez\u00edskala na popularit\u011b a nep\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dila v\u011bt\u0161inu u\u017eivatel\u016f o v\u00fdhod\u00e1ch sv\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu. Pantheon si klade za c\u00edl vytvo\u0159it rozhran\u00ed podobn\u00e9 macOS.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/616e75e7679bfe0c9bb4c97177a6e0c2.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nVarianta s dockem:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/e649e83e2c8ef8d5a21a659e9343a7b6.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enlightenment\"><strong>Enlightenment<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Siln\u00fd d\u016fraz na grafick\u00e9 efekty a widgety (u\u017e od doby, kdy jin\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed nem\u011blo widgety na plo\u0161e, nap\u0159\u00edklad kalend\u00e1\u0159\/hodiny). Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sv\u00e9 knihovny. Obsahuje velkou sadu sv\u00fdch \u201ehezk\u00fdch\u201c aplikac\u00ed: termin\u00e1l (Terminology), video p\u0159ehr\u00e1va\u010d (Rage), prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010d obr\u00e1zk\u016f (Ephoto).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/93252eeb770b711af7c640e6e34a26c0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bodhilinux.com\/moksha-desktop\/\"><strong>Moksha<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Je to fork Enlightenment17, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v distribuci BodhiLinux.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/aede497dca4b3f82aab90889c537ae4e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GNOME\"><strong>GNOME<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>P\u016fvodn\u011b \u201eklasick\u00e9\u201c rozhran\u00ed pracovn\u00edho stolu, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 jako alternativa ke KDE, kter\u00e9 bylo napsan\u00e9 na knihovn\u011b QT, v t\u00e9 dob\u011b distribuovan\u00e9 pod licenc\u00ed, kter\u00e1 nebyla p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 v\u00fdhodn\u00e1 pro komer\u010dn\u00ed distribuce.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/726930a1caf14ed65cf680caba0b7198.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GNOME_Shell\"><strong>GNOME_Shell<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Od t\u0159et\u00ed verze GNOME se dod\u00e1v\u00e1 s rozhran\u00edm GNOME Shell, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 \u201enekonven\u010dn\u00ed vzhled\u201c, co\u017e nevyhovovalo v\u0161em u\u017eivatel\u016fm (jak\u00e9koliv n\u00e1hl\u00e9 zm\u011bny v rozhran\u00edch jsou u\u017eivateli t\u011b\u017eko p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1ny). V d\u016fsledku toho vznikly fork projekty, kter\u00e9 pokra\u010duj\u00ed ve v\u00fdvoji tohoto pracovn\u00edho stolu ve \u201eklasick\u00e9m\u201c stylu: MATE a Cinnamon. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed v mnoha komer\u010dn\u00edch distribuc\u00edch. M\u00e1 velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed nastaven\u00ed a sv\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/ad98740aa14d1ffbbe055265e50823ed.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MATE\"><strong>MATE<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Objevil se na z\u00e1klad\u011b GNOME2 a pokra\u010duje ve v\u00fdvoji tohoto designov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. M\u00e1 velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed nastaven\u00ed a fork\u016f aplikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaly je\u0161t\u011b v GNOME2 (nov\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny), aby se nepletly forky s jejich novou verz\u00ed pro GNOME3).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/d9cf43e15d4ff492e4703ce644013951.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinnamon\"><strong>Cinnamon<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Fork GNOME Shell, poskytuj\u00edc\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u016fm rozhran\u00ed v \u201eklasick\u00e9m\u201c stylu (jak bylo v GNOME2).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e1 velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed nastaven\u00ed a stejn\u00e9 aplikace, kter\u00e9 jsou pro GNOME Shell.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/98f0ea5998e9e2aa299ae07be94be1c7.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Budgie_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0)\"><strong>Budgie<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Fork GNOME v \u201eklasick\u00e9m\u201c stylu, kter\u00fd se vyv\u00edjel v r\u00e1mci distribuce Solus, ale nyn\u00ed se tak\u00e9 dod\u00e1v\u00e1 jako samostatn\u00fd pracovn\u00ed st\u016fl v r\u016fzn\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch distribuc\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/cc6ad79bf55a3be1941fbed5a9b9d71b.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KDE_Plasma_5\"><strong>KDE_Plasma<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex> (nebo, jak se \u010dasto naz\u00fdv\u00e1, prost\u011b KDE)\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Pracovn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je vyv\u00edjeno v r\u00e1mci projektu KDE.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e1 obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed nastaven\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou k dispozici oby\u010dejn\u00e9mu u\u017eivateli prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm grafick\u00e9ho rozhran\u00ed, a mnoho grafick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed vyv\u00edjen\u00fdch v r\u00e1mci t\u00e9to pracovn\u00ed plochy.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/a2edf68441240624c775beb8e6fb41af.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinity_Desktop_Environment\"><strong>Trinity<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>V roce 2008 vydalo KDE svou novou implementaci KDE Plasma (motor pracovn\u00ed plochy byl siln\u011b p\u0159eps\u00e1n). Stejn\u011b jako u GNOME\/MATE se to ne ka\u017ed\u00e9mu fanou\u0161kovi KDE l\u00edbilo. V\u00fdsledkem byl fork projektu, kter\u00fd pokra\u010duje ve v\u00fdvoji p\u0159edchoz\u00ed verze, nazvan\u00fd TDE (Trinity Desktop Environment).