{"id":34006,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","slug":"printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/administrirovanie\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","title":{"rendered":"Hvordan VRRP-protokollen fungerer","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol)<\/b> \u2014 en familie af protokoller, der er designet til at skabe redundans for standardgatewayen. Den f\u00e6lles id\u00e9 for disse protokoller er at samle flere routere i en enkelt virtuel router med en f\u00e6lles IP-adresse. Denne IP-adresse vil blive tildelt til v\u00e6rter som standardgatewayens adresse. En fri implementering af denne id\u00e9 er protokollen VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). I denne artikel vil vi se p\u00e5 grundl\u00e6ggende funktioner i VRRP-protokollen.<\/p>\n

\"Hvordan<\/a><\/noindex>
\nVRRP-routere samles i en enkelt virtuel router. Alle routere i gruppen har en f\u00e6lles virtuel IP (VIP) adresse samt et f\u00e6lles gruppenummer eller VRID (Virtual Router Identifier). \u00c9n router kan v\u00e6re en del af flere grupper, hvor hver gruppe skal have sit unikke par VIP\/VRID.<\/p>\n

I tilf\u00e6lde af Cisco angives den virtuelle router p\u00e5 den relevante gr\u00e6nseflade med f\u00f8lgende kommando:<\/p>\n

R1(config-if)# vrrp  ip<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nAlle routere opdeles i to typer: VRRP Master og VRRP Backup. <\/p>\n
VRRP Master<\/b> \u2014 er den router, der h\u00e5ndterer videresendelse af pakker for denne virtuelle gruppe. <\/p>\n
VRRP Backup<\/b> \u2014 er den router, der venter p\u00e5 pakker fra Master. Hvis pakkerne fra Master stopper med at ankomme, fors\u00f8ger Backup at overg\u00e5 til Master-tilstand. <\/p>\n
Routeren bliver Master, hvis den har den h\u00f8jeste prioritet. Master sender konstant beskeder til den broadcast-adresse 224.0.0.18 for at informere Backup-routerne om, at den er aktiv. Master sender beskeder i henhold til Adver Timer, der som standard er 1 sekund. <\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nHer bruges gruppens MAC-adresse som afsenderadresse 00:00:5E:00:01:xx, hvor xx er VRID i hexadecimalt format. I dette eksempel bruges den f\u00f8rste gruppe. <\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nHvis Backup-routere ikke modtager beskeder i l\u00f8bet af tre Adver Timer (Master Down Timer), bliver den router med den h\u00f8jeste prioritet den nye Master, eller den router med den h\u00f8jeste IP. Backup-routeren med den h\u00f8jeste prioritet vil overtage rollen som Master fra den med lavere prioritet. Men n\u00e5r Backup har fravalgt preempt-tilstand, vil Backup ikke overtage rollen fra Master. <\/p>\n
R1(config-if)# no vrrp  preempt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nHvis VRRP-routeren ejer VIP-adressen, overtager den altid rollen som Master. <\/p>\n
VRRP-prioritet angives som v\u00e6rdier fra 1 til 254. V\u00e6rdi 0 er reserveret til tilf\u00e6lde, hvor Master skal fratr\u00e6de<\/i> tage ansvaret for routingen. V\u00e6rdien 255 tildeles routeren som ejer af VIP. Standardprioriteten er 100, men kan angives administrativt:<\/p>\n
R1(config-if)#vrrp  priority<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nHer kan vi se routerens prioritet, n\u00e5r den er angivet administrativt:<\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nOg her er et tilf\u00e6lde, hvor routeren er ejer af VIP:<\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nVRRP-routeren kan have tre tilstande: Initialize, Backup, Master. Disse tilstande \u00e6ndrer routeren sekventielt. <\/p>\n
I tilstanden Initialize venter routeren p\u00e5 at begynde sit arbejde. Hvis denne router er ejer af VIP-adressen (prioriteten er 255), sender routeren meddelelser om, at den bliver Master. Den sender ogs\u00e5 et gratuitous ARP-anmodning<\/a><\/noindex>, hvor MAC-adressen for kilden er lig med adressen p\u00e5 den virtuelle router. Derefter skifter den til tilstanden Master. Hvis routeren ikke er ejer af VIP, skifter den til tilstanden Backup. <\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nI Backup-tilstanden venter routeren p\u00e5 pakker fra Master. Routeren i denne tilstand responderer ikke p\u00e5 ARP-anmodninger fra VIP-adressen. Den accepterer heller ikke pakker, der har MAC-adressen for den virtuelle router som destinationsadresse. <\/p>\n
Hvis Backup ikke modtager meddelelser fra Master inden for Master Down Timer, sender den en VRRP-meddelelse om, at den er ved at blive Master. Derefter sender den en broadcast VRRP-meddelelse, hvor MAC-adressen for kilden er lig med adressen p\u00e5 denne virtuelle router. I denne meddelelse angiver routeren sin prioritet.<\/p>\n
I Master-tilstanden behandler routeren pakker, der er adresseret til den virtuelle router. Den svarer ogs\u00e5 p\u00e5 ARP-anmodninger til VIP. Master sender VRRP-meddelelser hver Adver Timer for at bekr\u00e6fte, at den fungerer. <\/p>\n
*May 13 19:52:18.531: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 tilstand Init -> Backup\n*May 13 19:52:21.751: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 tilstand Backup -> Master<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nVRRP muligg\u00f8r ogs\u00e5 lastbalancering mellem flere routere. For dette form\u00e5l oprettes der to VRRP-grupper p\u00e5 \u00e9t interface. Den ene gruppe f\u00e5r tildelt en h\u00f8jere prioritet end den anden. Prioriteten p\u00e5 den anden router angives derimod omvendt. Dvs. hvis prioriteten for f\u00f8rste gruppe p\u00e5 \u00e9n router er 100, og for den anden gruppe - 200, s\u00e5 vil prioriteten for f\u00f8rste gruppe p\u00e5 den anden router v\u00e6re 200, og for den anden 100. <\/p>\n
Som n\u00e6vnt f\u00f8r, skal der i hver gruppe v\u00e6re sin unikke VIP. Resultatet er, at vi har to IP-adresser, der betjenes af to routere, hvoraf hver kan fungere som standardgateway. <\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nHalvdelen af computerne f\u00e5r tildelt \u00e9n standardgatewayadresse, mens den anden halvdel f\u00e5r tildelt en anden. P\u00e5 den m\u00e5de vil halvdelen af trafikken g\u00e5 gennem den ene router, og halvdelen gennem den anden. Hvis en af routerne svigter, overtager den anden arbejdet for begge VIP'er.<\/p>\n
\"Hvordan
\nDermed g\u00f8r VRRP det muligt at organisere failover for standardgatewayen og \u00f8ge netv\u00e6rkets p\u00e5lidelighed. Ved brug af flere virtuelle routere kan man ogs\u00e5 balancere belastningen mellem de fysiske routere. Reaktionstiden ved svigt kan forkortes ved at reducere timerne.
\n
Kilde: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25663,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Protokollens VRRP arbejdsprincip | ProHoster","description":"FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 en familie af protokoller designet til at skabe redundans for 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