{"id":97976,"date":"2020-10-23T08:43:11","date_gmt":"2020-10-23T06:43:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/evolyucziya-otkrytogo-interneta"},"modified":"2020-10-23T08:43:11","modified_gmt":"2020-10-23T06:43:11","slug":"evolyucziya-otkrytogo-interneta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/cs\/blog\/administrirovanie\/evolyucziya-otkrytogo-interneta","title":{"rendered":"Evoluce otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Evoluce
\n
\nV\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i dlouhodob\u011b hovo\u0159\u00ed o v\u00fdhod\u00e1ch technologie blockchain. Argumentovali tomu mdl\u00fdmi \"p\u0159\u00edklady pou\u017eit\u00ed\" spolu s nejasn\u00fdmi definicemi toho, jak technologie funguje, k \u010demu je skute\u010dn\u011b pot\u0159eba a \u010d\u00edm se platformy, kter\u00e9 ji pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, navz\u00e1jem li\u0161\u00ed. Nen\u00ed tedy p\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee to vyvol\u00e1valo zmatek a ned\u016fv\u011bru v blockchainovou technologii. <\/p>\n

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku chci popsat sadu ment\u00e1ln\u00edch model\u016f, kter\u00e9 pomohou pochopit, jak potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady pou\u017eit\u00ed vedou k technick\u00fdm kompromis\u016fm, kter\u00fdm mus\u00ed \u010delit ka\u017ed\u00e1 platforma. Tyto ment\u00e1ln\u00ed modely jsou zalo\u017eeny na pokroku, kter\u00e9ho technologie blockchain dos\u00e1hla za posledn\u00edch 10 let, kdy\u017e pro\u0161la ve sv\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji 3 generacemi: otev\u0159en\u00e9 pen\u00edze, otev\u0159en\u00e9 finance a nakonec otev\u0159en\u00fd internet.
\nM\u00fdm c\u00edlem je pomoci v\u00e1m vytvo\u0159it si jasnou p\u0159edstavu o tom, co blockchain je, pochopit, pro\u010d jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9 platformy pot\u0159ebn\u00e9, a p\u0159edstavit budoucnost otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu.
\n <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 \u00favod do blockchainu<\/h3>\n

\nN\u011bco m\u00e1lo z\u00e1klad\u016f. Blockchain je v podstat\u011b jen datab\u00e1ze, kterou spravuje skupina r\u016fzn\u00fdch oper\u00e1tor\u016f, m\u00edsto jedn\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti (jako Amazon, Microsoft nebo Google). D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm rozd\u00edlem mezi blockchainem a cloudem je to, \u017ee nemus\u00edte d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ovat \"vlastn\u00edkovi\" datab\u00e1ze (ani jeho provozn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti), abyste mohli uchov\u00e1vat cenn\u00e1 data. Kdy\u017e je blockchain ve\u0159ejn\u00fd (a v\u0161echny nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed blockchainy jsou ve\u0159ejn\u00e9), m\u016f\u017ee jej kdokoliv pou\u017e\u00edvat k \u010demukoliv. <\/p>\n

Aby takov\u00fd syst\u00e9m mohl fungovat na velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed anonymn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, pot\u0159ebuje m\u00edt digit\u00e1ln\u00ed token, kter\u00fd bude pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jako prost\u0159edek platby. T\u011bmito tokeny budou u\u017eivatel\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b platit oper\u00e1tor\u016fm syst\u00e9mu. Sou\u010dasn\u011b token poskytuje z\u00e1ruku bezpe\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 je definov\u00e1na zak\u00f3dovanou hern\u00ed teori\u00ed. A\u010dkoli byla my\u0161lenka do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry kompromitov\u00e1na boomem podvodn\u00fdch ICO v roce 2017, samotn\u00e1 idea token\u016f a tokenizace, spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v tom, \u017ee jednotliv\u00fd digit\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivum m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jedine\u010dn\u011b identifikov\u00e1no a odesl\u00e1no, m\u00e1 prost\u011b neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd potenci\u00e1l.<\/p>\n

