{"id":97454,"date":"2020-10-18T14:42:35","date_gmt":"2020-10-18T12:42:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/barery-i-zhurnaliruemye-fajlovye-sistemy"},"modified":"2020-10-18T14:42:35","modified_gmt":"2020-10-18T12:42:35","slug":"barery-i-zhurnaliruemye-fajlovye-sistemy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/barery-i-zhurnaliruemye-fajlovye-sistemy","title":{"rendered":"Bari\u00e9ry a journalingov\u00e9 souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

P\u0159eji v\u0161em skv\u00e9l\u00e9 v\u00edkendy!<\/em><\/strong> Zveme v\u00e1s na bezplatnou uk\u00e1zkovou hodinu <\/em>\u201eKonfigurace webov\u00e9ho serveru (Apache, Nginx, vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee Nginx)\u201c<\/em><\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00fd povede Andrej Buranov \u2014 specialistka na UNIX syst\u00e9my ve spole\u010dnosti Mail.Ru Group. Tak\u00e9 publikujeme \u010dl\u00e1nek od Jonathana Corbeta \u2014 v\u00fdkonn\u00e9ho redaktora v LWN.net.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u017durn\u00e1lov\u00e9 souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my slibuj\u00ed osvobodit syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 administr\u00e1tory od probl\u00e9m\u016f s po\u0161kozen\u00edm disku p\u0159i selh\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mu. I bez spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kontroly integrity souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. I kdy\u017e ve skute\u010dnosti je to samoz\u0159ejm\u011b trochu slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. A jak ukazuje ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 diskuse, m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt dokonce slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e si mnoz\u00ed z n\u00e1s mysl\u00ed, proto\u017ee zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed integrity \u017eurn\u00e1lovan\u00fdch souborov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f ovliv\u0148uje v\u00fdkon.<\/p>\n

Souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, jako je ext3, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 odd\u011blenou oblast na disku naz\u00fdvanou \u017eurn\u00e1l. P\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed zm\u011bn v metadatech souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu se tyto zm\u011bny nejprve zap\u00ed\u0161\u00ed do \u017eurn\u00e1lu, ani\u017e by se modifikoval zbytek souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Po zaps\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech zm\u011bn do \u017eurn\u00e1lu se do n\u011bj p\u0159id\u00e1 \u201ecommit block\u201c, kter\u00fd ozna\u010duje dokon\u010den\u00ed transakce. A pouze po z\u00e1pisu commit bloku se transakce zafixuje a zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e1 metadata se zap\u00ed\u0161\u00ed na disk. Pokud syst\u00e9m v n\u011bjak\u00e9m okam\u017eiku sel\u017ee, pomoc\u00ed informac\u00ed v \u017eurn\u00e1lu je mo\u017en\u00e9 bezpe\u010dn\u011b dokon\u010dit pr\u00e1ci a vyhnout se po\u0161kozen\u00ed souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, proto\u017ee byla aktualizov\u00e1na pouze \u010d\u00e1st metadat.<\/p>\n

Existuje v\u0161ak jeden h\u00e1\u010dek: k\u00f3d souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu p\u0159ed z\u00e1pisem commit bloku mus\u00ed b\u00fdt naprosto jist\u00fd, \u017ee v\u0161echny informace o transakci ji\u017e byly ulo\u017eeny v \u017eurn\u00e1lu. Jednodu\u0161e zapsat operace ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed nesta\u010d\u00ed \u2014 modern\u00ed disky podporuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 intern\u00ed cache a p\u0159euspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vaj\u00ed operace pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu. Proto je p\u0159ed commit blokem nezbytn\u00e9 explicitn\u011b uv\u00e9st p\u0159enos v\u0161ech dat \u017eurn\u00e1lu na disk. Pokud bude commit blok zaps\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 brzy, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u017eurn\u00e1l po\u0161kozen. K vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed tohoto probl\u00e9mu se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed bari\u00e9ry. V podstat\u011b bari\u00e9ra zakazuje z\u00e1pis jak\u00fdchkoli blok\u016f po bari\u00e9\u0159e, dokud nejsou v\u0161echny bloky zapsan\u00e9 p\u0159ed bari\u00e9rou p\u0159eneseny na disk. Pou\u017eit\u00edm bari\u00e9r souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my zaru\u010duj\u00ed konzistenci souborov\u00fdch struktur.<\/p>\n