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/8a726d8a896bc9bba4c84700ddd81e6e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deepin#Deepin_Desktop_Environment\"><strong>Deepin_DE<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Jedno z nov\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed, napsan\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed Qt (na kter\u00e9m je naps\u00e1no KDE). M\u00e1 mnoho nastaven\u00ed a dostate\u010dn\u011b kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 (i kdy\u017e to je subjektivn\u00ed pojem) a promy\u0161len\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed. Vyv\u00edj\u00ed se v r\u00e1mci distribuce Deepin Linux. Jsou k dispozici tak\u00e9 bal\u00ed\u010dky pro jin\u00e9 distribuce.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/efe3ed7bca3db3de54066e291a5e6900.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>Fly<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad desktopov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, napsan\u00e9ho pomoc\u00ed Qt. Vyv\u00edj\u00ed se v r\u00e1mci distribuce Astra Linux.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3267f48c18f3b1b20d7a051044a3cb56.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LXQt\"><strong>LXQt<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Lehk\u00e1 desktopov\u00e1 prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Stejn\u011b jako n\u011bkolik p\u0159edchoz\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f, napsan\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed Qt. Ve skute\u010dnosti je pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm projektu LXDE a v\u00fdsledkem spojen\u00ed s projektem Razor-qt.<\/p>\n<p>Jak vid\u00edte, desktop v Linuxu m\u016f\u017ee vypadat velmi r\u016fzn\u011b a pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho zde najdete vhodn\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed: od velmi kr\u00e1sn\u00fdch s 3D efekty po minimalistick\u00e9, od \"klasick\u00fdch\" po neobvykl\u00e9, od t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 aktivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 zdroje, po lehk\u00e9, od velk\u00fdch obrazovek po tablety\/chytr\u00e9 telefony.<\/p>\n<p>Nu a douf\u00e1m, \u017ee se mi poda\u0159ilo poskytnout p\u0159edstavu o tom, z jak\u00fdch hlavn\u00edch komponent\u016f se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 grafika a pracovn\u00ed plocha v OS Linux.<\/p>\n<p>Materi\u00e1l pro tento \u010dl\u00e1nek byl testov\u00e1n v \u010dervenci 2020 na webin\u00e1\u0159i. M\u016f\u017eete ho vid\u011bt. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/KaJEa_VKceI\">zde<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>To je v\u0161e. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee to bylo u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9. Pokud m\u00e1te n\u011bjak\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky nebo koment\u00e1\u0159e, pi\u0161te. R\u00e1d odpov\u00edm. A p\u0159ij\u010fte se u\u010dit do <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/academy.ru\/catalog\/unix%20linux\/\">\u201eS\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 Akademie LANIT\u201c<\/a><\/noindex>!<br \/>\n<br \/>Zdroj: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/lanit\/blog\/516330\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 Linux \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0448\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432.\u00a0 \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 KDE \u0438 GNOME \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0441. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":93098,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-93097","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 Linux \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0448\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ustroena-grafika-v-linux-obzor-razlichnyh-sred-oformleniya-rabochego-stola\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 Linux: \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430 | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 Linux \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0448\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ustroena-grafika-v-linux-obzor-razlichnyh-sred-oformleniya-rabochego-stola\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-09-02T23:42:36+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-09-02T23:42:36+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Jak funguje grafika v Linuxu: p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch desktopov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed | ProHoster","description":"Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u00edm, jak funguje grafika v Linuxu a z jak\u00fdch komponent\u016f se skl\u00e1d\u00e1. Obsahuje mnoho screenshot\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed pracovn\u00ed plochy.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ustroena-grafika-v-linux-obzor-razlichnyh-sred-oformleniya-rabochego-stola","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"cs_CZ","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 Linux: \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430 | ProHoster","og:description":"\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 Linux \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0448\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ustroena-grafika-v-linux-obzor-razlichnyh-sred-oformleniya-rabochego-stola","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-09-02T23:42:36+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-09-02T23:42:36+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"93097","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 11:55:35","updated":"2022-09-27 18:15:25","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93097","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=93097"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93097\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/93098"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=93097"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=93097"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=93097"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}