Je tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 odd\u011blovat tu \u010d\u00e1st datab\u00e1ze, kter\u00e1 uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 data, od t\u00e9, kter\u00e1 data m\u011bn\u00ed (virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed stroj). <\/p>\n

R\u016fzn\u00e9 charakteristiky blockchainu lze optimalizovat. Nap\u0159\u00edklad bezpe\u010dnost (v bitcoinu), rychlost, cenu nebo \u0161k\u00e1lovatelnost. Nav\u00edc lze logiku modifikace optimalizovat r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby: m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt jednoduch\u00e1 kalkula\u010dka pro s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed a od\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed (jak v bitcoinu), nebo to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt Turingovsky \u00fapln\u00fd virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed stroj (jak v Ethereum a NEAR). <\/p>\n

Dv\u011b platformy na blockchainu mohou \"nastavit\" sv\u016fj blockchain a virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed stroj pro vykon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zcela jin\u00fdch funkc\u00ed a nikdy nemus\u00ed soupe\u0159it na trhu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad bitcoin ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s Ethereum nebo NEAR je naprosto jin\u00fd sv\u011bt, a Ethereum a NEAR zase nemaj\u00ed nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s Ripple a Stellar \u2013 p\u0159esto\u017ee v\u0161echny funguj\u00ed na \"blockchainov\u00e9 technologii\". <\/p>\n

T\u0159i generace blockchainu<\/h3>\n

\n\"Evoluce
\n
\nTechnologick\u00e9 pokroky a konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v n\u00e1vrhu syst\u00e9mu umo\u017enily roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it funk\u010dnost blockchainu b\u011bhem 3 generac\u00ed jeho v\u00fdvoje za posledn\u00edch 10 let. Tyto generace lze rozd\u011blit n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Otev\u0159en\u00e9 pen\u00edze: umo\u017enit v\u0161em p\u0159\u00edstup k digit\u00e1ln\u00edm pen\u011bz\u016fm.<\/li>\n
  2. Otev\u0159en\u00e9 finance: u\u010dinit digit\u00e1ln\u00ed pen\u00edze programovateln\u00fdmi a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it hranice mo\u017enost\u00ed jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  3. Otev\u0159en\u00fd internet: roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it otev\u0159en\u00e9 finance natolik, aby zahrnovaly cenn\u00e9 informace jak\u00e9hokoli druhu a staly se dostupn\u00fdmi pro masov\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nZa\u010dn\u011bme s otev\u0159en\u00fdmi pen\u011bzi. <\/p>\n

    Prvn\u00ed generace: otev\u0159en\u00e9 pen\u00edze<\/h3>\n

    \nPen\u00edze jsou z\u00e1kladem kapitalismu. Prvn\u00ed etapa umo\u017enila komukoli kdekoli p\u0159\u00edstup k pen\u011bz\u016fm.
    \n<\/i>
    \n\"Evoluce
    \n
    \nJedna z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dat, kter\u00e1 lze ukl\u00e1dat v datab\u00e1zi, jsou samotn\u00e9 pen\u00edze. V tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 inovativnost bitcoinu: m\u00edt jednoduch\u00fd distribuovan\u00fd registr, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u0161em se dohodnout, \u017ee Joe m\u00e1 30 bitcoin\u016f a pr\u00e1v\u011b poslal Jill 1,5 bitcoinu. Bitcoin je nastaven tak, aby up\u0159ednost\u0148oval bezpe\u010dnost p\u0159ed v\u0161emi ostatn\u00edmi parametry. Konsensus v bitcoinu je neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b drah\u00fd, \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd a funguje na principu \"\u00fazk\u00e9ho hrdla\", a z pohledu \u00fapravy je to v podstat\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 kalkula\u010dka pro s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed a od\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje prov\u00e1d\u011bt transakce a vykon\u00e1vat n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed, velmi omezen\u00e9 operace.<\/p>\n

    Bitcoin je dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem, kter\u00fd ukazuje hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhody uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dat na blockchainu: nespol\u00e9h\u00e1 se na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 prost\u0159edn\u00edky a je dostupn\u00fd pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo m\u00e1 bitcoiny, m\u016f\u017ee prov\u00e9st p2p p\u0159evod bez ciz\u00ed pomoci.<\/p>\n

