{"id":94097,"date":"2020-09-12T19:42:31","date_gmt":"2020-09-12T17:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obzor-proczedury-anonimizaczii-sistemy-distanczionnogo-elektronnogo-golosovaniya"},"modified":"2020-09-12T19:42:31","modified_gmt":"2020-09-12T17:42:31","slug":"obzor-proczedury-anonimizaczii-sistemy-distanczionnogo-elektronnogo-golosovaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obzor-proczedury-anonimizaczii-sistemy-distanczionnogo-elektronnogo-golosovaniya","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159ehled postupu anonymizace syst\u00e9mu d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho elektronick\u00e9ho hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

V p\u0159edchoz\u00edch publikac\u00edch<\/a><\/noindex> Zastavili jsme se u toho, \u017ee v syst\u00e9mu vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho elektronick\u00e9ho hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd zkoum\u00e1me, se pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tajnosti hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed a anonymizaci voli\u010de pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 kryptografick\u00fd algoritmus \u201eslep\u00fd elektronick\u00fd podpis\u201c. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se na n\u011bj pod\u00edv\u00e1me podrobn\u011bji.<\/p>\n

Nejd\u0159\u00edve se obr\u00e1t\u00edme na zn\u00e1m\u00fd a obvykl\u00fd algoritmus elektronick\u00e9ho podpisu, kter\u00fd se \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v informa\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010del\u016f. Z\u00e1kladem elektronick\u00e9ho podpisu jsou kryptografick\u00e9 algoritmy asymetrick\u00e9ho \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed. Asymetrick\u00e9 \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed dvou kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f: jeden se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed, druh\u00fd pro de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed. Naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed se ve\u0159ejn\u00fd (publikovan\u00fd) a soukrom\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d. Ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d zn\u00e1 okol\u00ed, zat\u00edmco soukrom\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d zn\u00e1 pouze vlastn\u00edk elektronick\u00e9ho podpisu a je uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n na m\u00edst\u011b, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 ostatn\u00edm.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i podepisov\u00e1n\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmu: nejprve se elektronick\u00fd dokument pomoc\u00ed matematick\u00fdch p\u0159evod\u016f p\u0159evede na sekvenci symbol\u016f ur\u010dit\u00e9 velikosti \u2013 tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 hashovac\u00ed funkce. <\/p>\n

Z\u00edskan\u00e1 sekvence symbol\u016f (hash dokumentu) je za\u0161ifrov\u00e1na odes\u00edlatelem dokumentu pomoc\u00ed soukrom\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de a spolu s ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem je odesl\u00e1na p\u0159\u00edjemci. P\u0159\u00edjemce de\u0161ifruje sekvenci symbol\u016f pomoc\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de, pou\u017eije na dokument p\u0159esn\u011b stejnou hashovac\u00ed funkci a porovn\u00e1 v\u00fdsledek p\u0159evodu s v\u00fdsledkem de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pokud se v\u0161echno shoduje, v dokumentu nedo\u0161lo k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m po jeho podeps\u00e1n\u00ed odes\u00edlatelem.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nPopisovan\u00e9 akce umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed ujistit se, \u017ee dokument nebyl m\u011bn\u011bn, ale neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed ov\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee odes\u00edlatel je opravdu t\u00edm, k\u00fdm se vyd\u00e1v\u00e1. Proto pot\u0159ebujeme t\u0159et\u00ed stranu, kter\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed jak odes\u00edlatel, tak p\u0159\u00edjemce. K tomu se odes\u00edlatel p\u0159ed odesl\u00e1n\u00edm dokumentu obr\u00e1t\u00ed na t\u0159et\u00ed stranu a po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 ji, aby podepsala jeho ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d sv\u00fdm elektronick\u00fdm podpisem. Nyn\u00ed odes\u00edlatel zas\u00edl\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edjemci dokument, sv\u016fj ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d a podpis t\u0159et\u00ed strany sv\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de. P\u0159\u00edjemce kontroluje podpis t\u0159et\u00ed strany ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de a d\u016fv\u011b\u0159uje z\u00edskan\u00e9mu podpisu dokumentu.<\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed p\u0159ejdeme k tomu, co je \u201eslep\u00fd podpis\u201c a jak n\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee pomoci p\u0159i anonymizaci.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edkladu je odes\u00edlatel \u2013 voli\u010d, dokument \u2013 hlasovac\u00ed l\u00edstek a p\u0159\u00edjemce \u2013 volebn\u00ed komise, nebo jak jsme \u0159\u00edkali \u201ekomponenta pro evidenci a po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed hlas\u016f\u201c. Jako t\u0159et\u00ed strana (valid\u00e1tor) n\u00e1m poslou\u017e\u00ed komponenta \u201eSeznam voli\u010d\u016f\u201c. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee proces prob\u00edhat n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n

