{"id":96352,"date":"2020-10-10T19:42:57","date_gmt":"2020-10-10T17:42:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/dannye-vnutri-nas-chem-zanimayutsya-bioinformatiki"},"modified":"2020-10-10T19:42:57","modified_gmt":"2020-10-10T17:42:57","slug":"dannye-vnutri-nas-chem-zanimayutsya-bioinformatiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/dannye-vnutri-nas-chem-zanimayutsya-bioinformatiki","title":{"rendered":"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/skillfactory\/blog\/522416\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/536d0b3fb4641c946cdfb122c88a7e6b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nP\u0159edstavujeme budouc\u00ed lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed de\u0161ifruj\u00ed organick\u00e1 big data. V posledn\u00edch dvaceti letech se mno\u017estv\u00ed biologick\u00fdch dat, kter\u00e1 lze analyzovat, mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ilo d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee byl rozlu\u0161t\u011bn lidsk\u00fd genom. P\u0159edt\u00edm jsme si ani nedok\u00e1zali p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee na z\u00e1klad\u011b informac\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00fdch doslova v na\u0161\u00ed krvi budeme moci zjistit na\u0161e p\u016fvod, ov\u011b\u0159it, jak na\u0161e t\u011blo reaguje na ur\u010dit\u00e9 l\u00e9ky, a dokonce zm\u011bnit svou biologickou d\u011bdi\u010dnost. <br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nTento a dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky vych\u00e1zej\u00ed jako prvn\u00ed na <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.skillfactory.ru\/\">blogu<\/a><\/noindex> na na\u0161ich str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch. P\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\nAtributy pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho bioinformatika jsou podobn\u00e9 t\u011bm program\u00e1tor\u016f \u2014 \u010derven\u00e9 o\u010di, shrben\u00e1 postava a stopy od k\u00e1vy na pracovn\u00edm stole. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b za t\u00edmto stolem se nepracuje na abstraktn\u00edch algoritmech a p\u0159\u00edkazech, ale na k\u00f3du samotn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee hodn\u011b \u0159\u00edct o n\u00e1s a o sv\u011bt\u011b kolem.<\/p>\n<p>Odborn\u00edci v t\u00e9to oblasti se pot\u00fdkaj\u00ed s obrovsk\u00fdmi objemy dat (nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdsledky sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed genomu jednoho \u010dlov\u011bka zab\u00edraj\u00ed kolem 100 gigabajt\u016f). Proto zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed vy\u017eaduje p\u0159\u00edstupy a n\u00e1stroje Data Science. Je logick\u00e9, \u017ee \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd bioinformatik mus\u00ed rozum\u011bt nejen biologii a chemii, ale tak\u00e9 metod\u00e1m anal\u00fdzy dat, statistice a matematice \u2014 to d\u011bl\u00e1 jeho profesi pom\u011brn\u011b vz\u00e1cnou a \u017e\u00e1danou. Takov\u00ed odborn\u00edci jsou zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pot\u0159ebn\u00ed v oblastech inovativn\u00ed medic\u00edny a v\u00fdvoje l\u00e9k\u016f. Technologi\u010dt\u00ed giganti jako IBM a Intel\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.watson.ibm.com\/researcher\/view_group.php?id=137\">zahajuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 programy<\/a><\/noindex>, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na studium bioinformatiky.<\/p>\n<h2>Co je pot\u0159eba, abyste se stali bioinformatikem?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Biologie a chemie (\u00farove\u0148 univerzity);<\/li>\n<li>Matematick\u00e1 statistika, line\u00e1rn\u00ed algebra, teorie pravd\u011bpodobnosti;<\/li>\n<li>Programovac\u00ed jazyky (Python a R, \u010dasto se tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 C++);<\/li>\n<li>Pro struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed bioinformatiku: porozum\u011bn\u00ed matematick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze a teorii diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edch rovnic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDo oblasti bioinformatiky se lze dostat jak s biologick\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem, tak se znalost\u00ed programov\u00e1n\u00ed a matematiky. Pro prvn\u00ed skupinu je vhodn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce s hotov\u00fdmi bioinformatick\u00fdmi programy, pro druhou \u2014 v\u00edce algoritmick\u00fd profil specializace.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/5192029ac900077228db8d9788953d8f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?