    D\u00edky jednoduchosti a s\u00edle, kterou bitcoin sl\u00edbil, se \"pen\u00edze\" staly jednou z nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nej\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00edch aplikac\u00ed blockchainu. Ale syst\u00e9m bitcoinu, kter\u00fd je \"p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pomal\u00fd, p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 drah\u00fd a p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 bezpe\u010dn\u00fd\", dob\u0159e funguje pro uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed aktiv \u2014 podobn\u011b jako zlato, ale ne pro ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad pro internetov\u00e9 platby nebo mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed p\u0159evody. <\/p>\n

    Nastaviteln\u00e9 otev\u0159en\u00e9 pen\u00edze<\/h3>\n

    \nPro takov\u00e9 modely pou\u017eit\u00ed byly vytvo\u0159eny jin\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce s jin\u00fdmi nastaven\u00edmi: <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. P\u0159evody: Aby miliony lid\u00ed mohly ka\u017ed\u00fd den pos\u00edlat libovoln\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stky po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, pot\u0159ebujete n\u011bco mnohem v\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ne\u017e bitcoin. P\u0159itom by v\u00e1\u0161 syst\u00e9m m\u011bl st\u00e1le poskytovat dostate\u010dnou \u00farove\u0148 bezpe\u010dnosti. Ripple a Stellar jsou projekty, kter\u00e9 optimalizovaly sv\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce pro spln\u011bn\u00ed tohoto c\u00edle.<\/li>\n
    2. Rychl\u00e9 transakce: Aby miliardy lid\u00ed mohly pou\u017e\u00edvat digit\u00e1ln\u00ed pen\u00edze stejn\u011b, jako pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed kreditn\u00ed karty, pot\u0159ebujete, aby \u0159et\u011bzec dob\u0159e \u0161k\u00e1loval, m\u011bl vysok\u00fd v\u00fdkon a z\u016fstal levn\u00fd. Toho lze dos\u00e1hnout dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e je t\u0159eba ob\u011btovat bezpe\u010dnost. Prvn\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je vybudovat rychlej\u0161\u00ed \"druhou \u00farove\u0148\" nad bitcoinem, kter\u00e1 optimalizuje s\u00ed\u0165 pro vysok\u00fd v\u00fdkon, a po dokon\u010den\u00ed transakce p\u0159esunout aktiva zp\u011bt do \"\u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b\" bitcoinu. P\u0159\u00edkladem takov\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je Lightning Network. Druhou mo\u017enost\u00ed je vytvo\u0159it nov\u00fd blockchain, kter\u00fd zajist\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 bezpe\u010dnosti p\u0159i umo\u017en\u011bn\u00ed rychl\u00fdch a levn\u00fdch transakc\u00ed, jako je tomu u Libry. <\/li>\n
    3. Soukrom\u00e9 transakce: Aby se zachovala \u00fapln\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011brnost b\u011bhem transakce, je t\u0159eba p\u0159idat \u00farove\u0148 anonymizace. To sni\u017euje v\u00fdkon a zvy\u0161uje cenu, takto funguj\u00ed Zcash a Monero.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \nJeliko\u017e jsou tyto pen\u00edze tokeny p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00ed pln\u011b digit\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivum, lze je tak\u00e9 programovat na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u00farovni syst\u00e9mu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed bitcoinu, kter\u00e9 bude vyprodukov\u00e1no b\u011bhem cel\u00e9 existence, je naprogramov\u00e1no v z\u00e1kladn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu bitcoinu. Dob\u0159e vytvo\u0159en\u00fd v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed syst\u00e9m nad touto z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed lze posunout na zcela novou \u00farove\u0148.<\/p>\n