\"P\u0159ehled
\n
\nVol\u00edc\u00ed na sv\u00e9m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vygeneruje p\u00e1r kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f \u2013 soukrom\u00fd a ve\u0159ejn\u00fd. Proto\u017ee tyto kl\u00ed\u010de jsou vytv\u00e1\u0159eny na jeho osobn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010di, zn\u00e1 je pouze on. <\/p>\n

Pomoc\u00ed t\u011bchto kl\u00ed\u010d\u016f bude podepisovat hlasovac\u00ed l\u00edstek pro kontrolu jeho integrity. Podepsan\u00fd hlasovac\u00ed l\u00edstek a ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d pos\u00edl\u00e1 volebn\u00ed komisi. Aby byl hlasovac\u00ed l\u00edstek p\u0159ijat komponentou \u201eRozd\u011blen\u00e9 ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed hlas\u016f\u201c, mus\u00ed zkontrolovat, \u017ee je ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d podeps\u00e1n valid\u00e1torem.<\/p>\n

Valid\u00e1tor (komponenta \u201eSeznam voli\u010d\u016f\u201c) podep\u00ed\u0161e ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d pouze pot\u00e9, co se ujist\u00ed, \u017ee je voli\u010d uveden v seznamu voli\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pro spln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakolu zachov\u00e1n\u00ed tajnosti hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d voli\u010de, vytvo\u0159eny na jeho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, zn\u00e1m nikomu. Ukazuje se, \u017ee valid\u00e1tor mus\u00ed podepsat to, co nezn\u00e1. \u00dakol se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt neprovediteln\u00fd, ale zde p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed na pomoc kryptografick\u00e9 algoritmy \u2013 v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b algoritmus \u201eslep\u00e9ho podpisu\u201c.<\/p>\n

Nejprve mus\u00ed b\u00fdt na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed voli\u010de ve\u0159ejn\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d maskov\u00e1n. Maskov\u00e1n\u00ed je proveden\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch matematick\u00fdch operac\u00ed na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u\u017eivatele. P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee jste si mysleli na n\u011bjak\u00e9 n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo od 1 do 100, pot\u00e9 na druh\u00e9 n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo od 1 do 10 a t\u0159et\u00ed od 10 do 50, p\u016fvodn\u011b zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo jste umocnili na druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo a bez zbytku vyd\u011blili t\u0159et\u00edm. Z\u00edskan\u00fd v\u00fdsledek jste ozn\u00e1mili okol\u00ed. Nebude pro v\u00e1s obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 obnovit p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo, proto\u017ee zn\u00e1te sled akc\u00ed a \u010d\u00edsla, kter\u00e1 jste si ur\u010dili. Ale okol\u00ed to ud\u011blat nem\u016f\u017ee.<\/p>\n

Maskov\u00e1n\u00ed (oslepen\u00ed) otev\u0159en\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de se prov\u00e1d\u00ed podle speci\u00e1ln\u00edho kryptografick\u00e9ho algoritmu. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee valid\u00e1tor podepisuje zamaskovan\u00fd otev\u0159en\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u016fvodn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d mu nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m. Ale zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed algoritmu je to, \u017ee u\u017eivatel (voli\u010d), kter\u00fd obdr\u017eel podpis na zamaskovan\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d, m\u016f\u017ee prov\u00e9st zp\u011btn\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011bny a z\u00edskat platn\u00fd podpis i pro p\u016fvodn\u00ed, nezamaskovan\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d. <\/p>\n