<\/h2>\n<p>\nModern\u00ed bioinformatika se d\u011bl\u00ed na dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed odv\u011btv\u00ed \u2014 struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed bioinformatiku a bioinformatiku sekvenc\u00ed. V prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vid\u00edme \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd sed\u00ed p\u0159ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem a spou\u0161t\u00ed programy, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed studovat biologick\u00e9 objekty (nap\u0159\u00edklad DNA nebo proteiny) ve 3D vizualizac\u00edch. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 modely, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt, jak bude molekula l\u00e9ku interagovat s proteinem, jak vypad\u00e1 prostorov\u00e1 struktura proteinu v bu\u0148ce, jak\u00e9 vlastnosti molekuly vysv\u011btluj\u00ed jej\u00ed interakce s bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdmi strukturami atd. <\/p>\n<p>Metody struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed bioinformatiky se aktivn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jak v akademick\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011b, tak v pr\u016fmyslu: t\u011b\u017eko si p\u0159edstavit farmaceutickou spole\u010dnost, kter\u00e1 by se obe\u0161la bez takov\u00fdch specialist\u016f. V posledn\u00edch letech po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 metody umo\u017enily n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b zjednodu\u0161it proces hled\u00e1n\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch l\u00e9k\u016f, co\u017e u\u010dinilo farmaceutick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj mnohem rychlej\u0161\u00edm a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm procesem.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/33c166685102e86dd497e2ac17a86525.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nRNA-dependentn\u00ed RNA-polymer\u00e1za SARS-CoV-2 (vlevo) a jej\u00ed spojen\u00ed s RNA duplexem.\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pdb101.rcsb.org\/motm\/249\">Zdroje.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Co je to genom?<\/h2>\n<p>\nGenom je ve\u0161ker\u00e1 informace o struktu\u0159e d\u011bdi\u010dnosti organismu. U v\u011bt\u0161iny \u017eiv\u00fdch bytost\u00ed je nositelem genomu DNA, existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak i organismy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed svou d\u011bdi\u010dnou informaci ve form\u011b RNA. Genom se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed z rodi\u010d\u016f na d\u011bti a b\u011bhem tohoto procesu p\u0159enosu mohou nast\u00e1vat chyby \u2014 mutace.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/2308841ee478fdd46312f36df7b134e1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nInterakce l\u00e9ku remdesiviru s RNA-dependentn\u00ed RNA-polymer\u00e1zou viru SARS-CoV-2.\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/early\/2020\/04\/30\/science.abc1560\/tab-article-info?versioned=true\">Zdroje.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Bioinformatika sekvenc\u00ed pracuje s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm stupn\u011bm organizace \u017eiv\u00e9 hmoty \u2014 od jednotliv\u00fdch nukleotid\u016f, DNA a gen\u016f, a\u017e po cel\u00e9 genomy a jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>P\u0159edstavte si \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd p\u0159ed sebou vid\u00ed \u0159adu p\u00edsmen abecedy (ale ne jednoduch\u00fdch, sp\u00ed\u0161e t\u011bch genetick\u00fdch nebo aminokyselinov\u00fdch) a hled\u00e1 v nich vzorce, kter\u00e9 vysv\u011btluje a potvrzuje statisticky za pou\u017eit\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch metod. Bioinformatika sekvenc\u00ed vysv\u011btluje, s jakou mutac\u00ed souvis\u00ed takov\u00e9 nebo onak\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed nebo pro\u010d se v krvi pacienta hromad\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Krom\u011b l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f se bioinformatika sekvenc\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159uje na vzorce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed organism\u016f po Zemi, popula\u010dn\u00ed rozd\u00edly mezi skupinami zv\u00ed\u0159at, role a funkce konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch gen\u016f. D\u00edky t\u00e9to v\u011bd\u011b je mo\u017en\u00e9 testovat \u00fa\u010dinnost l\u00e9k\u016f a zkoumat biologick\u00e9 mechanismy, kter\u00e9 vysv\u011btluj\u00ed jejich \u00fa\u010dinek. <\/p>\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad d\u00edky bioinformatick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze byly nalezeny a pops\u00e1ny mutace, kter\u00e9 vedou k