Ale existuje je\u0161t\u011b jeden probl\u00e9m: souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my ext3 a ext4 ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed bari\u00e9ry. Mo\u017enost existuje, ale pokud ji administr\u00e1tor v\u00fdslovn\u011b nezapnul, tyto souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my funguj\u00ed bez bari\u00e9r, i kdy\u017e v n\u011bkter\u00fdch distribuc\u00edch (nap\u0159\u00edklad SUSE) jsou v\u00fdchoz\u00ed hodnoty jin\u00e9. Eric Sandeen ned\u00e1vno dosp\u011bl k n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee tuto situaci je t\u0159eba zm\u011bnit a ud\u011blal patch<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>, kter\u00fd m\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdchoz\u00ed nastaven\u00ed pro ext3 a ext4. A tehdy za\u010dala bou\u0159liv\u00e1 diskuse.<\/p>\n

Andrew Morton velmi podrobn\u011b odpov\u011bd\u011bl<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>, pro\u010d je v\u00fdchoz\u00ed hodnota pr\u00e1v\u011b takov\u00e1:<\/p>\n

\n

Kdy\u017e jsme se to minule pokusili zm\u011bnit, v\u00fdkonnost se u mnoha z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed zhor\u0161ila o 30 %, tak\u017ee jsem z d\u011bsu v\u0161echny tyto patche vyhodil. Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee nem\u016f\u017eeme j\u00edt touto cestou a tak v\u00e1\u017en\u011b zpomalit v\u0161echny stroje\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed zde ide\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, a m\u00ed\u0159\u00edm k tomu, abych tuto sp\u00edc\u00ed psa neru\u0161il a nechal v\u00fdchoz\u00ed parametry na \u00favaze v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f distribuc\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Tak\u017ee, ve v\u00fdchoz\u00edm nastaven\u00ed jsou bari\u00e9ry vypnuty, proto\u017ee maj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00fd dopad na v\u00fdkon. Nav\u00edc jsou souborov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my dosti \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny bez bari\u00e9r. Hl\u00e1sen\u00ed o po\u0161kozen\u00ed souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu ext3 je vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a m\u00e1lo \u010dast\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ale to nen\u00ed jen \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. Ted Ts'o vysv\u011btluje<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> to t\u00edm, \u017ee \u017eurn\u00e1l ext3 \/ ext4 je obvykle um\u00edst\u011bn kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b. Za prv\u00e9, ovlada\u010d souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu se sna\u017e\u00ed vytvo\u0159it jej kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b. Za druh\u00e9, \u017eurn\u00e1l se obvykle vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b se souborov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem, kdy je snadn\u00e9 naj\u00edt kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed prostor. Kontinuita a uspo\u0159\u00e1danost jsou u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 nejen pro v\u00fdkon, ale tak\u00e9 pro zamezen\u00ed p\u0159euspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Obvykle se blok potvrzen\u00ed um\u00edst\u00ed hned za ostatn\u00ed data v \u017eurn\u00e1lu, tak\u017ee disk nem\u00e1 d\u016fvod k p\u0159euspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Blok potvrzen\u00ed se p\u0159irozen\u011b zapisuje na disk ihned po ostatn\u00edch z\u00e1znamech \u017eurn\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b nikdo netvrd\u00ed, \u017ee to tak bude v\u017edy. Diskov\u00e9 jednotky se mohou chovat i jinak. Nav\u00edc den\u00edk funguje jako kruhov\u00fd buffer. Kdy\u017e je transakce zaps\u00e1na na konec den\u00edku, m\u016f\u017ee se commit blok nach\u00e1zet v d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm bloku, p\u0159ed jin\u00fdmi z\u00e1znamy den\u00edku. Riziko po\u0161kozen\u00ed je tedy v\u017edy p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9. Ve skute\u010dnosti m\u00e1 Chris Mason pro to testy<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>. Nen\u00ed pochyb o tom, \u017ee pr\u00e1ce bez bari\u00e9r je m\u00e9n\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 ne\u017e s nimi.<\/p>\n

