{"id":54267,"date":"2019-12-22T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-21T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/how-to-nastrojka-seti-i-vlan-na-vydelennom-servere-hetzner-i-mikrotik"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:16","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:16","slug":"how-to-nastrojka-seti-i-vlan-na-vydelennom-servere-hetzner-i-mikrotik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/administrirovanie\/how-to-nastrojka-seti-i-vlan-na-vydelennom-servere-hetzner-i-mikrotik","title":{"rendered":"HOW-to \/ Ops\u00e6tning af netv\u00e6rk og VLAN p\u00e5 en dedikeret server fra Hetzner og Mikrotik","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>N\u00e5r du st\u00e5r over for sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l og gennemg\u00e5r en stor m\u00e6ngde dokumentation, s\u00e5 pr\u00f8v at systematisere og nedskrive det, du har l\u00e6rt, s\u00e5 du bedre kan huske det. Lav ogs\u00e5 en instruktion om dette emne, s\u00e5 du ikke skal gennemg\u00e5 hele processen igen.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Den oprindelige dokumentation findes i stort omfang p\u00e5 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.proxmox.com\">https:\/\/forum.proxmox.com<\/a><\/noindex> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wiki.hetzner.de\">https:\/\/wiki.hetzner.de<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"postanovka-zadachi\">Problemformulering<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Klienten \u00f8nsker at samle flere lejede servere i et netv\u00e6rk for at undg\u00e5 at betale for flere ekstra undernet, tilslutte alt sit udstyr til en router, tildele dem lokale adresser internt, og beskytte dem med en firewall. S\u00e5 hele serverkommunikationen k\u00f8rer inden for VLAN. Plus at flytte virtuelle maskiner fra en gammel server til en ny og opgive den gamle, opgradere det brugte gamle hardware og samtidig skifte til en ny Proxmox.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Klienten har oprindeligt 5 servere, hvor hver enkelt har et ekstra undernet, den f\u00f8rste adresse fra det tildelte undernet er tildelt en ekstra bro p\u00e5 Proxmox. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"HOW-to \/ Ops\u00e6tning af netv\u00e6rk og VLAN p\u00e5 en dedikeret server fra Hetzner og Mikrotik\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/fa42daab8b3703e4a1bf926bc421e885.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>VM'erne k\u00f8rer p\u00e5 Windows og har tildelt adressen 85.x.x.177\/29 med gateway 85.x.x.176.<br \/>\nAlle 5 servere med deres virtuelle maskiner er opsat p\u00e5 lignende m\u00e5de.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Det er sjovt, at denne konfiguration er fejlagtig i netv\u00e6rksindstillingerne i princippet; at bruge netv\u00e6rksadressen til den f\u00f8rste node, som ogs\u00e5 er gateway. Hvis man fors\u00f8ger at implementere en s\u00e5dan konfiguration p\u00e5 en virtuel maskine i Ubuntu, fungerer netv\u00e6rket ikke.<br \/>\n\u2003<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"realizaciya\">Implementering<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Opretter en vSwitch i gr\u00e6nsefladen, tildeler VlanID til den, og tilf\u00f8jer denne vSwitch til alle de servere, vi har brug for.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"HOW-to \/ Ops\u00e6tning af netv\u00e6rk og VLAN p\u00e5 en dedikeret server fra Hetzner og Mikrotik\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46183290bf149dc532816bb36206178e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vi laver en testserver, s\u00e5 vi kan konfigurere og flytte uden problemer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vi starter med den f\u00f8rste virtuelle maskine chr i <strong><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wiki.mikrotik.com\/wiki\/Manual:CHR_ProxMox_installation\">instruktionen til proxmox.<\/a><\/noindex><\/strong>. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Hvis du bruger det angivne script, bem\u00e6rk venligst, at der i begyndelsen kontrolleres for eksistensen af mappen -d \/root\/temp, og hvis den ikke findes, oprettes mappen \/home\/root\/temp, men arbejdet forts\u00e6tter alligevel med mappen \/root\/temp. Scriptet skal rettes, s\u00e5 den korrekte mappe oprettes.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vi konfigurerer netv\u00e6rket til Proxmox.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"HOW-to \/ Ops\u00e6tning af netv\u00e6rk og VLAN p\u00e5 en dedikeret server fra Hetzner og Mikrotik\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8a259a88ae768c811198408833ff7555.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vi tilf\u00f8jer en subinterface med VLAN-nummeret og angiver, at konfigurationen af adresser vil finde sted p\u00e5 broer ved hj\u00e6lp af inet manual. VIGTIGT. Du m\u00e5 ikke s\u00e6tte IP-adresser p\u00e5 de interfaces, som du senere vil inkludere i en bro, da det jo ikke er klart, hvordan det vil fungere, eller om det overhovedet vil fungere.