rozvoji cystick\u00e9ho fibr\u00f3zy \u2014 monogenn\u00edho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho poruchou genu jednoho z chloridov\u00fdch kan\u00e1l\u016f. A nyn\u00ed v\u00edme mnohem l\u00e9pe, kdo je nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edm biologick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm \u010dlov\u011bka a jak se na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 roz\u0161i\u0159ovali po planet\u011b. Co v\u00edc, ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd si p\u0159e\u010dte sv\u016fj genom, m\u016f\u017ee zjistit, odkud poch\u00e1z\u00ed jeho rod a k jak\u00e9 etnick\u00e9 skupin\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed. Mnoho zahrani\u010dn\u00edch (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.23andme.com\/en-int\/\">23andme<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myheritage.com\/?lang=RU\">MyHeritage<\/a><\/noindex>) a rusk\u00fdch (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.genotek.ru\/\">Genotek<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/atlas.ru\/\">Atlas<\/a><\/noindex>) slu\u017eeb umo\u017e\u0148uje z\u00edskat tuto slu\u017ebu za relativn\u011b n\u00edzkou cenu (okolo 20 tis\u00edc rubl\u016f).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/665c39b68b7765de247975d54295965d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nV\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdzy DNA testu na p\u016fvod a popula\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost od spole\u010dnosti MyHeritage.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/094c673bae28ff97e04ac28e2ec19c62.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nV\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdzy DNA testu na popula\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost od spole\u010dnosti 23andMe.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak se \u010dte genom?<\/h2>\n<p>\nDnes je sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed genomu rutinn\u00ed postup, kter\u00fd vyjde ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z\u00e1jemce p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b na\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/genetico.ru\/price\/uslugi-po-sevenirovaniyu\">150<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0tis\u00edc rubl\u016f (v\u010detn\u011b Ruska). Abyste si p\u0159e\u010detli sv\u016fj genom, sta\u010d\u00ed jednodu\u0161e darovat krev z \u017e\u00edly ve speci\u00e1ln\u00ed laborato\u0159i: za dva t\u00fddny obdr\u017e\u00edte hotov\u00fd v\u00fdsledek s podrobn\u00fdm popisem va\u0161ich genetick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed. Krom\u011b vlastn\u00edho genomu m\u016f\u017eete analyzovat genomy st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobioty: zjist\u00edte vlastnosti bakteri\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ob\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u00e1\u0161 tr\u00e1vic\u00ed syst\u00e9m, a tak\u00e9 obdr\u017e\u00edte konzultaci od profesion\u00e1ln\u00edho dietologa.<\/p>\n<p>Genom lze p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst r\u016fzn\u00fdmi metodami, jednou z hlavn\u00edch je takzvan\u00e9 \u201esekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9 generace\u201c. K proveden\u00ed tohoto postupu je nejprve nutn\u00e9 z\u00edskat biologick\u00e9 vzorky. V ka\u017ed\u00e9 bu\u0148ce organismu je genom stejn\u00fd, proto se k jeho \u010dten\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji odeb\u00edr\u00e1 krev (je to nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed). Pot\u00e9 se bu\u0148ky rozru\u0161\u00ed a DNA se odd\u011bl\u00ed od v\u0161eho ostatn\u00edho. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se z\u00edskan\u00e1 DNA rozdrt\u00ed na mnoho mal\u00fdch kousk\u016f a na ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich se \u201ep\u0159i\u0161ije\u201c speci\u00e1ln\u00ed adapt\u00e9r \u2013 um\u011ble syntetizovan\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 sekvence nukleotid\u016f. Pak se \u0159et\u011bzce DNA rozd\u011bl\u00ed a jednovl\u00e1knov\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce se pomoc\u00ed adapt\u00e9r\u016f p\u0159ipoj\u00ed k zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed desti\u010dce, na kter\u00e9 se prov\u00e1d\u00ed sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed. B\u011bhem sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed se k sekvenci DNA p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed fluorescen\u010dn\u011b zna\u010den\u00e9 nukleotidy. Ka\u017ed\u00fd zna\u010den\u00fd nukleotid p\u0159i p\u0159ipojen\u00ed vyza\u0159uje paprsek sv\u011btla ur\u010dit\u00e9 vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky, co\u017e je zaznamen\u00e1no na po\u010d\u00edta\u010di. Tak po\u010d\u00edta\u010d p\u0159e\u010dte kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 sekvence p\u016fvodn\u00ed DNA, kter\u00e9 jsou pot\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edch algoritm\u016f sestaveny do p\u016fvodn\u00edho genomu. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ef75492ee521ce99c4f56472b1904b10.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nP\u0159\u00edklad dat, se kter\u00fdmi pracuj\u00ed bioinformatici sekvenc\u00ed: zarovn\u00e1n\u00ed aminokyselinov\u00fdch sekvenc\u00ed. <\/p>\n<h2>Kde bioinformatici pracuj\u00ed a kolik vyd\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed?<\/h2>\n<p>\nCesta bioinformatika se tradi\u010dn\u011b d\u011bl\u00ed na dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed oblasti \u2013 pr\u016fmysl a v\u011bdu. Kari\u00e9ra v\u011bdce-bioinformatika obvykle za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 na postu postgradu\u00e1ln\u00edho studenta v jednom z velk\u00fdch institut\u016f. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku bioinformatikov\u00e9 dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed plat, kter\u00fd z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jejich institutu, po\u010dtu grant\u016f, na kter\u00fdch se pod\u00edlej\u00ed, a tak\u00e9 na po\u010dtu afiliac\u00ed \u2013 m\u00edst, kde jsou ofici\u00e1ln\u011b zam\u011bstn\u00e1ni. Postupn\u011b se zvy\u0161uje po\u010det grant\u016f a afiliac\u00ed, a po dvou letech pr\u00e1ce v akademick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed bioinformatik bez probl\u00e9m\u016f dosahuje pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho platu (70-80 tis\u00edc rubl\u016f), nicm\u00e9n\u011b hodn\u011b z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na p\u00edli a pracovitosti. Nejzku\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9 nakonec zakl\u00e1daj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed laborato\u0159e v oblastech sv\u00e9 specializace.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/93dd91f70cb88dad950ece1f1417e89f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Kde se studuje bioinformatika?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MSU \u2013 Fakulta bioin\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed a bioinformatiky<\/li>\n<li>V\u0160E \u2013 Anal\u00fdza dat v biologii a medic\u00edn\u011b (magistersk\u00fd program)<\/li>\n<li>MFF \u2014 katedra bioinformatiky<\/li>\n<li>Instituce bioinformatiky (NPO)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNa rozd\u00edl od akademie se v pr\u016fmyslu nikdo nebude zdr\u017eovat u\u010den\u00edm zam\u011bstnance pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm dovednostem, tak\u017ee je obvykle obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed se tam dostat. Kari\u00e9rn\u00ed dr\u00e1ha bioinformatika v pr\u016fmyslu se velmi li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na jeho specializaci a m\u00edst\u011b zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd plat v t\u00e9to oblasti se pohybuje\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/rb.ru\/opinion\/segodnya-i-zavtra\/\">od 70 tis. do 150<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0tis\u00edc rubl\u016f, v z\u00e1vislosti na zku\u0161enostech a specializaci.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Zn\u00e1m\u00ed bioinformatici<\/h2>\n<p>\nHistorii bioinformatiky je t\u0159eba odvodit od Fredericka Sangera, anglick\u00e9ho v\u011bdce, kter\u00fd v roce 1980 obdr\u017eel Nobelovu cenu za chemii za objev zp\u016fsobu \u010dten\u00ed sekvence DNA. Od t\u00e9 doby se ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokem metody \u010dten\u00ed sekvenc\u00ed zdokonaluj\u00ed, av\u0161ak metoda \u201eSangerova sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c se stala z\u00e1kladem pro ve\u0161ker\u00fd dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v t\u00e9to oblasti.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/00e08a801b66d87729ae03152c14e991.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Mimochodem, mnoho program\u016f vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch pr\u00e1v\u011b rusk\u00fdmi v\u011bdci se dnes \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b \u2014 nap\u0159\u00edklad genomov\u00fd assembler\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/cab.spbu.ru\/software\/spades\/\">SPAdes<\/a><\/noindex>, \u2014 St. Petersburg genome assembler, vytvo\u0159en\u00fd na Institutu v Petrohradu, pom\u00e1h\u00e1 v\u011bdc\u016fm z cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta skl\u00e1dat kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 sekvence DNA do v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sekvenc\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem obnoven\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch genom\u016f organism\u016f.