{"id":33590,"date":"2019-10-31T21:53:36","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:53:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/pochta-na-malinke\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:53:36","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:53:36","slug":"pochta-na-malinke","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochta-na-malinke","title":{"rendered":"E-mail p\u00e5 \"Raspberry\"","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Design<\/h3>\n

\nMail, mail\u2026 \"Currently, any beginner user can create their free email inbox, just by registering on one of the internet portals,\" claims Wikipedia. So, launching your own mail server seems a bit strange. Nevertheless, I don't regret the month spent on this, from the day the OS was installed to the day the first email was sent to the recipient online.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nActually, IPTV receivers can be placed along with the 'raspberries', as well as single-board computers based on the Baikal-T1 processor, Cubieboard, Banana Pi, and other devices equipped with ARM microprocessors. The 'raspberry' was chosen as the most aggressively advertised option. It took more than a month to find any useful application for this 'single-board computer'. Finally, I decided to launch a mail server on it after reading a science fiction novel about virtual reality not long ago.<\/p>\n

\"This is a wonderful vision for the future of the Network,\" Wikipedia reports about it. Since its first publication, 20 years have passed. The future has arrived. However, it doesn't seem wonderful to me without seven thousand subscribers, ten thousand rubles in 'monthly income from my site', and so on. This probably pushed me towards 'decentralized social networks' with 'a meager number of likes on their (new users \u2014 N.M.) posts', registering a domain, and launching my own server.<\/p>\n

I'm not strong in laws. Except that I received a message on my mobile phone about the need to confirm personal data in connection with the amendments to federal law 126-FZ, so that's the law I know.<\/p>\n

It turned out that there are as many of these laws as there are mushrooms after the rain. If I were using free mail further, I probably wouldn\u2019t even find out.<\/p>\n

\"And who are we now?\"<\/b><\/p>\n

Firstly, there is simply no organizer of the email service in the law. There is an 'organizer of the instant messaging service', but that\u2019s not quite the same. The addition of 'for personal, family, and household needs' removes all the obligations imposed by law from this organizer, though still not from the one that should be responsible.<\/p>\n

Med en guide til Ubuntu Server ved h\u00e5nden, formoder jeg, at e-mail-tjenester (som er \u00e5benlyse) og filservere (som ikke er s\u00e5 \u00e5benlyse) er beregnet til \"modtagelse, overf\u00f8rsel, levering og (eller) behandling af elektroniske meddelelser fra internettet\" ud over chat med deres \u00f8jeblikkelige beskeder.<\/p>\n

Udvikling<\/h3>\n

\nSammenlignet med andre lokale artikler med hashtagget postfix, er mit v\u00e6rk selvf\u00f8lgelig temmelig primitivt. Ingen brugergodkendelse, ingen databaser og ingen brugere knyttet til lokale konti (det f\u00f8rste og tredje findes i \"minimum mailserveren\"; databaser er praktisk talt overalt, ligesom dovecot).<\/p>\n

\"Ops\u00e6tning af mailsystemet er efter min mening den mest komplekse opgave inden for systemadministration,\" skrev en bruger p\u00e5 Habr meget godt. F\u00f8lger efter PostfixBasicSetupHowto<\/a><\/noindex> (fra help.ubuntu.com<\/a><\/noindex>), har jeg dog udeladt dele om aliasdatabase, .forward-filer og virtuelle aliaser fra den.<\/p>\n

Men for ssl\/tls tog jeg 12 konfigurationslinjer plus 9 kommandolinjer til bash til oprettelse af certifikater fra det dedikerede Postfix artikler<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00e5 CommunityHelpWiki (p\u00e5 samme dom\u00e6ne help.ubuntu.com<\/a><\/noindex>) (men fungerer denne ssl\/tls \u2014 det er sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let). Desuden var firewall i leverand\u00f8rens kontrolpanel, nat p\u00e5 routeren (jeg udsatte ops\u00e6tningen af mikrotik s\u00e5 l\u00e6nge som muligt; jeg sendte e-mails ved at tilslutte mailserveren direkte til det opsatte internetkabler fra leverand\u00f8ren), kommandoerne mail, mailq, postsuper -d id, filen \/var\/log\/mail.log, parameteret always_add_missing_headers, oplysninger om ptr-post, endelig, siden mail-tester.com (med et oligo-fr\u00e6kt design), som ikke n\u00e6vnes i \"mail\"-artiklerne p\u00e5 Habr, som om det var det mest indlysende.<\/p>\n

