{"id":42216,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:03","slug":"kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","title":{"rendered":"Programmeringskoncepter i Scratch","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Programmeringskoncepter<\/p>\n

Scratch er velkendt for mange \u2013 en b\u00f8rnevenlig programmeringsplatform, hvor l\u00e6ringen typisk fokuserer p\u00e5 at skabe kreative projekter efter princippet 'fra enkelt til komplekst'. Den 'klassiske tilgang' til at l\u00e6re programmering (variable \u2192 forgreninger \u2192 l\u00f8kker \u2192 funktioner \u2192 strukturer \u2192 objekter \u2192 \u2026) er dog besv\u00e6rlig i Scratch.<\/p>\n

At \u00e6ndre r\u00e6kkef\u00f8lgen af konceptuel l\u00e6ring (lad os kalde dem koncepter) inden for strukturel, objekt- og begivenhedsorienteret programmering og skjule dem bag farverige sprites og interaktiv animation, betyder ikke, at fokus p\u00e5 koncepterne er overfl\u00f8digt. Is\u00e6r ikke hvis m\u00e5let ikke kun er at udvikle kreative evner, men ogs\u00e5 at l\u00e6re programmering. <\/a><\/noindex>Denne id\u00e9 har jeg fors\u00f8gt at afspejle i mit kursus<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Det f\u00f8rste, en nybegynder i Scratch st\u00f8der p\u00e5, er sprites. Selvom der ikke findes objektorienteret programmering i Scratch, kan sprites betragtes som objekter. P\u00e5 dette stadie ser den l\u00e6rende, at programmet kan have mange objekter, hvis adf\u00e6rd styres af eksterne scripts. Sprites modtager kommandoer eller giver information om deres tilstand efter behov, hvilket vil sige, at programmering i h\u00f8j grad handler om at styre objekter.<\/p>\n

Det andet, der straks rammer den unge programm\u00f8r i Scratch, er begrebet multitr\u00e5dning. Hver sprite kan have flere scripts, der k\u00f8rer samtidig. Flere sprites kan ogs\u00e5 k\u00f8re deres programmer p\u00e5 samme tid med hinanden. Det viser sig at v\u00e6re sv\u00e6rere at organisere sekventiel udf\u00f8relse.<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringskoncepter<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringskoncepter<\/p>\n

Allerede i den f\u00f8rste lektion kan vi ikke undg\u00e5 at blive introduceret til l\u00f8kker. Ellers kan katten ikke rigtig komme af sted. P\u00e5 dette stadie m\u00e5 bekendtskabet med l\u00f8kkerne forblive intuitivt og overfladisk. Vi begr\u00e6nser det til l\u00f8kkerne 'gentag altid' og 'gentag... gange', som er lettere at forst\u00e5. L\u00f8kken med betingelse bliver gennemg\u00e5et i en lektion, der er specielt dedikeret til l\u00f8kker. Denne lektion foruds\u00e6tter kendskab til logiske udtryk og variable.<\/p>\n

Da Scratch er en begivenhedsorienteret platform, er det lettere at l\u00e6re betingelsesblokkene f\u00f8r variable. Betingelserne kan v\u00e6re forskellige begivenheder.<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringskoncepter<\/p>\n

Jeg mener, at denne r\u00e6kkef\u00f8lge er bedre, da vi for hver lektion introducerer minimum af begreber. Desuden er de ikke abstrakte, men vi ser straks deres praktiske v\u00e6rdi.<\/p>\n

Hvis man derimod f\u00f8rst studerer variable, er det sv\u00e6rt at demonstrere deres form\u00e5l og nytte, da den betingede operator, datagenerering og tilf\u00e6ldige tal ikke er studeret endnu. <\/p>\n

I Scratch, bortset fra lister, st\u00e5r programm\u00f8rerne over for tre datatyper: tal, strenge og boolesk type. Her er typen knyttet til v\u00e6rdien, ikke til variablen. Det er ikke n\u00f8dvendigt at konvertere strenge til tal og tilbage. Strenge s\u00e6ttes ikke i citationstegn.<\/p>\n

Blokken, der returnerer en boolesk v\u00e6rdi og har en karakteristisk vinklet form, kan inds\u00e6ttes i runde felter. Det omvendte g\u00e6lder ikke: hvor der forventes et logisk udtryk, kan man ikke inds\u00e6tte en almindelig variabel.<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringskoncepter<\/p>\n

Scratch er designet til, at der ikke opst\u00e5r kritiske fejl under udarbejdelsen. Det er sandsynligvis derfor, at hvis man fors\u00f8ger at bruge en streng i en aritmetisk operation, bliver den erstattet med nul (se f\u00f8rste sk\u00e6rm).<\/p>\n

Programm\u00f8ren skal vide, at programmeringsspr\u00e5kernes muligheder udvides gennem biblioteker. N\u00e5r man arbejder i Scratch, kan eleven forbinde tilf\u00f8jelser, der f\u00f8rer til nye kommandoer i milj\u00f8et.<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringskoncepter<\/p>\n

Funktioner i Scratch findes i sektionen 'Andre blokke', hvor man p\u00e5 den ene side kan oprette sin egen blok, der kan inds\u00e6ttes i andre scripts. P\u00e5 den anden side skal man samle funktionaliteten af denne blok, det vil sige hvad den skal g\u00f8re.<\/p>\n

\"Programmeringskoncepter<\/p>\n

Der er ingen v\u00e6rdi tilbage fra Scratch-funktionen.<\/p>\n

Derfor s\u00e6tter studiet af programmeringskoncepter i en begivenhedsorienteret milj\u00f8 sit pr\u00e6g. I bund og grund studerer vi f\u00f8rst mere komplekse og abstrakte begreber, og f\u00f8rst n\u00e5r vi dykker dybere ned i processen, g\u00e5r vi videre til elementerne i strukturel programmering. Om dette er en fordel eller ulempe for den f\u00f8rste introduktion \u2013 det er et diskussionsemne.<\/p>\n

Kilde: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c Scratch \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u00ab\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2192 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b \u2192 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u2192 \u2026) \u0432 Scratch \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438) \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e- […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Programmeringskoncepter i Scratch | ProHoster","description":"Mange er bekendt med Scratch \u2013 et b\u00f8rnevenligt 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