{"id":35148,"date":"2019-10-31T22:02:35","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:02:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-8-opticheskaya-magistralnaya-set\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:02:35","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:02:35","slug":"seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-8-opticheskaya-magistralnaya-set","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/news\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-8-opticheskaya-magistralnaya-set","title":{"rendered":"Kabel-tv-netv\u00e6rk til de mindste. Del 8: Optisk hovednetv\u00e6rk","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabel-tv-netv\u00e6rk til de mindste. Del 8: Optisk hovednetv\u00e6rk\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/1c4d747d25a95ae994d82fbd59e116a0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nI mange \u00e5r har optisk medium v\u00e6ret grundlaget for dataoverf\u00f8rsel. Det er sv\u00e6rt at forestille sig en l\u00e6ser, der ikke kender til disse teknologier, men uden i det mindste en kort beskrivelse kan jeg ikke undv\u00e6re det i min artikelserie.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Indhold af artikelserien<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449322\/\">Del 1: Overordnet arkitektur af KTV-netv\u00e6rket<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449902\/\">Del 2: Indhold og form af signalet<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450256\/\">Del 3: Den analoge komponent af signalet<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450258\/\">Del 4: Den digitale komponent af signalet<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450278\/\">Del 5: Koaksialt distributionsnet<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450452\/\">Del 6: RF-signalforst\u00e6rkere<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/454542\/\">Del 7: Optiske modtagere<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/455355\/\">Del 8: Optisk hovednetv\u00e6rk<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>Del 9: Hovedstation<\/li>\n<li>Del 10: Fejlfinding p\u00e5 KTV-netv\u00e6rket<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nFor at give et mere fyldestg\u00f8rende billede vil jeg p\u00e5 en enkel m\u00e5de forklare et par grundl\u00e6ggende ting (kast ikke sko efter mig; det er for dem, der slet ikke er bekendt med emnet): optisk fiber er lavet af glas, der er trukket til en tr\u00e5d, der er tyndere end et h\u00e5r. Gennem den spredes en laserstr\u00e5le, som (ligesom enhver elektromagnetisk b\u00f8lge) har en bestemt frekvens. For nemhedens og enkelhedens skyld bruges det normalt at tale om b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde i stedet for frekvens i hertz, og dette m\u00e5les i nanometer i det optiske spektrum. Til transmission af kabel-tv-signaler anvendes normalt \u03bb=1550 nm.<\/p>\n<p>Midlertidigt forbindes dele af hovedledningen sammen ved svejsning eller stikforbindelser. Du kan l\u00e6se mere om dette i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/193146\/\">den fremragende artikel @stalinets<\/a><\/noindex>. Jeg vil kun sige, at netv\u00e6rkene til kabel-tv n\u00e6sten altid bruger skr\u00e5 polering APC. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabel-tv-netv\u00e6rk til de mindste. Del 8: Optisk hovednetv\u00e6rk\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/5d3dadf9f154a8a937721a5547df78c6.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Billedet fra hjemmesiden fiber-optic-solutions.com<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Det medf\u00f8rer en smule mere d\u00e6mpning end en lige forbindelse, men har en meget vigtig egenskab: det reflekterede signal p\u00e5 samlingen spredes ikke langs den samme akse som hovedsignalet, hvilket reducerer dets indflydelse p\u00e5 det. For digitale transmissionssystemer med indbygget redundans og genopretningsalgoritmer synes dette ikke at v\u00e6re vigtigt, men tv-signalet startede som analogt (herunder i optisk fiber), og for det er dette meget kritisk: alle husker dobbelte billeder eller forvridning p\u00e5 gamle tv-apparater ved usikre modtagelser. S\u00e5danne b\u00f8lgef\u00e6nomener kan forekomme b\u00e5de i luften og i kabler. Selvom det digitale tv-signal har en forbedret modstandsdygtighed over for forstyrrelser, mangler det alligevel mange af fordelene ved pakkeoverf\u00f8rsel og kan ogs\u00e5 blive p\u00e5virket p\u00e5 det fysiske niveau, men kan ikke l\u00e6ngere genoprettes ved genanmodning.<\/p>\n<p>For a signal to be transmitted over a significant distance, a high level is required, so amplifiers are essential in the chain. Optical signals in CATV systems are amplified by erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA). The operation of this device exemplifies that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. In brief: as the beam passes through a fiber doped with erbium, conditions are created where each photon of the original emission creates two of its own clones. Such devices are used in all data transmission systems over long distances. They are, of course, not cheap. Therefore, in cases where amplification of the signal to a significant extent is not required and there are no strict noise level requirements, signal regenerators are applied:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabel-tv-netv\u00e6rk til de mindste. Del 8: Optisk hovednetv\u00e6rk\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/629f8aa97d6a0a00ceb8b044d5bdc033.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nThis device, as seen from the structural diagram, performs double conversion of the signal between optical and electrical media. This design allows for the wavelength of the signal to be changed if necessary.<\/p>\n<p>Such operations as amplification and regeneration of the signal are necessary not only to compensate for the kilometer-long attenuation of the cable. The largest losses occur when the signal is divided between branches of the network. Division is performed using passive devices, which can have different numbers of outputs depending on demand, and can divide the signal both symmetrically and asymmetrically.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabel-tv-netv\u00e6rk til de mindste. Del 8: Optisk hovednetv\u00e6rk\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/e1b3b0cc2513d8ae8377090a4410d67d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nInternally, the splitter is either fibers connected at side surfaces or etched, like tracks on a printed circuit board. For a deeper understanding, I recommend the articles <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/users\/nagru\/\" class=\"user_link\">NAGru<\/a><\/noindex> about <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/nag\/blog\/408963\/\">welded<\/a><\/noindex> og <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/nag\/blog\/371203\/\">planar<\/a><\/noindex> splitters, respectively. The more outputs the splitter has, the greater the attenuation it introduces into the signal.<\/p>\n<p>If we add filters to the splitter for separating beams with different wavelengths, we can transmit two signals simultaneously in one fiber.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kabel-tv-netv\u00e6rk til de mindste. Del 8: Optisk hovednetv\u00e6rk\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/8532a92e861978723ce0a7bb0906346b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDette er den simpleste variant af multiplexering p\u00e5 fiber \u2013 FWDM. Ved at tilslutte KTV- og internetudstyr til indgangene TV og Express henholdsvis, f\u00e5r vi et blandet signal i den f\u00e6lles udgang COM, som kan sendes gennem en enkelt fiber, og p\u00e5 den anden side kan det ogs\u00e5 opdeles mellem en optisk modtager og en switch, for eksempel. Dette sker p\u00e5 omtrent samme m\u00e5de som i et glasprisme, hvor en regnbue opst\u00e5r fra hvidt lys.<\/p>\n<p>For at sikre det optiske signal kan der udover de optiske modtagere med to indgange, som jeg n\u00e6vnte <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/454542\/\">i den foreg\u00e5ende del<\/a><\/noindex> anvendes et elektromekanisk rel\u00e6, som kan skifte fra en kilde til en anden baseret p\u00e5 bestemte signalparametre.<br \/>\nVed nedbrydning af en fiber skifter enheden automatisk til den anden. Skiftetiden er mindre end et sekund, s\u00e5 for brugeren ser det i v\u00e6rste fald ud som en h\u00e5ndfuld artefakter p\u00e5 det digitale tv-billede, som straks forsvinder med det n\u00e6ste billede.<br \/>\n<br \/>Kilde: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/455355\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u0422\u0412 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 3: \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 4: \u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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