{"id":55027,"date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-09T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:06","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:06","slug":"bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/administrirovanie\/bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu","title":{"rendered":"DB for messenger (del 2): sektionerer \"live\"","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Vi har vellykket designet strukturen af vores PostgreSQL-database til opbevaring af korrespondance, og nu, et \u00e5r senere, fylder brugerne aktivt i den, s\u00e5 der er allerede <b>millioner af poster<\/b>, og\u2026 noget begynder at hakke.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483176\/\">Del 1: design rammen p\u00e5 databasen<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>Del 2: sektionering \"live\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB for messenger (del 2): sektionerer &quot;live&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/7830da046d9c472af15330e42cbb05e0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nSagen er den, at <b>med v\u00e6ksten i tabellens st\u00f8rrelse vokser ogs\u00e5 \"dybden\" af indeksene<\/b> \u2014 selvom det er logaritmisk. Men over tid tvinger dette serveren til at behandle <i>mange flere datablade<\/i>, end i starten.<\/p>\n<p>Her kommer <b>partitionering<\/b>.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nJeg bem\u00e6rker, at jeg ikke taler om sharding, dvs. fordeling af data mellem forskellige databaser eller servere. For selvom du deler dataene p\u00e5 <b>flere<\/b> serverne, vil du ikke slippe af med problemet med \"oppustede\" indekser over tid. Det er klart, at hvis du har r\u00e5d til at s\u00e6tte en ny server i drift hver dag, vil dine problemer ligge p\u00e5 et helt andet niveau end den specifikke database.<\/p>\n<p>Vi vil ikke se p\u00e5 specifikke scripts til at implementere partitionering \"i hardwaren\", men snarere p\u00e5 tilgangen \u2014 hvad og hvordan man skal \"sk\u00e6re i skiver\", og hvad en s\u00e5dan \u00f8nsket effekt f\u00f8rer til.<\/p>\n<h2>Konceptet<\/h2>\n<p>\nLad os endnu engang definere vores m\u00e5l: vi \u00f8nsker at sikre, at m\u00e6ngden af l\u00e6sbare PostgreSQL-data for enhver l\u00e6se-\/skrivningsoperation forbliver nogenlunde den samme, b\u00e5de i dag, i morgen og om et \u00e5r.<\/p>\n<p>For enhver <b>kronologisk akkumulere data<\/b> (beskeder, dokumenter, logs, arkiver, &#8230;) det naturlige valg som sektioneringsn\u00f8gle er <b>dato\/tidspunkt for begivenheden<\/b>. I vores tilf\u00e6lde er en s\u00e5dan begivenhed <u>tidspunktet for afsendelse af beskeden<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>Vi bem\u00e6rker, at brugere n\u00e6sten altid <b>kun arbejder med \"de seneste\"<\/b> s\u00e5danne data \u2014 de l\u00e6ser de seneste beskeder, analyserer de seneste logfiler,\u2026 Nej, de kan selvf\u00f8lgelig ogs\u00e5 bladre l\u00e6ngere tilbage i tiden, men de g\u00f8r det meget sj\u00e6ldent.<\/p>\n<p>Ud fra disse begr\u00e6nsninger bliver det indlysende, at den optimale l\u00f8sning for beskeder vil v\u00e6re <b>\"dagsbaserede\" sektioner<\/b> \u2014 for n\u00e6sten altid vil vores bruger l\u00e6se det, som kom til ham \"i dag\" eller \"i g\u00e5r\".<\/p>\n<p>Hvis vi i l\u00f8bet af dagen skriver og l\u00e6ser n\u00e6sten udelukkende i \u00e9n sektion, giver det os ogs\u00e5 <b>en mere effektiv udnyttelse af hukommelse og disk<\/b> \u2014 da alle indekser i sektionen let kan passe i RAM, i mods\u00e6tning til \"store og fedtede\" over hele tabellen.<\/p>\n<h2>trinvise<\/h2>\n<p>\nGenerelt lyder alt det ovenst\u00e5ende som \u00e9n stor profit. Og den er opn\u00e5elig, men for det kr\u00e6ver det, at vi g\u00f8r en stor indsats \u2013 fordi <u>beslutningen om at sektionere en af enhederne f\u00f8rer til behovet for at \u00bbopdele\u00ab ogs\u00e5 de relaterede<\/u>.<\/p>\n<h4>Besked, dens egenskaber og projektioner<\/h4>\n<p>\nN\u00e5r vi har besluttet at opdele beskeder efter datoer, giver det ogs\u00e5 mening at dele de afh\u00e6ngige egenskaber (vedh\u00e6ftede filer, liste over modtagere) og <b>ogs\u00e5 efter beskedens dato<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Da en af vores typiske opgaver netop er at gennemg\u00e5 registrene for beskeder (ul\u00e6ste, indg\u00e5ende, alle), er det ogs\u00e5 logisk at \u00bbtr\u00e6kke\u00ab dem ind i sektioneringen efter beskedernes datoer.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB for messenger (del 2): sektionerer &quot;live&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/5ea615ca97a2b865de537777c401038c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Vi tilf\u00f8jer sektioneringsn\u00f8glen (beskedens dato) til alle tabeller: modtagere, fil, registre. I selve beskeden kan man undlade at tilf\u00f8je det og bruge eksisterende DatoTid.