Pokud jste p\u0159ipraveni na dopad na v\u00fdkon, m\u016f\u017eete zapnout bari\u00e9ry. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b pokud v\u00e1\u0161 souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m nen\u00ed zalo\u017een na LVM (jak tomu je v n\u011bkter\u00fdch distribuc\u00edch v\u00fdchoz\u00ed). Ukazuje se, \u017ee device mapper nepodporuje bari\u00e9ry. V ostatn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech by bylo dobr\u00e9 minimalizovat pokles v\u00fdkonu. A zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee to lze ud\u011blat.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 implementace ext3 (kdy\u017e jsou bari\u00e9ry zapnut\u00e9) prov\u00e1d\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed sekvenci operac\u00ed pro ka\u017edou transakci:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n

    Data se zapisuj\u00ed do den\u00edku<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    Prov\u00e1d\u00ed se bari\u00e9ra<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    Zapisuje se commit blok<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    Prov\u00e1d\u00ed se dal\u0161\u00ed bari\u00e9ra<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  5. \n

    Pozd\u011bji jsou metadata zaps\u00e1na na disk<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ve ext4 lze prvn\u00ed bari\u00e9ru (krok 2) opomenout, proto\u017ee souborov\u00fd syst\u00e9m ext4 podporuje kontroln\u00ed sou\u010dty v den\u00edku.<\/p>\n

    Pokud jsou data den\u00edku a commit blok p\u0159euspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny a operace se p\u0159eru\u0161\u00ed v d\u016fsledku selh\u00e1n\u00ed, kontroln\u00ed sou\u010det den\u00edku nebude odpov\u00eddat tomu, kter\u00fd je ulo\u017een v commit bloku, a transakce bude odm\u00edtnuta. <\/p>\n

    Chris Mason se domn\u00edv\u00e1<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>, co by bylo \u201ev z\u00e1sad\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00e9\u201c odstranit tuto bari\u00e9ru i v ext3, s mo\u017en\u00fdm v\u00fdjimkou, kdy\u017e se \u017eurn\u00e1l dostane na konec a za\u010dne se zapisovat od za\u010d\u00e1tku. <\/p>\n

    Dal\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1padem na zrychlen\u00ed pr\u00e1ce je odlo\u017eit operace s bari\u00e9rami, kdykoli je to mo\u017en\u00e9. Pokud nen\u00ed nal\u00e9hav\u00e1 pot\u0159eba okam\u017eit\u011b zapisovat data na disk, je mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it n\u011bkolik transakc\u00ed v den\u00edku a zapsat na disk jednou bari\u00e9rou.<\/p>\n

    Existuje tak\u00e9 ur\u010dit\u00fd potenci\u00e1l ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed pe\u010dliv\u00fdm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm operac\u00ed, aby bari\u00e9ry (kter\u00e9 jsou obvykle realizov\u00e1ny jako po\u017eadavky \u201eresetovat v\u0161echny odlo\u017een\u00e9 operace na disk\u201c) nenutily z\u00e1pis blok\u016f, kter\u00e9 nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee p\u0159i\u0161el \u010das p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let o tom, jak u\u010dinit n\u00e1klady na bari\u00e9ry p\u0159ijateln\u00fdmi. Ted Ts'o se zd\u00e1, se domn\u00edv\u00e1 podobn\u011b<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n

    \n

    Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee bychom m\u011bli zahrnout bari\u00e9ry do ext3\/4 a pot\u00e9 pracovat na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed re\u017eijn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f v ext4\/jbd2. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161ina syst\u00e9m\u016f nefunguje v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch podobn\u00fdch t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 pou\u017eil Kris pro demonstraci probl\u00e9mu, a bezpe\u010dnost souborov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu by m\u011bla b\u00fdt na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Zdrav\u00fd rozum mi \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee tenhle pes u\u017e nesp\u00ed a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bude n\u011bjakou dobu \u0161t\u011bkat. To m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit obavy n\u011bkter\u00fdm soused\u016fm, ale je to lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e mu dovolit kousnout.<\/p>\n

    Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s rozvoj v tomto sm\u011bru?<\/em><\/strong> P\u0159ihlaste se na bezplatnou demo lekci <\/em>\u201eKonfigurace webov\u00e9ho serveru (Apache, Nginx, vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee Nginx)\u201c<\/em><\/a><\/noindex> a \u00fa\u010dastn\u011bte se p\u0159enosu <\/em>\u201ePr\u00e1ce s logy v Linuxu\u201c<\/em><\/a><\/noindex>, kterou povede Pavel Vikiryuk \u2014 oper\u00e1tor MVNO, DevOps in\u017een\u00fdr. <\/em><\/p>\n

    Zdroj: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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