{"id":35676,"date":"2019-10-31T22:05:42","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-1\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:05:42","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:42","slug":"vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/news\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-1","title":{"rendered":"Udgivelse af nftables paketfilter 0.9.1","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Efter et \u00e5rs udvikling <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/marc.info\/?l=netfilter&#038;m=156139496810281\">pr\u00e6senteret<\/a><\/noindex> pakke-filter udgivelse <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/netfilter.org\/projects\/nftables\/\">nftables 0.9.1<\/a><\/noindex>, som udvikler sig som erstatning for iptables, ip6tables, arptables og ebtables ved at forene gr\u00e6nsefladerne for pakke filtrering for IPv4, IPv6, ARP og netv\u00e6rksbroer. I nftables-pakken indg\u00e5r komponenter til pakke-filteret, der fungerer i brugerrummet, mens nf_tables subsystemet, som er en del af Linux-kernen siden version 3.13, s\u00f8rger for funktionen p\u00e5 kerne-niveau. <\/p>\n<p>P\u00e5 kerne-niveau leveres kun en generel gr\u00e6nseflade, der ikke er afh\u00e6ngig af den specifikke protokol og som leverer grundl\u00e6ggende funktioner til dataudtr\u00e6k fra pakker, udf\u00f8relse af dataoperationer og str\u00f8mstyring.<br \/>\nFiltreringslogikken og protokolspecifikke behandlere kompileres til bytekode i brugerrummet, hvorefter denne bytekode indl\u00e6ses i kernen via Netlink-gr\u00e6nsefladen og udf\u00f8res i en specialiseret virtuel maskine, der minder om BPF (Berkeley Packet Filters). Denne tilgang g\u00f8r det muligt at betydeligt reducere st\u00f8rrelsen af den filtreringskode, der k\u00f8rer p\u00e5 kerne-niveau og flytte alle funktioner til regelspecifikation og protokolbehandling til brugerrummet.<\/p>\n<p>Hovednyhederne:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Underst\u00f8ttelse af IPsec, som muligg\u00f8r adressebinding af tunneler i forbindelse med pakker, IPsec-anmodnings-ID og SPI (Security Parameter Index) tag. For eksempel,\n<p>      \u2026 ipsec i ip saddr 192.168.1.0\/24<br \/>\n      \u2026 ipsec i spi 1-65536<\/p>\n<p>Det er ogs\u00e5 muligt at kontrollere rute-gennemgang gennem en IPsec-tunnel. For eksempel, for at blokere trafik, der ikke g\u00e5r gennem IPsec: <\/p>\n<p>      \u2026 filter output rt ipsec mangler drop<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Underst\u00f8ttelse af IGMP-protokollen (Internet Group Management Protocol). For eksempel, for at afvise indg\u00e5ende IGMP-medlemskabssp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l, kan man bruge reglen\n<p>      nft add rule netdev foo bar igmp type membership-query counter drop<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mulighed for at bruge variabler til at definere overgangsk\u00e6der (jump \/ goto). For eksempel:\n<p>      define dest = ber<br \/>\n      add rule ip foo bar jump $dest<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Underst\u00f8ttelse af masker til identifikation af operativsystemer (OS Fingerprint) baseret p\u00e5 TTL-v\u00e6rdier i headeren. For eksempel, for at markere pakker afh\u00e6ngigt af afsenders operativsystem, kan man bruge kommandoen:\n<p>    \u2026 meta mark set osf ttl skip name map { \u00abLinux\u00bb : 0x1,<br \/>\n                                              \u00abWindows\u00bb : 0x2,<br \/>\n                                              \u00abMacOS\u00bb : 0x3,<br \/>\n                                              \u00abunknown\u00bb : 0x0 }<br \/>\n    \u2026 osf ttl skip version \u00abLinux:4.20\u00bb<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mulighed for at matche ARP-adressen for afsenderen med IPv4-adressen for m\u00e5lsystemet. For eksempel, for at \u00f8ge t\u00e6lleren for ARP-pakker sendt fra adressen 192.168.2.1, kan man bruge reglen:\n<p>        table arp x {<br \/>\n                chain y {<br \/>\n                        type filter hook input priority filter; policy accept;<br \/>\n                        arp saddr ip 192.168.2.1 counter packets 1 bytes 46<br \/>\n                }<br \/>\n        }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Underst\u00f8ttelse af gennemsigtig videresending af foresp\u00f8rgsler gennem proxy (tproxy). For eksempel, til at omdirigere anmodninger til port 80 til proxyport 8080:\n<p>        table ip x {<br \/>\n                chain y {<br \/>\n                        type filter hook prerouting priority -150; policy accept;<br \/>\n                        tcp dport 80 tproxy to :8080<br \/>\n                }<br \/>\n        }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Underst\u00f8ttelse af m\u00e6rkning af sockets med mulighed for at hente den indstillede m\u00e6rkning via setsockopt() i SO_MARK-tilstand. For eksempel:\n<p>        table inet x {<br \/>\n                chain y {<br \/>\n                        type filter hook prerouting priority -150; policy accept;<br \/>\n                        tcp