{"id":106246,"date":"2022-12-23T15:36:42","date_gmt":"2022-12-23T13:36:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-6"},"modified":"2022-12-23T15:36:42","modified_gmt":"2022-12-23T13:36:42","slug":"vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/news\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-6","title":{"rendered":"Udgivelse af pakkefilter nftables 1.0.6","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Udgaven af pakkefilter nftables 1.0.6 er offentliggjort, hvilket standardiserer filtreringsgr\u00e6nseflader for IPv4, IPv6, ARP og netv\u00e6rksbroer (m\u00e5let er at erstatte iptables, ip6tables, arptables og ebtables). Pakket nftables indeholder komponenter til pakkefiltre, der fungerer i brugerrummet, mens nf_tables subsystemet i kernen varetager driften, som er en del af Linux-kernen siden version 3.13. I kernen gives kun en generel gr\u00e6nseflade, der ikke er afh\u00e6ngig af et specifikt protokol og tilbyder grundl\u00e6ggende funktioner til udtr\u00e6k af data fra pakker, udf\u00f8relse af operationer med data og flowkontrol.    <\/p>\n<p>Reglerne for filtrering og protokolspecifikke behandlere kompileres til bytekode i brugeromr\u00e5det, hvorefter denne bytekode indl\u00e6ses i kernen ved hj\u00e6lp af Netlink-interfacet og udf\u00f8res i kernen i en s\u00e6rlig <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"virtuelle maskiner\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4332\">virtuelle maskiner<\/a>, der minder om BPF (Berkeley Packet Filters). Denne tilgang muligg\u00f8r en betydelig reduktion i st\u00f8rrelsen af den filtrering, der k\u00f8rer i kernen, og flytter alle funktioner til parsing af regler og logik til h\u00e5ndtering af protokoller til brugeromr\u00e5det.    <\/p>\n<p>Vigtige \u00e6ndringer:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> I optimeringsv\u00e6rkt\u00f8jet, der kaldes med indstillingen &#171;-o\/&#8212;optimize&#187;, er der indf\u00f8rt automatisk pakning af regler ved at sammenflette dem og konvertere dem til map- og set-lister. For eksempel reglerne: # cat ruleset.nft table ip x { chain y { type filter hook input priority filter; policy drop; meta iifname eth1 ip saddr 1.1.1.1 ip daddr 2.2.2.3 accept meta iifname eth1 ip saddr 1.1.1.2 ip daddr 2.2.2.4 accept meta iifname eth1 ip saddr 1.1.1.2 ip daddr 2.2.3.0\/24 accept meta iifname eth1 ip saddr 1.1.1.2 ip daddr 2.2.4.0-2.2.4.10 accept meta iifname eth2 ip saddr 1.1.1.3 ip daddr 2.2.2.5 accept } } efter udf\u00f8relsen af &#171;nft -o -c -f ruleset.nft&#187; vil blive konverteret til f\u00f8lgende: ruleset.nft:4:17-74: meta iifname eth1 ip saddr 1.1.1.1 ip daddr 2.2.2.3 accept ruleset.nft:5:17-74: meta iifname eth1 ip saddr 1.1.1.2 ip daddr 2.2.2.4 accept ruleset.nft:6:17-77: meta iifname eth1 ip saddr 1.1.1.2 ip daddr 2.2.3.0\/24 accept ruleset.nft:7:17-83: meta iifname eth1 ip saddr 1.1.1.2 ip daddr 2.2.4.0-2.2.4.10 accept ruleset.nft:8:17-74: meta iifname eth2 ip saddr 1.1.1.3 ip daddr 2.2.2.5 accept til: iifname . ip saddr . ip daddr { eth1 . 1.1.1.1 . 2.2.2.3, eth1 . 1.1.1.2 . 2.2.2.4, eth1 . 1.1.1.2 . 2.2.3.0\/24, eth1 . 1.1.1.2 . 2.2.4.0-2.2.4.10, eth2 . 1.1.1.3 . 2.2.2.5 } accept\n<li class=\"l\"> Optimeringsv\u00e6rkt\u00f8jet kan ogs\u00e5 konvertere regler til en mere kompakt form, hvor enkle set-lister allerede anvendes, for eksempel reglerne: # cat ruleset.nft table ip filter { chain input { type filter hook input priority filter; policy drop; iifname &#171;lo&#187; accept ct state established,related accept comment &#171;I trafik vi stoler p\u00e5, stammer vi fra&#187; iifname &#171;enp0s31f6&#187; ip saddr { 209.115.181.102, 216.197.228.230 } ip daddr 10.0.0.149 udp sport 123 udp dport 32768-65535 accept iifname &#171;enp0s31f6&#187; ip saddr { 64.59.144.17, 64.59.150.133 } ip daddr 10.0.0.149 udp sport 53 udp dport 32768-65535 accept } } efter udf\u00f8relsen af &#171;nft -o -c -f ruleset.nft&#187; vil blive pakket som f\u00f8lger: ruleset.nft:6:22-149: iifname &#171;enp0s31f6&#187; ip saddr { 209.115.181.102, 216.197.228.230 } ip daddr 10.0.0.149 udp sport 123 udp dport 32768-65535 accept ruleset.nft:7:22-143: iifname &#171;enp0s31f6&#187; ip saddr { 64.59.144.17, 64.59.150.133 } ip daddr 10.0.0.149 udp sport 53 udp dport 32768-65535 accept til: iifname . ip saddr . ip daddr . udp sport . udp dport { enp0s31f6 . 