{"id":36191,"date":"2019-10-31T22:10:11","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:10:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kak-korrektnye-otvety-respondentov-mogut-iskazit-rezultaty-oprosa-do-neuznavaemosti\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:10:11","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:10:11","slug":"kak-korrektnye-otvety-respondentov-mogut-iskazit-rezultaty-oprosa-do-neuznavaemosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/news\/kak-korrektnye-otvety-respondentov-mogut-iskazit-rezultaty-oprosa-do-neuznavaemosti","title":{"rendered":"Hvordan \"korrekte\" svar fra respondenter kan forvride unders\u00f8gelsesresultaterne til det uigenkendelige","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00e5r man gennemf\u00f8rer en unders\u00f8gelse, er der stort fokus p\u00e5 indsamling af data, s\u00e5 n\u00e5r svarene fra respondenterne er indsamlet, accepteres de apodiktisk som korrekte, og rapporten baseret p\u00e5 disse svar anses for objektiv. Men der opst\u00e5r ofte situationer, hvor en n\u00e6rmere gennemgang af de enkelte svar afsl\u00f8rer \u00e5benlyse misforst\u00e5elser fra respondenternes side af sp\u00f8rgeskemaets formuleringer eller instruktionerne til sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5lene.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n1.<\/b> Misforst\u00e5else af professionelle termer eller visse ord. N\u00e5r man udarbejder et sp\u00f8rgeskema, b\u00f8r man overveje, hvilke grupper af respondenter det er beregnet til: alder og status for deltagerne i unders\u00f8gelsen, om de bor i store byer eller afsides beliggenheder mv. Der b\u00f8r v\u00e6re forsigtighed med at bruge specialiserede termer og forskelligt slang \u2013 ikke alle respondenter vil m\u00e5ske forst\u00e5 dem, eller de vil ikke n\u00f8dvendigvis forst\u00e5 dem ens. Ofte f\u00f8rer en s\u00e5dan misforst\u00e5else dog ikke til, at respondenten opgiver unders\u00f8gelsen (hvilket naturligvis ville v\u00e6re u\u00f8nsket), og de svarer tilf\u00e6ldigt (hvilket er endnu mere u\u00f8nsket p\u00e5 grund af forvr\u00e6ngning af data).<\/p>\n

2.<\/b> Misforst\u00e5else af sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let. Mange forskere er overbevist om, at hver respondent har en entydig og klart formuleret mening om hvert sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l. Det er ikke sandt. Nogle gange har deltagerne i sp\u00f8rgeskemaet sv\u00e6rt ved at besvare et sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l, fordi de aldrig har t\u00e6nkt over emnet som helhed eller fra den vinkel. Denne vanskelighed kan f\u00e5 respondenten til at opgive unders\u00f8gelsen eller svare p\u00e5 en helt uinformeret m\u00e5de. Hj\u00e6lp deltagerne med at besvare, ved at formulere sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let tydeligere og ved at tilbyde forskellige svarmuligheder.<\/p>\n

\"HvordanKilde: news.sportbox.ru<\/i><\/p>\n

3.<\/b> Misforst\u00e5else af instruktionerne til sp\u00f8rgeskemaet eller enkeltst\u00e5ende sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l. Ligesom resten af teksten i sp\u00f8rgeskemaet skal formuleringerne af instruktionerne tilpasses alle grupper af potentielle respondenter. Fors\u00f8g at undg\u00e5 et stort antal sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l, hvor der skal angives et bestemt antal svar (\"Angiv de tre vigtigste...\") eller i alle s\u00e5danne sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l, bestem et ensartet antal svar, der skal angives. Det er ogs\u00e5 en god id\u00e9 at reducere komplekse sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5lsformer (matricer, rangordning osv.) ved at erstatte dem med enklere sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l. Hvis du mener, at respondenterne kan besvare sp\u00f8rgeskemaet fra en mobiltelefon, s\u00e5 pr\u00f8v at g\u00f8re strukturen af unders\u00f8gelsen endnu mere simpel.<\/p>\n

4.<\/b> Misforst\u00e5elsen af vurderingsskalaen. N\u00e5r du bruger en vurderingsskala i sp\u00f8rgeskemaet, skal du forklare respondenterne dens betydning, selvom det virker indlysende for dig. For eksempel forst\u00e5s en velkendt skala fra 1 til 5 ofte som i det danske skolesystem, men lejlighedsvis markerer respondenter '1' og till\u00e6gger den betydningen af f\u00f8rste plads. I verbale skalaer er det bedst at undg\u00e5 subjektive kriterier. For eksempel er skalaen 'aldrig - sj\u00e6ldent - nogle gange - ofte' meget subjektiv. I stedet b\u00f8r du tilbyde konkrete v\u00e6rdier ('1 gang om m\u00e5neden' osv.).<\/p>\n

5.<\/b> Generelt positive og gennemsnitlige vurderinger. Respondenters tilb\u00f8jelighed til generelt positive vurderinger hindrer ofte, for eksempel ved unders\u00f8gelser af softwarebrugere og andre lignende forskninger. Hvis en bruger generelt er tilfreds med dit program, har han sv\u00e6rt ved at opdele det i dele og vurdere personlige paneler, nye funktioner osv. Mest sandsynligt vil han give h\u00f8je karakterer overalt. Ja, rapporten om unders\u00f8gelsens resultater vil se meget positiv ud, men resultaterne vil ikke tillade en reel vurdering af situationen.
\nGennemsnitlige vurderinger hindrer ofte, for eksempel ved 360-graders medarbejderevaluering. Medarbejdere tendens til at give en gennemsnitlig karakter for alle kompetencer: hvis holdningen til en kollega er positiv, vil du se overestimerede karakterer i hele sp\u00f8rgeskemaet, hvis forholdet til kollegaen er ansp\u00e6ndt, s\u00e5 selv hans \u00e5benlyse st\u00e6rke lederevner vil blive vurderet lavt. <\/p>\n

I begge tilf\u00e6lde er det fornuftigt at arbejde grundigt med svarmulighederne, ved at erstatte de velkendte skalaer med detaljerede verbale svar for hvert enkelt sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l.<\/p>\n

6.<\/b> Manipulering af meninger. Dette punkt adskiller sig fra de foreg\u00e5ende ved, at forskere bevidst skubber respondenterne mod svar, der er fordelagtige for dem, for at opn\u00e5 en 'succesfuld' rapport. Almindelige metoder til manipulation inkluderer illusionen af valg og fokus p\u00e5 positive karakteristika. Normalt t\u00e6nker ledere, der studerer de positive resultater af en unders\u00f8gelse, ikke p\u00e5 korrektheden af datafortolkningen. Men det er v\u00e6rd at se objektivt p\u00e5 selve sp\u00f8rgeskemaet: Hvad er dens logik, er der en bestemt linje i sp\u00f8rgeskemaet, og er de positive og negative svarmuligheder j\u00e6vnt fordelt? En anden almindelig teknik til 'manipulering' af data er begrebsforvr\u00e6ngning. For eksempel, hvis flertallet af medarbejderne vurderer det nye bel\u00f8nningsprogram som 'tilfredsstillende', kan det i rapporten fremstilles som, at 'flertallet af virksomhedens medarbejdere er tilfredse med det nye bel\u00f8nningsprogram'.
\n
Kilde: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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