dport 8080 mark set socket mark<br \/>\n                }<br \/>\n        }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Underst\u00f8ttelse af angivelse af tekstnavne for prioriteter for k\u00e6der. For eksempel:\n<p>        nft add chain ip x raw { type filter hook prerouting priority raw; }<br \/>\n        nft add chain ip x filter { type filter hook prerouting priority filter; }<br \/>\n        nft add chain ip x filter_later { type filter hook prerouting priority filter + 10; }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Underst\u00f8ttelse af SELinux-tags (Secmark). For eksempel, for at definere tagget \u00absshtag\u00bb i forbindelse med SELinux-kontexten, kan du k\u00f8re:\n<p>         nft add secmark inet filter sshtag \u00absystem_u:object_r:ssh_server_packet_t:s0\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Og derefter bruge dette m\u00e6rke i reglerne:<\/p>\n<p>        nft add rule inet filter input tcp dport 22 meta secmark set \u00absshtag\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>        nft add map inet filter secmapping { type inet_service : secmark; }<br \/>\n        nft add element inet filter secmapping { 22 : \u00absshtag\u00bb }<br \/>\n        nft add rule inet filter input meta secmark set tcp dport map @secmapping<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mulighed for at angive protokollerne tildelt porte i tekstform, som de er defineret i filen \/etc\/services. For eksempel:\n<p>        nft add rule x y tcp dport \u00abssh\u00bb<br \/>\n        nft list ruleset -l<br \/>\n        table x {<br \/>\n                chain y {<br \/>\n                        \u2026<br \/>\n                        tcp dport \u00abssh\u00bb<br \/>\n                }<br \/>\n        }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mulighed for at kontrollere typen af netv\u00e6rksinterface. For eksempel:\n<p>        add rule inet raw prerouting meta iifkind \u00abvrf\u00bb accept<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Forbedret st\u00f8tte til dynamisk opdatering af indhold i s\u00e6t via eksplicit angivelse af flaget \u00abdynamic\u00bb. For eksempel, for at opdatere s\u00e6ttet \u00abs\u00bb ved at tilf\u00f8je kildeadresse og nulstille posten, hvis der ikke er pakker i 30 sekunder:\n<p>        add table x<br \/>\n        add set x s { type ipv4_addr; size 128; timeout 30s; flags dynamic; }<br \/>\n        add chain x y { type filter hook input priority 0; }<br \/>\n        add rule x y update @s { ip saddr }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mulighed for at angive et separat betingelse for timeout. For eksempel, for at overskrive standardtimeouten for pakker, der kommer til port 8888, kan du angive:\n<p>        table ip filter {<br \/>\n                ct timeout agressive-tcp {<br \/>\n                        protocol tcp;<br \/>\n                        l3proto ip;<br \/>\n                        policy = {established: 100, close_wait: 4, close: 4}<br \/>\n                }<br \/>\n                chain output {<br \/>\n                        \u2026<br \/>\n                        tcp dport 8888 ct timeout set \u00abagressive-tcp\u00bb<br \/>\n                }<br \/>\n        }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Underst\u00f8ttelse af NAT for inet-familien:\n<p>        table inet nat {<br \/>\n                \u2026<br \/>\n                ip6 daddr dead::2::1 dnat to dead:2::99<br \/>\n        }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Forbedrede v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer til fejlinformation for\u00e5rsaget af tastefejl:\n<p>        nft add chain filtre test<\/p>\n<p>        Fejl: Ingen s\u00e5dan fil eller bibliotek; mente du tabel \u00abfilter\u00bb i familie ip?<br \/>\n        add chain filtre test<br \/>\n                  ^^^^^^<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mulighed for at angive interface-navne i s\u00e6t (sets):\n<p>        set sc {<br \/>\n               type inet_service . ifname<br \/>\n               elements = { \u00abssh\u00bb . \u00abeth0\u00bb }<br \/>\n        }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Opdateret syntaks for flowtable-regler:\n<p>        nft add table x<br \/>\n        nft add flowtable x ft { hook ingress priority 0; devices = { eth0, wlan0 }; }<br \/>\n        \u2026<br \/>\n        nft tilf\u00f8j regel x fremad ip protokol { tcp, udp } flow tilf\u00f8j @ft<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Forbedret st\u00f8tte til JSON.\n<\/ul>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Kilde: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50952\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 0.9.1, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b iptables, ip6table, arptables \u0438 ebtables \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4, IPv6, ARP \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 nftables \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 nf_tables, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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