{"id":121294,"date":"2025-01-10T15:46:01","date_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:46:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0"},"modified":"2025-01-10T15:46:01","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:46:01","slug":"reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/news\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0","title":{"rendered":"Udgivelse af det selvforsynede Flatpak-pakke system 1.16.0","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Efter to et halvt \u00e5r med udvikling er den nye stabile version af v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jet Flatpak 1.16 offentliggjort, som giver et system til at bygge selvforsynende pakker, der ikke er bundet til specifikke Linux-distributioner og k\u00f8res i en s\u00e6rlig container, der isolerer applikationen fra resten af systemet. Underst\u00f8ttelse af k\u00f8rsel af Flatpak-pakker er sikret for Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux og Ubuntu. Flatpak-pakker er inkluderet i Fedora-repositoriet og underst\u00f8ttes i de standard applikationsadministrationsprogrammer GNOME og KDE.    <\/p>\n<p>N\u00f8glefunktioner i Flatpak 1.16:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Overgangen til Meson build-systemet er gennemf\u00f8rt. Underst\u00f8ttelse af byggeri ved hj\u00e6lp af Autotools er oph\u00f8rt. For at bygge Flatpak kr\u00e6ves nu, at systemet har Python, mindst version 3.5.\n<li class=\"l\"> Implementeret adgang til gssproxy-socketen, som muligg\u00f8r autentificering gennem Kerberos i applikationer, der k\u00f8res i sandbox-isolationsmode.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ved oprettelse af socket for Wayland anvendes udvidelsen security-context, som g\u00f8r det muligt for en compositor <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/server\/\"   title=\"server\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">server<\/a> kan identificere og begr\u00e6nse applikationer, der k\u00f8rer i sandbox-isolationsmode. Tilf\u00f8jet mulighed &#171;&#8212;socket=inherit-wayland-socket&#187; for at arve en eksisterende socket til Wayland.\n<li class=\"l\"> Efter installation eller opdatering af applikationer sikres automatisk genstart af D-Bus sessionsbussen for at inkludere nye D-Bus-tjenester, der eksporteres af applikationer.\n<li class=\"l\"> Distributionerne har mulighed for at definere repositories med Flatpak-pakker, ved at bruge kataloget &#171; \/usr\/share\/flatpak\/remotes.d&#187;, udover &#171; \/etc\/flatpak\/remotes.d&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> Der er blevet arbejdet p\u00e5 at opdele store filer med kildekode i mindre moduler.\n<li class=\"l\"> Tilf\u00f8jet mulighed &#171;&#8212;device=input&#187; for adgang til input-enheder via \/dev\/input.\n<li class=\"l\"> For at isolere applikationer er den nye version af v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jet bubblewrap 0.11 blevet taget i brug. I distributioner, der bygger Flatpak ved hj\u00e6lp af den systemiske bwrap-eksekverbare fil, er det n\u00f8dvendigt at have mindst version 0.11 af bubblewrap. Beskyttelsen mod oprettelse af indlejrede brugernavnrum i sandbox-milj\u00f8er er blevet styrket.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ops\u00e6tningen af yderligere sprog er blevet forenklet. Der er sikret sprogidentifikation baseret p\u00e5 oplysninger om brugerne, udstedt af D-Bus-tjenesten AccountsService.\n<li class=\"l\"> Applikationer, der bruger indlejret sandbox-isolering, s\u00e5som dem baseret p\u00e5 WebKit-motoren, f\u00e5r tilladelse til at anvende AT-SPI-protokollen til at interagere med sk\u00e6rml\u00e6sere. Tilf\u00f8jet mulighed &#171;flatpak run &#8212;a11y-own-name&#187; for at v\u00e6lge den bus, som tilgangen til hj\u00e6lpemidler for personer med handicap foreg\u00e5r gennem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ved udf\u00f8relse af kommandoen &#171;flatpak run -vv &lt;app_id&gt;&#187; vises alle g\u00e6ldende ops\u00e6tningsmuligheder for sandbox-isolering.\n<li class=\"l\"> Tilf\u00f8jet mulighed &#171;&#8212;device=usb&#187;, samt parametrene &#171;&#8212;usb&#187; og &#171;&#8212;no-usb&#187; for at styre adgangen for applikationen til USB-enheder.\n<li class=\"l\"> Support til rammev\u00e6rket KCompletion er tilf\u00f8jet, som anvendes til automatisk udfyldning af s\u00f8geord i KDE.\n<li class=\"l\"> Tilf\u00f8jet milj\u00f8variable &#171;FLATPAK_DATA_DIR&#187; og &#171;FLATPAK_DOWNLOAD_TMPDIR&#187; for at overskrive mapperne for data ( \/usr\/share\/flatpak) og downloadede midlertidige filer ( \/var\/tmp).\n<li class=\"l\"> Escape-sekvenser til visning af fremdrift af operationer i terminal-emulatorer er tilf\u00f8jet.        <\/ul>\n<p>Lad os minde om, at Flatpak forenkler distributionen af programmer, der ikke er inkluderet i standardrepositoryerne for distributioner, ved at forberede en enkelt universel container, der sparer udviklere for at skulle lave separate builds for hver distribution. Brugere, der bekymrer sig om sikkerheden, kan k\u00f8re tvivlsomme applikationer i en container og give selektiv adgang kun til de n\u00f8dvendige netv\u00e6rksfunktioner og brugerfiler. Brugere, der er interesseret i nyheder, kan installere de nyeste beta- og stabile versioner af applikationer uden at skulle \u00e6ndre systemet. For eksempel bygges Flatpak-pakkerne til LibreOffice, GIMP, Inkscape, Kdenlive, Steam, 0 A.D., Visual Studio Code, VLC, Slack, Telegram Desktop, Android Studio mv.      <\/p>\n<p>For at reducere st\u00f8rrelsen inkluderer pakken kun applikationsspecifikke afh\u00e6ngigheder. Grundl\u00e6ggende system- og grafiske biblioteker (GTK, Qt, GNOME og KDE biblioteker osv.) leveres som plug-in type runtime-milj\u00f8er. Den vigtigste forskel mellem Flatpak og Snap er, at Snap bruger komponenter fra det prim\u00e6re systems milj\u00f8 og isolering baseret p\u00e5 filtrering af systemopkald, mens Flatpak opretter en separat container fra systemet og opererer med store runtime-s\u00e6t, der leverer typiske systemmilj\u00f8er som afh\u00e6ngigheder (for eksempel alle biblioteker n\u00f8dvendige for at k\u00f8re GNOME eller KDE programmer).    <\/p>\n<p>Udover det standard systemmilj\u00f8 (runtime), der installeres via et specielt repository, leveres der yderligere afh\u00e6ngigheder (bundle), der er n\u00f8dvendige for applikationens drift. I sum danner \u00abruntime\u00bb og \u00abbundle\u00bb indholdet af containeren, idet \u00abruntime\u00bb installeres separat og knyttes til flere containere, hvilket g\u00f8r det muligt at undg\u00e5 duplikering af f\u00e6lles systemfiler for containerne.     <\/p>\n<p>Der kan v\u00e6re installeret flere forskellige &#171;runtime&#187; (GNOME, KDE) eller flere versioner af \u00e9n &#171;runtime&#187; (GNOME 46, GNOME 47) p\u00e5 et system. Applikationscontaineren som afh\u00e6ngighed bruger binding kun til en bestemt &#171;runtime&#187;, uden hensyntagen til de separate pakker, der danner den valgte &#171;runtime&#187;. Alle manglende elementer pakkes direkte sammen med applikationen. Ved oprettelse af containeren monteres indholdet af &#171;runtime&#187; som partition \/usr, og &#171;bundle&#187; monteres i katalogen \/app.     <\/p>\n<p>Indholdet af &#171;runtime&#187; og applikationscontainere dannes ved hj\u00e6lp af OSTree-teknologi, hvor billedet atom\u00e6rt opdateres fra et Git-lignende lager, der muligg\u00f8r anvendelse af versionskontrolmetoder p\u00e5 distributionskomponenterne (for eksempel kan systemet hurtigt rulles tilbage til en tidligere tilstand). RPM-pakker overs\u00e6ttes til OSTree-lageret ved hj\u00e6lp af rpm-ostree-laget.     <\/p>\n<p>Valgfri installation og opdatering af pakker inden for det arbejdsmilj\u00f8 underst\u00f8ttes ikke &#8212; systemet opdateres ikke p\u00e5 niveauet for enkelte komponenter, men helt, og atom\u00e6rt \u00e6ndrer sin tilstand. Der leveres v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer til inkrementelt anvendelse af opdateringer, der fjerner behovet for en fuld udskiftning af billedet ved hver opdatering.      <\/p>\n<p>Det isolerede milj\u00f8 dannes fuldst\u00e6ndigt uafh\u00e6ngigt af den anvendte distribution, og ved passende konfigurationer har pakken ikke adgang til brugerens eller hovedsystemets filer og processer, og den kan heller ikke direkte kontakte hardwaren, undtagen gennem DRI. Grafikudgang og indgangsorganisation er realiseret ved hj\u00e6lp af Wayland-protokollen eller gennem X11-socket forwarding. Interaktion med den eksterne verden er bygget gennem DBus-meddelelsessystemet og et specialiseret API kaldet Portals.     <\/p>\n<p>Til isolering anvendes Bubblewrap-laget og traditionelle Linux-teknologier til containervirtualisering, baseret p\u00e5 brugen af cgroups, namespaces, Seccomp og SELinux. Lydudgang h\u00e5ndteres via PulseAudio eller PipeWire. N\u00e5r pakken oprettes, kan isoleringen deaktiveres, hvilket mange popul\u00e6re pakkeudviklere udnytter for at f\u00e5 fuld adgang til filsystemet og alle enheder i systemet.     <\/p>\n<p>For eksempel leveres pakker som GIMP, VSCodium, PyCharm, Octave, Inkscape, Audacity og VLC med en begr\u00e6nset isoleringsmodus, der tillader fuld adgang til hjemmebiblioteket. I tilf\u00e6lde af kompromittering af pakker med adgang til hjemmebiblioteket, er det tilstr\u00e6kkeligt for angriberen at \u00e6ndre filen ~ \/ .bashrc, p\u00e5 trods af at der i pakkens beskrivelse er en m\u00e6rkning &#171;sandboxed&#187;. Et s\u00e6rskilt sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l er kontrollen over \u00e6ndringer i pakker og tillid til pakkeopbyggerne, som ofte ikke er tilknyttet det prim\u00e6re projekt eller distributionerne.<br \/>\n<br \/>Kilde: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=62537\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f Flatpak 1.16, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c Linux \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Flatpak-\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux \u0438 Ubuntu. \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441 Flatpak [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-121294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441 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