      Zde vstupuj\u00ed do hry otev\u0159en\u00e9 finance.<\/p>\n

      Druh\u00e1 generace: otev\u0159en\u00e9 finance<\/h3>\n

      \nS otev\u0159en\u00fdmi financemi pen\u00edze p\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed b\u00fdt pouze prost\u0159edkem k \u00faspor\u00e1m nebo n\u00e1strojem pro transakce \u2014 nyn\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 z nich z\u00edsk\u00e1vat v\u00fdhody, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje jejich potenci\u00e1l.
      \n<\/i>
      \n\"Evoluce
      \n
      \nVlastnosti, kter\u00e9 lidem umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bt bitcoinov\u00e9 p\u0159evody, tak\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016fm ps\u00e1t programy, kter\u00e9 d\u011blaj\u00ed to sam\u00e9. Vych\u00e1zej\u00edc z toho, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee digit\u00e1ln\u00ed pen\u00edze maj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 API, pro jeho\u017e vyu\u017eit\u00ed nen\u00ed t\u0159eba z\u00edsk\u00e1vat API kl\u00ed\u010d nebo u\u017eivatelskou dohodu od jak\u00e9koli spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

      To je to, co slibuj\u00ed \"otev\u0159en\u00e9 finance\", tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako \"decentralizovan\u00e9 finance\" (DeFi). <\/p>\n

      ETHEREUM<\/h3>\n

      \nJak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, API bitcoinu je dost jednoduch\u00e9 a neefektivn\u00ed. Sta\u010d\u00ed k nasazen\u00ed skript\u016f do bitcoinov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 mu umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed fungovat. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ud\u011blat n\u011bco zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, je nutn\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e9st samotn\u00fd bitcoin na jinou blockchainovou platformu, co\u017e je nelehk\u00fd \u00fakol. <\/p>\n

      Jin\u00e9 platformy pracovaly na kombinaci vysok\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b zabezpe\u010den\u00ed, pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k pr\u00e1ci s digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi pen\u011bzi, s komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm stupn\u011bm modifikace. Ethereum byl prvn\u00edm, kdo to spustil. M\u00edsto \"kalkula\u010dky\" bitcoinu, kter\u00e1 fungovala na s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed a od\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, Ethereum vytvo\u0159il celou virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed ma\u0161inu na \u00farovni \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b, kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016fm ps\u00e1t plnohodnotn\u00e9 programy a spou\u0161t\u011bt je p\u0159\u00edmo na \u0159et\u011bzci.<\/p>\n

      D\u016fle\u017eitost spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee bezpe\u010dnost digit\u00e1ln\u00edho aktiva (nap\u0159\u00edklad pen\u011bz), kter\u00e9 je ulo\u017eeno na bloku, je stejn\u00e1 jako bezpe\u010dnost a spolehlivost program\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou nativn\u011b m\u011bnit stav tohoto bloku. Programy chytr\u00fdch kontrakt\u016f Ethereum jsou v podstat\u011b bezserverov\u00e9 skripty, kter\u00e9 se prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed na bloku p\u0159esn\u011b tak, jak je na Bitcoinu provedena b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 transakce \"po\u0161li Jill 23 token\u016f\". Nativn\u00ed token Ethereum je ether nebo ETH.<\/p>\n

      Komponenty blockchainu jako potrub\u00ed<\/h3>\n

      \nProto\u017ee API nad ETH je ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 (stejn\u011b jako u Bitcoinu), ale nekone\u010dn\u011b programovateln\u00e9, poda\u0159ilo se vytvo\u0159it \u0159adu stavebn\u00edch blok\u016f, kter\u00e9 si navz\u00e1jem p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed ether, aby vykonaly u\u017eite\u010dnou pr\u00e1ci pro koncov\u00e9ho u\u017eivatele.<\/p>\n

      Ve \"zn\u00e1m\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b\" by pro to byl pot\u0159ebn\u00fd nap\u0159\u00edklad velk\u00fd bankovn\u00ed \u00fastav, kter\u00fd by vyjedn\u00e1val podm\u00ednky kontrakt\u016f a p\u0159\u00edstup k API s ka\u017ed\u00fdm jednotliv\u00fdm poskytovatelem. Ale na blockchainu byl ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u011bchto blok\u016f nez\u00e1visle vytvo\u0159en v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i a rychle \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n na propustnost v \u0159\u00e1dech milion\u016f dolar\u016f a uchov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnoty vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 1 miliarda USD na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 2020. <\/p>\n

