{"id":100285,"date":"2021-05-26T10:22:54","date_gmt":"2021-05-26T08:22:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-9"},"modified":"2021-05-26T10:22:54","modified_gmt":"2021-05-26T08:22:54","slug":"vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/news\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-9","title":{"rendered":"Udgivelsen af paketfilteret nftables 0.9.9","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Udgivet version 0.9.9 af pakke-filteret nftables, der standardiserer filtreringsgr\u00e6nseflader for IPv4, IPv6, ARP og netv\u00e6rksbroer (m\u00e5lrettet erstatning af iptables, ip6tables, arptables og ebtables). Samtidig er version 1.2.0 af det tilknyttede bibliotek libnftnl blevet udgivet, som giver et lav-niveau API til interaktion med nf_tables under-systemet. De n\u00f8dvendige \u00e6ndringer til nftables 0.9.9 er inkluderet i kernen Linux 5.13-rc1.          <\/p>\n<p>Nftables-pakken inkluderer komponenter af pakke filtreringssystemet, der k\u00f8rer i brugeromr\u00e5det, mens nf_tables subsystemet i kernen h\u00e5ndterer operationer i Linux kernen fra version 3.13. I kernen tilbydes kun et generelt interface, der ikke er afh\u00e6ngigt af en specifik protokol og giver grundl\u00e6ggende funktioner til at hente data fra pakker, udf\u00f8re dataoperationer og styre str\u00f8mmen.    <\/p>\n<p>Reglerne for filtrering og protokolspecifikke behandlere kompileres til bytekode i brugeromr\u00e5det, hvorefter denne bytekode indl\u00e6ses i kernen ved hj\u00e6lp af Netlink-interfacet og udf\u00f8res i kernen i en s\u00e6rlig <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"virtuelle maskiner\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4310\">virtuelle maskiner<\/a>, der minder om BPF (Berkeley Packet Filters). Denne tilgang muligg\u00f8r en betydelig reduktion i st\u00f8rrelsen af den filtrering, der k\u00f8rer i kernen, og flytter alle funktioner til parsing af regler og logik til h\u00e5ndtering af protokoller til brugeromr\u00e5det.    <\/p>\n<p>Hovednyhederne:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Muligheden for at flytte flowtable-behandling til netv\u00e6rksadapteren er blevet implementeret, aktiveret med flaget 'offload'. Flowtable er en optimeringsmekanisme for pakkeomdirigering, hvor den fulde behandling af alle regelkedler kun anvendes for den f\u00f8rste pakke, mens alle efterf\u00f8lgende pakker i str\u00f8mmen sendes direkte igennem.        table ip global {              flowtable f {                      hook ingress priority filter + 1                      devices = { lan3, lan0, wan }                      flags offload              }                chain forward {                      type filter hook forward priority filter; policy accept;                      ip protocol { tcp, udp } flow add @f              }                chain post {                      type nat hook postrouting priority filter; policy accept;                      oifname 'wan' masquerade              }      }\n<li class=\"l\"> St\u00f8tte til at tilf\u00f8je en ejer-flag til tabellen, der sikrer eksklusiv brug af tabellen af processen, er blevet tilf\u00f8jet. N\u00e5r processen afsluttes, slettes den tilknyttede tabel automatisk. Oplysninger om processen vises i dumpen af reglerne i form af en kommentar:          table ip x { # progname nft              flags owner                chain y {                      type filter hook input priority filter; policy accept;                      counter packets 1 bytes 309              }      }\n<li class=\"l\"> Der er tilf\u00f8jet st\u00f8tte til IEEE 802.1ad-specifikationen (VLAN-stacking eller QinQ), der definerer midler til at inds\u00e6tte flere VLAN-tags i \u00e9n Ethernet-ramme. For eksempel kan f\u00f8lgende anvendes til at kontrollere typen af den eksterne Ethernet-ramme 8021ad og vlan id=342:        ... ether type 802.1ad vlan id 342      til at kontrollere typen af den eksterne Ethernet-ramme 8021ad\/vlan id=1, indlejret 802.1q\/vlan id=2 og efterf\u00f8lgende indkapsling af IP-pakken:         ... ether type 8021ad vlan id 1 vlan type 8021q vlan id 2 vlan type ip counter\n<li class=\"l\"> Der er tilf\u00f8jet st\u00f8tte til ressourceh\u00e5ndtering ved hj\u00e6lp af en ensartet cgroups v2-hierarki. Den v\u00e6sentligste forskel mellem cgroups v2 og v1 er anvendelsen af et f\u00e6lles cgroups-hierarki for alle former for ressourcer, i stedet for separate hierarkier til fordeling af CPU-ressourcer, styring af hukommelsesforbrug og input\/output. For eksempel kan f\u00f8lgende bruges til at kontrollere, om en socket-for\u00e6lder p\u00e5 det f\u00f8rste niveau af cgroupv2 stemmer overens med masken 'system.slice':       ... socket cgroupv2 level 1 'system.slice'\n<li class=\"l\"> Der er tilf\u00f8jet muligheden for at kontrollere komponenter i SCTP-pakker (n\u00f8dvendig funktionalitet vil v\u00e6re tilg\u00e6ngelig i Linux-kernen 5.14). For eksempel, til at kontrollere, om der findes en chunk med typen 'data' og feltet 'type' i pakken:       ... sctp chunk data exists    ... sctp chunk data type 0\n<li class=\"l\"> Execueringen af operationen til indl\u00e6sning af regler er blevet omtrent dobbelt s\u00e5 hurtig ved hj\u00e6lp af flaget '-f'. Desuden er udskriften af regellisten ogs\u00e5 blevet hurtigere.\n<li class=\"l\"> Der er en kompakt form for at kontrollere installationen af bits i flags. For eksempel, for at kontrollere, om bitsene for tilstandene snat og dnat ikke er sat, kan man angive: ... ct status ! snat,dnat for at kontrollere, om bit syn er sat i bitmasken syn,ack: ... tcp flags syn \/ syn,ack for at kontrollere, om bitsene fin og rst ikke er sat i bitmasken syn,ack,fin,rst: ... tcp flags != fin,rst \/ syn,ack,fin,rst\n<li class=\"l\"> Brugen af n\u00f8gleordet \u00abverdict\u00bb er tilladt i definitioner af typeof for set\/map: add map x m { typeof iifname . ip protocol . th dport : verdict;}    <\/ul>\n<p>Kilde: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55214\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 0.9.9, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4, IPv6, ARP \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 iptables, ip6table, arptables \u0438 ebtables). \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 libnftnl 1.2.0, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0439 API \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 nf_tables. \u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 nftables 0.9.9 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.13-rc1. \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100285","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 0.9.9, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4, 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