{"id":30915,"date":"2019-10-31T21:38:10","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:38:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sravnenie-sistem-kosmicheskoj-svyazi\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:38:10","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:38:10","slug":"sravnenie-sistem-kosmicheskoj-svyazi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sravnenie-sistem-kosmicheskoj-svyazi","title":{"rendered":"Sammenligning af rumkommunikationssystemer.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Venner, som I allerede ved, er vi i fuld gang med at forberede et nyt geek-projekt<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 \"Server i skyerne 2.0\", eller \"Rumbaseret Datacenter\". Kort sagt, den 12. april lancerer vi en hjemmelavet server p\u00e5 et stratosf\u00e6risk ballon op til ca. 30 km, vi vil overf\u00f8re data til det via et rumkommunikationssystem, og fra serveren vil vi transmittere data til Jorden via radiokommunikation. <\/p>\n

I dag vil vi gerne fort\u00e6lle om tre rumkommunikationssystemer, som vi vil teste i vores projekt \u2014 Iridium, GlobalStar og \"Gonets\". Til dette vil vi installere modtagerudstyr n\u00e6r vores sky-server.<\/p>\n

\"Sammenligning<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Kort historie<\/h1>\n

\nAlle tre beskrevne systemer blev udviklet og udrullet omtrent samtidig i 1990'erne. Den amerikanske Iridium er den \u00e6ldste i koncept (arbejdet begyndte i 1990), men ogs\u00e5 den mest omfattende \u2014 der var oprindeligt planlagt at lancere 77 satellitter, svarende til det atomare nummer for iridium, men i dag arbejder 66 satellitter i kredsl\u00f8b (+ 6 reserve). Den kommercielle drift af systemet begyndte i 1998. P\u00e5 et \u00e5r var virksomheden g\u00e5et konkurs, og i 2000 blev dens aktiver opk\u00f8bt af en virksomhed, der handlede p\u00e5 vegne af det amerikanske forsvarsministerium. I 2001 begyndte den kommercielle drift igen, og i 2009 blev ejeren af Iridium skiftet ud igen. Siden da har dette satellitkommunikationsnetv\u00e6rk v\u00e6ret i live og fungerende.<\/p>\n

GlobalStar blev ogs\u00e5 grundlagt i USA, selvom virksomheder fra Frankrig, England, Tyskland og Sydkorea deltager i projektet. Udrulningen af satellitkonstellationen begyndte i 1998, og i 2000 blev GlobalStar lanceret i kommerciel drift. Her var der ogs\u00e5 en konkurs, og netv\u00e6rket skiftede ejer i begyndelsen af 2000'erne. I dag arbejder 48 GlobalStar-satellitter i kredsl\u00f8b (+ 4 reserve). <\/p>\n

Det russiske system \"Gonets\" er oprindeligt et statsligt projekt og ikke et privat. Udviklingen begyndte allerede i 1989, og opsendelsen af de f\u00f8rste satellitter begyndte i 1996. Oprindeligt var det planlagt, at konstellationen skulle best\u00e5 af 24 satellitter, men i dag er der kun 12 i drift. I de kommende \u00e5r er der planlagt opsendelse af et par dusin satellitter, herunder til erstatning af de for\u00e6ldede.<\/p>\n

Egenskaber og muligheder<\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Iridium<\/h3>\n

\nDen st\u00f8rste d\u00e6kning med de h\u00f8jeste dataoverf\u00f8rselshastigheder tilh\u00f8rer Iridium. Dens satellitter kredser om jorden i en h\u00f8jde af 780 km med en orbital h\u00e6ldning p\u00e5 86,5\u00b0, og d\u00e6kker hele planetens overflade, fra pol til pol. <\/p>\n

\r\n \"Afspil\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nI \u00f8jeblikket n\u00e5r dataoverf\u00f8rselshastigheden ideelt set op p\u00e5 352 Kbit\/s hos Iridium, og planen er at n\u00e5 op p\u00e5 704\/352 Kbit\/s (modtagelse og afsendelse) ved \u00e5rets slutning. Men de reelle v\u00e6rdier er selvf\u00f8lgelig lavere. N\u00e5r man taler, er lydkvaliteten ikke s\u00e6rlig god, der observeres forvr\u00e6ngninger. <\/p>\n

\"Sammenligning
\n
\nIridium underst\u00f8tter direkte kommunikation mellem satellitter, s\u00e5 systemet kan formelt fungere uden et stort antal gateway-stationer i forskellige lande til at overf\u00f8re data til internettet og det jordbaserede telefonnetv\u00e6rk, i mods\u00e6tning til GlobalStar, og kan i stedet overf\u00f8re al trafik via satellitnetv\u00e6rket til den prim\u00e6re gateway-station i USA. Men for at sikre forbindelsens p\u00e5lidelighed bygges der sandsynligvis stadig gateway-stationer, dog ikke s\u00e5 mange.<\/p>\n