      Nap\u0159\u00edklad za\u010dneme s Dharma, pen\u011b\u017eenkou, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje u\u017eivatel\u016fm uchov\u00e1vat digit\u00e1ln\u00ed tokeny a z\u00edsk\u00e1vat z nich \u00faroky. To je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip vyu\u017eit\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed bankovn\u00ed soustavy. V\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i Dharma nab\u00edzej\u00ed \u00farokovou sazbu pro sv\u00e9 u\u017eivatele t\u00edm, \u017ee propojuj\u00ed \u0159adu komponent\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly vytvo\u0159eny na z\u00e1klad\u011b Ethereum. Nap\u0159\u00edklad dolary u\u017eivatel\u016f se konvertuj\u00ed na DAI, stablecoin na b\u00e1zi Ethereum, kter\u00fd odpov\u00edd\u00e1 americk\u00e9mu dolaru. Tento stablecoin se pak \u201epotrub\u00edm\u201c p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed do Compound, protokolu, kter\u00fd tyto pen\u00edze p\u016fj\u010duje za \u00faroky a t\u00edm okam\u017eit\u011b vyd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00farok pro u\u017eivatele.<\/p>\n

      Aplikace otev\u0159en\u00fdch financ\u00ed<\/h3>\n

      \nHlavn\u00edm z\u00e1v\u011brem je, \u017ee kone\u010dn\u00fd produkt, kter\u00fd se dostane k u\u017eivateli, byl vytvo\u0159en za pou\u017eit\u00ed mnoha komponent\u016f, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd byl vyvinut samostatn\u00fdm t\u00fdmem, a pro pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto komponent\u016f nebylo t\u0159eba z\u00edsk\u00e1vat povolen\u00ed nebo kl\u00ed\u010d od API. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v tomto syst\u00e9mu cirkuluje miliardy dolar\u016f. Je to t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jako open-source software (OSS), ale zat\u00edmco open-source OSS vy\u017eaduje sta\u017een\u00ed kopie ur\u010dit\u00e9 knihovny pro ka\u017edou implementaci, otev\u0159en\u00e9 komponenty se nasazuj\u00ed pouze jednou a ka\u017ed\u00fd u\u017eivatel m\u016f\u017ee pos\u00edlat \u017e\u00e1dosti k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu komponentu, aby z\u00edskal p\u0159\u00edstup k jeho sd\u00edlen\u00e9mu stavu. <\/p>\n

      Ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u00fdm\u016f, kter\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ily tyto komponenty, nenese odpov\u011bdnost za nadm\u011brn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dty EC2 v d\u016fsledku zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jejich API. Sn\u00edman\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f a \u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed za pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto komponent\u016f se vlastn\u011b d\u011bje automaticky uvnit\u0159 \u0159et\u011bzce. <\/p>\n

      V\u00fdkon a konfigurace<\/h3>\n

      \nEthereum funguje se stejn\u00fdmi parametry jako bitcoin, ale bloky se do s\u00edt\u011b p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 30kr\u00e1t rychleji a levn\u011bji \u2014 cena transakce je 0,1 USD m\u00edsto p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,5 USD u bitcoinu. To zaji\u0161\u0165uje dostate\u010dnou \u00farove\u0148 zabezpe\u010den\u00ed pro aplikace, kter\u00e9 spravuj\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed aktiva a nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed vysokou propustnost.<\/p>\n

      S\u00ed\u0165 Ethereum, jako technologie prvn\u00ed generace, nezvl\u00e1dla obt\u00ed\u017ee s vysok\u00fdm objemem po\u017eadavk\u016f a trp\u011bla propustnost\u00ed 15 transakc\u00ed za sekundu. Tento nedostatek v\u00fdkonu zp\u016fsobil, \u017ee otev\u0159en\u00e9 finance uv\u00edzly ve stavu konceptu. P\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 fungovala jako sv\u011btov\u00fd finan\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m v \u00e9\u0159e analogov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s pap\u00edrov\u00fdmi \u0161eky a potvrzen\u00edmi po telefonu, proto\u017ee v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed v\u00fdkon Etherea je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u grafick\u00e9ho kalkul\u00e1toru<\/a><\/noindex> rok 1990. <\/p>\n