\"E-mail
\nF\u00f8r jeg rettede v\u00e6rdien af parameteren myhostname i filen \/etc\/postfix\/main.cf<\/i><\/p>\n

\"E-mail
\nEfter jeg rettede v\u00e6rdien af parameteren myhostname i filen \/etc\/postfix\/main.cf<\/i><\/p>\n

Det f\u00f8rste brev fra teknisk support fra internetudbyderen l\u00e6rte mig, at man ikke skal \u00e5bne e-mails ved hj\u00e6lp af kommandolinjeprogrammet mail, for derefter at kunne \u00e5bne og l\u00e6se dem med den velkendte mailklient. Tilsyneladende er dette ikke et problem \"for begyndere administratorer\".<\/p>\n

I mods, i kommentarerne (til andre artikler med hashtagget postfix) beder en bruger p\u00e5 Habr om at \"g\u00f8re det lidt mere komplekst, hvad med webgr\u00e6nseflader til forskellige dele og autentificering fra databasen?\" For en anden \"synes det \u00e5benbart at v\u00e6re meget sv\u00e6rt for dem, der ikke har pr\u00f8vet noget s\u00f8dere end radiser: kernel crashes, sikkerhed (selinux\/apparmor), lidt distribuerede systemer\u2026\", den tredje skriver om \"iRedmail scriptet\". Man venter bare p\u00e5, at den n\u00e6ste foresl\u00e5r at skrive om IPv6.<\/p>\n

E-mail-tjenester er ikke sf\u00e6riske koner i vakuum; de er dele af et hele - fra valget af computer og dom\u00e6nenavn til ops\u00e6tning af routeren - som ingen manual til ops\u00e6tning af en mailserver kan d\u00e6kke (og i hvilken du nok aldrig vil l\u00e6se emnet - Postfix SMTP relay og adgangskontrol<\/a><\/noindex>, findes p\u00e5 den officielle Postfix-hjemmeside).<\/p>\n

Om MikroTik er det slet og ret en s\u00e6rskilt sang.<\/p>\n

N\u00e5, det var det. E-mail er ikke l\u00e6ngere en samling af kommandolinje-kommandoer, konfigurationsfiler (inklusive ops\u00e6tning af DNS), logfiler, dokumentation, hexadecimal numre i stedet for kyrilliske bogstaver (if\u00f8lge Koi8-r tegns\u00e6ttet) i den modtagne e-mail, men et velkendt mailklient med sine protokoller IMAP, POP3, SMTP, konti, indg\u00e5ende og afsendte beskeder.<\/p>\n

Udadtil ligner det stadig det samme, som hvad e-mail er, n\u00e5r man bruger gratis e-mail-tjenester fra de st\u00f8rste IT-virksomheder.<\/p>\n

Selv om der ikke er en webgr\u00e6nseflade.<\/p>\n

Drift<\/h3>\n

\nMan kan ikke komme udenom at se p\u00e5 logfiler!<\/p>\n

Jeg skynder mig at gl\u00e6de dem, der forventede at l\u00e6se her om darknet. For ellers kan jeg ikke kalde det, som fylder den mail-log p\u00e5 den nyoprettede server, andet end som manifestationer af noget mystisk darknet, lige som i l\u00f8bet af et par dage (efter direkte tilslutning) med meddelelser om fors\u00f8g p\u00e5 at oprette forbindelse via POP3 med forskellige navne fra et par IP-adresser (Jeg troede i starten fejlagtigt, at serveren periodisk fors\u00f8gte at sende to e-mails fra k\u00f8en, og at min mail muligvis kunne interessere nogen anden fra internettet, kunne jeg slet ikke forudse).<\/p>\n

Fors\u00f8gene er ikke stoppet, selv efter jeg har tilsluttet serveren via routeren. Dagens logs er fyldt med forbindelser via smtp fra den samme ukendte ip-adresse. Ikke desto mindre er jeg s\u00e5 selvsikker, at jeg ikke vil foretage mig noget imod dette: jeg h\u00e5ber, at selvom en angriber finder brugernavnet til at modtage e-mails, vil det ikke lykkes dem at kn\u00e6kke adgangskoden. Jeg er overbevist om, at mange vil finde dette usikkert, ligesom det er farligt at stole kun p\u00e5 indstillingerne for SMTP-videresendelse og adgangskontrol i \/etc\/postfix\/main.cf.<\/p>\n

Og de vil smadre beskyttelsen af min e-mail tilsmuds.
\n
Kilde: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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