Telefoner til Iridium er nogle af de dyreste p\u00e5 markedet, sk\u00f8nt de adskiller sig med en rig udstyrspakke og funktioner. Der findes b\u00e5de mobilmodemer og mobile enheder til tekstkommunikation (meget billigere end taletjenester). For at transmittere data via Iridium er ud over selve telefonen en computer n\u00f8dvendig, hvor Iridium Data Kit-software installeres. Kommunikationsomkostningerne for dette satellitnetv\u00e6rk er h\u00f8jere end konkurrenternes. For eksempel koster et \u00e5rs kupon til 250 minutter i Rusland 28.700 rubler, og en to-m\u00e5neders kupon til 150 minutter globalt 17.400 rubler. I postbetalingsabonnementer koster en samtaleminut fra 58 rubler, SMS 22 rubler, + abonnement fra 12.000 rubler (mindre end seks m\u00e5neder) og fra 3.100 rubler (mere end seks m\u00e5neder). Desuden indg\u00e5r virksomheden endnu ikke roamingaftaler med nogen, s\u00e5 SIM-kort fra GSM-operat\u00f8rer kan ikke bruges i Iridium-enheder, kun de \"oprindelige\".<\/p>\n

GlobalStar<\/h3>\n

\nHos GlobalStar kredser satellitterne i en h\u00f8jde af 1.400 km og har en orbital h\u00e6ldning p\u00e5 52\u00b0. Satellitterne udveksler ikke data med hinanden, s\u00e5 systemet omfatter ogs\u00e5 et netv\u00e6rk af gateway-stationer, som fungerer som et bindeled mellem repeater-satellitterne, internettet og det jordbaserede telefonnetv\u00e6rk.<\/p>\n

De r\u00f8de viser Iridium-satellitterne, de bl\u00e5 viser GlobalStar:<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Afspil\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nGlobalStar's coverage is modest \u2014 up to 70\u00b0 north and south latitude, meaning polar regions are not covered by this network. However, according to reviews, coverage can be unstable at other latitudes as well. That said, if the satellite is in direct line of sight, you will not experience communication problems. The data transmission speed of GlobalStar is lower than that of Iridium, but the sound quality during voice calls is comparable to talking on a mobile phone.<\/p>\n

\"Sammenligning
\n
\nFormally, the network supports CDMA and GSM standards, but in practice, not all gateway stations work with GSM, although this is not relevant for our country. In most countries, you can insert SIM cards from 'regular' mobile operators into phones compatible with GlobalStar. Devices for GlobalStar are significantly cheaper than those for Iridium. There are phones available with varying degrees of sophistication, a gadget for text communication with a mechanical keyboard, hotspots, trackers for installation on transport or personal use, and much more. There is no subscription fee, and communication services cost less than with Iridium: for example, a package for calls within Russia for six months and 250 minutes costs 9,800 rubles, while in postpaid tariffs, a minute costs 44 rubles, SMS is 4 rubles, and internet access starts at 13 rubles.<\/p>\n

Gonets<\/h3>\n

\nThe satellites of this system orbit the planet at an altitude of 1,500 km along orbits inclined at 82.5\u00b0. As a result, the surface of the Earth is completely covered, but not simultaneously.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Afspil\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nThree gateway stations have been built on Russian territory (with one planned) that connect the satellite constellation to the internet.<\/p>\n

\"Sammenligning
\n
\nInterestingly, Gonets does not compete with other systems in the field of voice communication. Instead, this Russian project specializes in the transmission of text messages. For this, you need to purchase a subscriber device and an antenna, and connect a smartphone, laptop, or desktop computer to them. In short, it\u2019s an introvert's dream \u2014 all communication only in chat and no unexpected calls.<\/p>\n

\"Sammenligning
\n
\nGonets also offers M2M communication services for automatic monitoring of the status and telemetry of various stationary and mobile objects.<\/p>\n

\"Sammenligning
\n
\nAnd additional services such as retransmission of transport geocoordinates and sending notifications. <\/p>\n

Telekommunikationstjenester i netv\u00e6rket betales baseret p\u00e5 et abonnement - i essensen er det forudbetalte m\u00e5nedlige pakker af kilobyte data. For eksempel, ved nul abonnementsafgift opkr\u00e6ver de 26 rubler for hver kilobyte af overf\u00f8rte data, og der er et helt udvalg af pakker fra 470 rubler (30 Kb) til 8.650 rubler (2.000 Kb). Plus 10 rubler for hver udg\u00e5ende besked til mobilnetv\u00e6rkene i Rusland. Hver kilobyte over gr\u00e6nsen betales separat, fra 11 til 26 rubler. <\/p>\n

Hvad skal vi v\u00e6lge?<\/h1>\n

\nVores \u00f8nsker er som f\u00f8lger: at udstyre den 'skyer' server med en tracker til at spore placering og en modul til dataudveksling via satellit. Teoretisk set kan alle tre netv\u00e6rk tilbyde disse funktioner. Vi har allerede k\u00f8bt Iridium og GlobalStar modemer, og en enhed fra 'Gonets' er p\u00e5 vej til os. Vi vil bestemt give dig flere detaljer om vores kommunikationssystem i en af de kommende publikationer.<\/p>\n

\"Sammenligning<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Men indtil da inviterer vi dig til at deltage<\/a><\/noindex> i vores eksperiment, g\u00e6tte nedslagsstedet for sonde og vinde hovedprisen - en rejse til Baikonur.<\/p>\n

Bliv h\u00e6ngende!<\/p>\n

\"Sammenligning<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Kilde: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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