      Ethereum demonstrovalo schopnosti kombinov\u00e1n\u00ed komponent\u016f pro finan\u010dn\u00ed modely vyu\u017eit\u00ed a otev\u0159elo p\u0159\u00edstup k \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu spektru aplikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 naz\u00fdv\u00e1me otev\u0159en\u00fdm internetem.<\/p>\n

      T\u0159et\u00ed generace: otev\u0159en\u00fd internet<\/h3>\n

      \nNyn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee cokoli, co m\u00e1 hodnotu, st\u00e1t se pen\u011bzi, propojuj\u00edc\u00ed internet s otev\u0159en\u00fdmi financemi a t\u00edm vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00edc\u00ed internet hodnot a otev\u0159en\u00fd internet.
      \n<\/i>
      \n\"Evoluce
      \nJak bylo uvedeno d\u0159\u00edve, koncept otev\u0159en\u00fdch pen\u011bz zahrnuje mnoho variant pou\u017eit\u00ed. Bylo tak\u00e9 pops\u00e1no, jak technologie dal\u0161\u00ed generace, Ethereum, u\u010dinila otev\u0159en\u00e9 pen\u00edze u\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi t\u00edm, \u017ee vytvo\u0159ila mo\u017enosti pro kombinaci komponent\u016f otev\u0159en\u00fdch financ\u00ed. Nyn\u00ed se pod\u00edvejme, jak dal\u0161\u00ed generace technologi\u00ed roz\u0161i\u0159uje mo\u017enosti otev\u0159en\u00fdch financ\u00ed a odhaluje skute\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l blockchainu. <\/p>\n

      P\u016fvodn\u011b v\u0161echny \"pen\u00edze\", o kter\u00fdch se hovo\u0159ilo, jsou vlastn\u011b pouze typy dat, kter\u00e9 jsou ukl\u00e1d\u00e1ny na blockchainu s vlastn\u00edm otev\u0159en\u00fdm API. Ale datab\u00e1ze m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat cokoliv.<\/p>\n

      D\u00edky sv\u00e9 struktu\u0159e je blockchain nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro data, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou hodnotu. Definice \"v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 hodnoty\" je mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b flexibiln\u00ed. Jak\u00e1koliv data, kter\u00e1 mohou m\u00edt potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnotu pro lidi, mohou b\u00fdt tokenizov\u00e1na. Tokenizace v tomto kontextu je proces, kter\u00fdm je existuj\u00edc\u00ed aktivum (ne vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 od nuly, jako t\u0159eba bitcoin) p\u0159evedeno na blockchain a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 stejn\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 API, jak\u00e9 m\u00e1 bitcoin nebo Ethereum. Stejn\u011b jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bitcoinu, to umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nedostatku (a\u0165 u\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o 21 milion\u016f token\u016f nebo o jeden jedin\u00fd).<\/p>\n

      Zva\u017eme p\u0159\u00edklad Redditu, kde u\u017eivatel\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed online reputaci ve form\u011b \"karma\". A vezm\u011bme projekt typu Sofi, kde se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mnoho krit\u00e9ri\u00ed pro hodnocen\u00ed platebn\u00ed schopnosti konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed osoby. V dne\u0161n\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b, pokud by t\u00fdm hackathonu vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed nov\u00fd Sofi cht\u011bl integrovat rating redditsk\u00e9 karmy do sv\u00e9ho algoritmu pro poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fav\u011br\u016f, museli by uzav\u0159\u00edt oboustrannou dohodu s t\u00fdmem Redditu, aby z\u00edskali certifikovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k API. Kdyby byla \"karma\" tokenizov\u00e1na, tento t\u00fdm by m\u011bl ve\u0161ker\u00e9 pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje pro integraci s \"karmou\" a Reddit by o tom ani nev\u011bd\u011bl. Jednodu\u0161e by profitoval z toho, \u017ee st\u00e1le v\u00edce u\u017eivatel\u016f chce zlep\u0161it svou karmu, proto\u017ee te\u010f je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 nejen uvnit\u0159 Redditu, ale tak\u00e9 po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