<\/p>\n<h2>Objevy a \u00fasp\u011bchy bioinformatiky<\/h2>\n<p>\nV dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b bioinformatici d\u011blaj\u00ed mnoho u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch objev\u016f. Bylo by nemo\u017en\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit v\u00fdvoj l\u00e9k\u016f proti koronaviru bez de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho genomu a slo\u017eit\u00e9ho bioinformatick\u00e9ho analyzov\u00e1n\u00ed proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 se b\u011bhem onemocn\u011bn\u00ed odehr\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/117\/26\/15193.abstract\">skupina<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0v\u011bdci pomoc\u00ed metod srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed genomiky a strojov\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed dok\u00e1zali pochopit, co maj\u00ed koronaviry spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s jin\u00fdmi patogeny.<\/p>\n<p>Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee jednou z takov\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed \u2014 doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1l\u016f jadern\u00e9 lokalizace (NLS) patogenn\u00edch vir\u016f v pr\u016fb\u011bhu evoluce. Tento v\u00fdzkum m\u016f\u017ee pomoci p\u0159i studiu kmen\u016f vir\u016f, kter\u00e9 by mohly b\u00fdt v budoucnu potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro \u010dlov\u011bka, a mo\u017en\u00e1 zah\u00e1jit preventivn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj l\u00e9k\u016f.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho hr\u00e1li bioinformatici kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji nov\u00fdch metod editace genomu, zejm\u00e9na syst\u00e9mu CRISPR\/Cas9 (technologie zalo\u017een\u00e1 na imunitn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/postnauka.ru\/video\/19459\">bakteri\u00ed<\/a><\/noindex>). D\u00edky bioinformatick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze struktury dat protein\u016f a jejich evolu\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdvoje se p\u0159esnost a efektivita tohoto syst\u00e9mu v posledn\u00edch letech dramaticky zv\u00fd\u0161ily, co\u017e umo\u017enilo c\u00edlen\u00e9 \u00fapravy genom\u016f mnoha organism\u016f (v\u010detn\u011b \u010dlov\u011bka).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_banner&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=habr_banner\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Data uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1s: \u010c\u00edm se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed bioinformatikov\u00e9?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/23d7a5e5d1adb8f08e2216fbd39c7a64.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nZ\u00edskejte \u017e\u00e1danou profesi od za\u010d\u00e1tku nebo p\u0159echod na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 podle dovednost\u00ed a platu, m\u016f\u017eete 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href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/devops?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_DEVOPS&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Kurz DevOps<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/webdev?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_WEBDEV&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Profese webov\u00fd v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/iosdev?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_IOSDEV&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Profese iOS v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 od nuly<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/android?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_ANDR&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Profese Android v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159 od nuly<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a 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content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/skillfactory\/blog\/522444\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0433-\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443.\u00a0\u0417\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u00a0\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0414\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":96353,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-96352","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- 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