Popisovan\u00fd algoritmus se \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v protokolech tajn\u00e9ho hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed. V syst\u00e9mu vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho elektronick\u00e9ho hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed se v sou\u010dasnosti pro slep\u00fd podpis pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 algoritmus RSA s d\u00e9lkou kl\u00ed\u010de 4096 bit\u016f.<\/p>\n

V obecn\u00e9m pojet\u00ed vypad\u00e1 procedura anonymizace n\u00e1sledovn\u011b.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. P\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed se vytvo\u0159\u00ed samostatn\u00e1 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 dvojice \u201evalid\u00e1tora\u201c, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e otev\u0159en\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d se zapisuje do blockchainu. Na ka\u017ed\u00e9 hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed unik\u00e1tn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 dvojice.<\/li>\n
  2. U\u017eivatel se identifikuje v syst\u00e9mu identifikace (v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v ESIA) a poskytuje povolen\u00ed k p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch identifika\u010dn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f ze syst\u00e9mu identifikace do PTK DEG.<\/li>\n
  3. Komponent \u201eSeznam voli\u010d\u016f\u201c PTK DEG kontroluje p\u0159\u00edtomnost u\u017eivatele v seznamu voli\u010d\u016f.<\/li>\n
  4. Na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u\u017eivatele se vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed jeho osobn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010de \u2013 uzav\u0159en\u00fd a otev\u0159en\u00fd, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 pouze jemu.<\/li>\n
  5. Na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u\u017eivatele se otev\u00edr\u00e1 zamaskovan\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d<\/li>\n
  6. Spolu s identifika\u010dn\u00edmi \u00fadaji a zamaskovan\u00fdm otev\u0159en\u00fdm kl\u00ed\u010dem se u\u017eivatel obrac\u00ed na komponent \u201eSeznam voli\u010d\u016f\u201c <\/li>\n
  7. Komponent je\u0161t\u011b jednou kontroluje p\u0159\u00edtomnost u\u017eivatele v seznamu a skute\u010dnost, \u017ee p\u0159edt\u00edm neobdr\u017eel podpis<\/li>\n
  8. Pokud jsou v\u0161echny kontroly \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9, dojde k podpisu kl\u00ed\u010de<\/li>\n
  9. Skute\u010dnost podpisu kl\u00ed\u010de se zapisuje do blockchainu<\/li>\n
  10. U\u017eivatel na sv\u00e9m za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed odstran\u00ed masku z otev\u0159en\u00e9ho kl\u00ed\u010de a z\u00edsk\u00e1 uzav\u0159en\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d, otev\u0159en\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d a podpis na otev\u0159en\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u0161echny kl\u00ed\u010de jsou zn\u00e1my pouze jemu.<\/li>\n
  11. Pot\u00e9 je u\u017eivatel p\u0159eveden do anonymn\u00ed z\u00f3ny \u2013 na samostatnou str\u00e1nku edg2020.gov.ru, kde ho nelze identifikovat (nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ed p\u0159echodem si m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ipojit VPN<\/a> nebo zm\u011bnit poskytovatele internetov\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, \u010d\u00edm\u017e \u00fapln\u011b zm\u011bn\u00ed svou IP adresu)<\/li>\n
  12. P\u0159ijet\u00ed hlasovac\u00edho l\u00edstku bude z\u00e1viset pouze na tom, zda projde potvrzen\u00ed podpisu \u201evalid\u00e1tora\u201c a zda takov\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d nebyl pou\u017eit d\u0159\u00edve.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nN\u00ed\u017ee uv\u00e1d\u00edme popis algoritmu z hlediska kryptografie.
    \nParametry podpisu a ozna\u010den\u00ed:<\/p>\n

    \"P\u0159ehled
    \n\"P\u0159ehled
    \n
    \nM <\/i>\u2013 ve form\u00e1tu padding FDN pro podpis.
    \n
    Zdroj:     habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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