      Pokud bychom \u0161li je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1l \u2014 100 r\u016fzn\u00fdch t\u00fdm\u016f p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm hackathonu m\u016f\u017ee vymyslet nov\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby pou\u017eit\u00ed tohoto a dal\u0161\u00edch aktiv k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00e9 sady ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch opakovan\u011b pou\u017eiteln\u00fdch komponent nebo k budov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed pro spot\u0159ebitele. V tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 my\u0161lenka otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu.<\/p>\n

      Ethereum umo\u017enil snadno p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stky \"po potrub\u00ed\" prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch komponent\u016f, podobn\u011b jako umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bt jak\u00fdkoli aktiv, kter\u00e9 lze tokenizovat, a tak\u00e9 jej utr\u00e1cet, vym\u011b\u0148ovat, d\u00e1vat mu zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, m\u011bnit nebo s n\u00edm jinak interagovat, jak je uvedeno v jeho otev\u0159en\u00e9m API. <\/p>\n

      Nastaven\u00ed pro otev\u0159en\u00fd internet<\/h3>\n

      \nOtev\u0159en\u00fd internet se od otev\u0159en\u00fdch financ\u00ed v z\u00e1sad\u011b neli\u0161\u00ed: je to jen nadstavba nad nimi. Pro roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu je pot\u0159eba zna\u010dn\u00fd skok ve v\u00fdkonu, stejn\u011b jako mo\u017enosti p\u0159it\u00e1hnout nov\u00e9 u\u017eivatele.<\/p>\n

      Pro udr\u017een\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu pot\u0159ebuje platforma n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed vlastnosti:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Vysok\u00e1 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka p\u00e1sma, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed transakce. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee \u0159et\u011bzec ji\u017e nep\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pouze pomal\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro spr\u00e1vu aktiv, mus\u00ed se \u0161k\u00e1lovat, aby podporoval slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed typy dat a mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed. <\/li>\n
      2. Pou\u017eitelnost. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e vyu\u017eit\u00ed budou p\u0159ech\u00e1zet na aplikace pro u\u017eivatele, je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby komponenty, kter\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159i, nebo aplikace navr\u017een\u00e9 s jejich pomoc\u00ed, zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly dobrou zku\u0161enost pro koncov\u00e9ho u\u017eivatele. Nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed \u00fa\u010det nebo propojuj\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi aktivy a platformami a p\u0159itom uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed kontrolu nad daty v rukou u\u017eivatele.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \nTakov\u00e9 charakteristiky p\u0159edt\u00edm \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 z platforem nem\u011bla kv\u016fli jejich slo\u017eitosti. Byly zapot\u0159eb\u00ed roky v\u00fdzkumu, aby se dostali do bodu, kdy se nov\u00e9 konsenzu\u00e1ln\u00ed mechanismy spojuj\u00ed s nov\u00fdmi prost\u0159ed\u00edmi prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed a nov\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2014 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se da\u0159\u00ed udr\u017eet v\u00fdkon a bezpe\u010dnost na \u00farovni pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed aktiva.<\/p>\n

        Platforma otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu<\/h3>\n

        \nDes\u00edtky blockchainov\u00fdch projekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 vstupuj\u00ed na trh letos, nastavily sv\u00e9 platformy tak, aby byly aplikovateln\u00e9 pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e vyu\u017eit\u00ed v r\u00e1mci otev\u0159en\u00fdch pen\u011bz a otev\u0159en\u00fdch financ\u00ed. Vzhledem k sou\u010dasn\u00fdm omezen\u00edm technologie bylo v jejich z\u00e1jmu optimalizovat svou platformu na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed niku.<\/p>\n

        NEAR \u2014 je jedin\u00e9 blockchain \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u011b vylep\u0161ilo svou technologii a nastavilo jej\u00ed v\u00fdkonnostn\u00ed parametry tak, aby zcela odpov\u00eddaly po\u017eadavk\u016fm otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu. <\/p>\n