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Derefter opretter vi broen vmbr0 og knytter den f\u00f8rste adresse, som er tildelt os af udbyderen Hetzner, til broen. Vi angiver porten til broen \u2013 den f\u00f8rste fysiske interface uden VLAN, samt tilf\u00f8jer en rute til vores ekstra netv\u00e6rk, som er bestilt fra Hetzner for denne server via denne bro. Tilf\u00f8jelsen af ruten tr\u00e6der i kraft, n\u00e5r interfacet aktiveres.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Den anden bro vil v\u00e6re vores interface til lokal trafik, vi tilf\u00f8jer en adresse for at sikre forbindelse mellem forskellige Proxmox-servere i det lokale netv\u00e6rk uden at g\u00e5 p\u00e5 internettet, og angiver subinterfacet eno1.4000 som port, der er tildelt vores VlanID.<br \/>\nN\u00e5r man indstiller systemet f\u00f8rste gang, er der r\u00e5d om, at man kan installere pakken ifupdown2 til Proxmox, s\u00e5 man ikke beh\u00f8ver at genstarte serveren ved \u00e6ndringer i netv\u00e6rksinterfacene. Men dette g\u00e6lder kun for den indledende ops\u00e6tning, og ved brug af broer og ops\u00e6tning af virtuelle maskiner, st\u00f8der man p\u00e5 problemer med netv\u00e6rksforbindelse i de virtuelle maskiner. Givet at du for eksempel har rettet interfacet vmbr2, taber netv\u00e6rket forbindelsen for alle interne interfacet, og det kommer ikke op igen f\u00f8r serveren genstartes fuldst\u00e6ndigt. ifdown&amp;&amp;ifup hj\u00e6lper ikke. Hvis nogen har en l\u00f8sning \u2013 vil jeg v\u00e6re taknemmelig.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Det f\u00f8rste konfigurerede interface p\u00e5 serveren forbliver aktivt og tilg\u00e6ngeligt.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Tildeling af en adresse til CHR for ikke at miste adresser fra puljen.<br \/>\nPuljen af adresser, som Hetzner tildeler, ser for netv\u00e6rksteknikeren meget underlig ud, omtrent s\u00e5dan her: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"HOW-to \/ Ops\u00e6tning af netv\u00e6rk og VLAN p\u00e5 en dedikeret server fra Hetzner og Mikrotik\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/d6f74e42e41a6bdeb7f172089b7c48fd.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Underligheden er, at der foresl\u00e5s at bruge den fysiske servers egen adresse som gateway.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Den klassiske l\u00f8sning, der foresl\u00e5s af Hetzner selv, er beskrevet i problemstillingen og blev gennemf\u00f8rt af kunden selv. I denne l\u00f8sning mister kunden den f\u00f8rste adresse til netv\u00e6rket, den anden adresse til broen proxmox, som ogs\u00e5 vil fungere som gateway, og den sidste adresse til broadcast. IPv4-adresser er aldrig overfl\u00f8dige. Hvis du pr\u00f8ver at angive IP-adressen 136.x.x.177\/29 direkte p\u00e5 CHR og gateway for 0.0.0.0\/0 148.x.x.165, kan du g\u00f8re det, men gateway vil ikke v\u00e6re Direct Connected og derfor vil v\u00e6re utilg\u00e6ngelig. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"HOW-to \/ Ops\u00e6tning af netv\u00e6rk og VLAN p\u00e5 en dedikeret server fra Hetzner og Mikrotik\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ca6ba7eab91409c85a388135c050388e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Man kan l\u00f8se det ved at bruge 32-netv\u00e6rk p\u00e5 hver adresse og angive den \u00f8nskede adresse som netv\u00e6rksnavn, hvilket kan v\u00e6re vilk\u00e5rligt. Det svarer til en point-to-point forbindelse.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"HOW-to \/ Ops\u00e6tning af netv\u00e6rk og VLAN p\u00e5 en dedikeret server fra Hetzner og Mikrotik\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/6b7ac19527459656141c519c263f744b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>I dette tilf\u00e6lde vil gatewayen naturligvis v\u00e6re tilg\u00e6ngelig, og alt vil fungere, som vi har brug for.<br \/>\nV\u00e6r opm\u00e6rksom p\u00e5, at det i en s\u00e5dan konfiguration ikke anbefales at bruge SRC-NAT masquerade-reglen, fordi den udg\u00e5ende adresse vil v\u00e6re ubestemt forskellig, og det er mere korrekt at angive action: src-NAT og den specifikke adresse, som du vil frigive klienten fra.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Og til sidst.<br \/>\nFor at blokere adgangen til selve Proxmox fra internettet, skal du bruge de indbyggede v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer: der er en fremragende firewall.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"HOW-to \/ Ops\u00e6tning af netv\u00e6rk og VLAN p\u00e5 en dedikeret server fra Hetzner og Mikrotik\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/898e599c2a83e4b4e1b481fbd196338b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Det er ikke en god id\u00e9 at bruge den firewall, som Hetzner tilbyder, for ikke at blive forvirret over placeringen af indstillingerne. Hetzner vil ogs\u00e5 p\u00e5virke alle netv\u00e6rk, herunder dem, der er tilknyttet CHR, og for at \u00e5bne og viderekoble porte skal du ogs\u00e5 \u00e5bne dem i webgr\u00e6nsefladen hos udbyderen.<\/p>\n<p>Kilde: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/481290\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 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https:\/\/wiki.hetzner.de \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044f 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