209.115.181.102 . 10.0.0.149 . 123 . 32768-65535, enp0s31f6 . 216.197.228.230 . 10.0.0.149 . 123 . 32768-65535, enp0s31f6 . 64.59.144.17 . 10.0.0.149 . 53 . 32768-65535, enp0s31f6 . 64.59.150.133 . 10.0.0.149 . 53 . 32768-65535 } accept\n<li class=\"l\"> Problemet med generation af byte-kode for sammensmeltning af intervaller, som bruger typer med forskellig byte-orden, som for eksempel IPv4 (netv\u00e6rks byte-orden) og meta mark (system byte-orden), er blevet l\u00f8st.        table ip x {             map w {                   typeof ip saddr . meta mark : verdict                   flags interval                   counter                   elements = {                           127.0.0.1-127.0.0.4 . 0x123434-0xb00122 : accept,                           192.168.0.10-192.168.1.20 . 0x0000aa00-0x0000aaff :   accept,                   }            }            chain k {                   type filter hook input priority filter; policy drop;                   ip saddr . meta mark vmap @w            }      }\n<li class=\"l\"> Der er etableret matchning af sj\u00e6ldne protokoller ved brug af r\u00e5 udtryk, for eksempel:         meta l4proto 91 @th,400,16 0x0 accept\n<li class=\"l\"> Problemerne med at inkludere regler med intervaller er blevet l\u00f8st:         insert rule x y tcp sport { 3478-3497, 16384-16387 } counter accept\n<li class=\"l\"> API'et til JSON er forbedret, da det nu underst\u00f8tter udtryk i set- og map-lister.\n<li class=\"l\"> I udvidelserne til python-biblioteket nftables er det tilladt at indl\u00e6se s\u00e6t af regler til behandling i kontroltilstand (&#171;-c&#187;) og der er tilf\u00f8jet support for ekstern definition af variabler.\n<li class=\"l\"> Det er nu tilladt at tilf\u00f8je kommentarer i elementerne i set-lister.\n<li class=\"l\"> Det er tilladt at angive en v\u00e6rdi p\u00e5 nul i byte ratelimit.    <\/ul>\n<p>Kilde: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=58378\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 1.0.6, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4, IPv6, ARP \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 iptables, ip6table, arptables \u0438 ebtables). \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 nftables \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 nf_tables, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-106246","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 1.0.6, 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ebtables).","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/news\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-6","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2022-12-23T13:36:42+00:00","article:modified_time":"2022-12-23T13:36:42+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":[],"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106246","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=106246"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106246\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":164207,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106246\/revisions\/164207"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=106246"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=106246"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=106246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}