        NEAR kombinuje p\u0159\u00edstupy k \u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e1n\u00ed ze sv\u011bta vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch datab\u00e1z\u00ed s vylep\u0161en\u00edmi runtime a roky zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eitelnosti. Stejn\u011b jako Ethereum m\u00e1 NEAR plnohodnotnou virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed ma\u0161inu postavenou na blockchainu, ale aby \u201eudr\u017eela krok s popt\u00e1vkou\u201c, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzec balancuje kapacitu virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed ma\u0161iny t\u00edm, \u017ee rozd\u011bluje v\u00fdpo\u010dty na paraleln\u00ed procesy (sharding). A z\u00e1rove\u0148 udr\u017euje \u00farove\u0148 zabezpe\u010den\u00ed pot\u0159ebnou pro spolehliv\u00e9 ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dat. <\/p>\n

        To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee na NEAR mohou b\u00fdt realizov\u00e1ny v\u0161echny mo\u017en\u00e9 varianty vyu\u017eit\u00ed: stabiln\u00ed coiny podporovan\u00e9 fiat m\u011bnami, kter\u00e9 d\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u0161em p\u0159\u00edstup k stabiln\u00ed m\u011bn\u011b, mechanismy otev\u0159en\u00fdch financ\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se \u0161k\u00e1luj\u00ed od slo\u017eit\u00fdch finan\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f a\u017e po ty, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00ed lid\u00e9, a nakonec aplikace otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu, kter\u00e9 to v\u0161e integruj\u00ed pro ka\u017edodenn\u00ed obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed a interakci.<\/p>\n

        Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h3>\n

        \nP\u0159\u00edb\u011bh otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu teprve za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1, proto\u017ee jsme pr\u00e1v\u011b vyvinuli nezbytn\u00e9 technologie, kter\u00e9 mu umo\u017en\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout sv\u00e9ho skute\u010dn\u00e9ho rozsahu. Nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e byl tento velk\u00fd krok u\u010din\u011bn, bude budoucnost postavena na inovac\u00edch, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt vytvo\u0159eny na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, a tak\u00e9 na technologick\u00e9 vybavenosti v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f a podnikatel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed stoj\u00ed na p\u0159edn\u00ed linii nov\u00e9 reality. <\/p>\n

        Abychom pochopili potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed dopad otev\u0159en\u00e9ho internetu, vzpome\u0148te na \u201ekambrickou explozi\u201c, kter\u00e1 nastala b\u011bhem vzniku protokol\u016f ran\u00e9ho internetu, pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch k tomu, aby u\u017eivatel\u00e9 kone\u010dn\u011b mohli utr\u00e1cet pen\u00edze online na konci 90. let. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch 25 let internetov\u00fd obchod rostl a generoval objemy p\u0159es $2 triliony ka\u017ed\u00fd rok. <\/p>\n

        Podobn\u011b otev\u0159en\u00fd internet roz\u0161i\u0159uje dosah a obor p\u016fsoben\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prvk\u016f otev\u0159en\u00fdch financ\u00ed a umo\u017e\u0148uje jejich za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed do aplikac\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na podnik\u00e1n\u00ed a spot\u0159ebitele zp\u016fsoby, kter\u00e9 si m\u016f\u017eeme pouze domyslet, ale samoz\u0159ejm\u011b je nem\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt.<\/p>\n

        Poj\u010fme spole\u010dn\u011b budovat otev\u0159en\u00fd internet!<\/p>\n

        Mal\u00fd seznam zdroj\u016f pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed proniknout hloub\u011bji ji\u017e nyn\u00ed:
        \n<\/u>
        \n1. M\u016f\u017eete se pod\u00edvat, jak vypad\u00e1 v\u00fdvoj pro NEAR, a experimentovat v online IDE.         zde<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

        2. Pro v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e, kte\u0159\u00ed se cht\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159ipojit k ekosyst\u00e9mu. tady<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

        3. \u0160irok\u00e1 dokumentace pro v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e v angli\u010dtin\u011b je k dispozici. zde<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

        4. V\u0161echny novinky v ru\u0161tin\u011b m\u016f\u017eete sledovat na telegramov\u00e9 komunit\u011b<\/a><\/noindex>, a na skupin\u011b na VKontakte<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

        5. Pokud m\u00e1te n\u00e1pady na slu\u017eby \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 komunitou a chcete na nich pracovat, p\u0159ij\u010fte do na\u0161\u00ed programu<\/a><\/noindex> podpory podnikatel\u016f.
        \n
        Zdroj:         habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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