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Temaer<\/h4>\n<p>\nDa emnet er det samme for flere beskeder, kan vi ikke \u00bbopdele\u00ab det i den samme model, det er n\u00f8dvendigt at basere sig p\u00e5 noget andet. I vores tilf\u00e6lde passer det perfekt <b>den f\u00f8rste besked i korrespondancen<\/b> \u2013 alts\u00e5 tidspunktet for oprettelsen af emnet.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB for messenger (del 2): sektionerer &quot;live&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4f1336a9e229221f1e25ee8d3c08fb5e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Vi tilf\u00f8jer sektioneringsn\u00f8glen (emnets dato) til alle tabeller: emne, deltager.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nMen nu opst\u00e5r der straks to problemer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>hvilken sektion skal vi s\u00f8ge beskeder efter emne?<\/li>\n<li>hvilken sektion skal vi s\u00f8ge emnet fra beskeden?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMan kan selvf\u00f8lgelig forts\u00e6tte med at lede i alle sektioner, men det vil v\u00e6re meget trist og vil annullere alle vores gevinster. Derfor, for at vide, hvor vi konkret skal lede, laver vi logiske links\/referencer til sektionerne:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vi tilf\u00f8jer i beskeden <b>et felt med emnets dato<\/b><\/li>\n<li>til emnet tilf\u00f8jer vi <b>s\u00e6ttet af besked datoer<\/b> for denne korrespondance (kan g\u00f8res som en separat tabel eller som et array af datoer)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB for messenger (del 2): sektionerer &quot;live&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/f7bfdc96c396ca37f46d876f185bf98e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDa modifikationerne af listen over besked datoer for hver enkelt korrespondance vil v\u00e6re f\u00e5 (n\u00e6sten alle beskeder falder i 1-2 n\u00e6rliggende dage), vil jeg stoppe op med denne l\u00f8sning.<\/p>\n<p>I alt har strukturen af vores database taget f\u00f8lgende form under hensyntagen til sektioneringen:<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Tabeller : RU, ved modvilje mod kyrillik i tabeller\/kolonner, er det bedst ikke at se<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">-- sektioner efter beskeddato\nCREATE TABLE \"Besked_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"Besked\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Emne\"\n    uuid\n, \"DatoEmne\"\n    date\n, \"Forfatter\"\n    uuid\n, \"DatoTid\" -- bruges som dato\n    timestamp\n, \"Tekst\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"Modtager_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatoBesked\"\n    date\n, \"Besked\"\n    uuid\n, \"Person\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Besked\", \"Person\")\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"Fil_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatoBesked\"\n    date\n, \"Fil\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Besked\"\n    uuid\n, \"BLOB\"\n    uuid\n, \"Navn\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"RegistreringsBeskeder_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatoBesked\"\n    date\n, \"Ejer\"\n    uuid\n, \"RegistreringsType\"\n    smallint\n, \"DatoTid\"\n    timestamp\n, \"Besked\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Ejer\", \"RegistreringsType\", \"Besked\")\n);\nCREATE INDEX ON \"RegistreringsBeskeder_YYYYMMDD\"(\"Ejer\", \"RegistreringsType\", \"DatoTid\" DESC);\n\n-- sektioner efter emnedato\nCREATE TABLE \"Emne_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatoEmne\"\n    date\n, \"Emne\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Dokument\"\n    uuid\n, \"Titel\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"DeltagerEmne_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatoEmne\"\n    date\n, \"Emne\"\n    uuid\n, \"Person\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Emne\", \"Person\")\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"DatoerBeskederEmne_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"DatoEmne\"\n    date\n, \"Emne\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Dato\"\n    date\n);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Sparer en lille skilling<\/h2>\n<p>\nMen hvis vi ikke bruger den <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/postgrespro.ru\/docs\/postgresql\/10\/ddl-partitioning\">klassiske variant af partitionering<\/a><\/noindex> baseret p\u00e5 v\u00e6rdifordeling af feltet (gennem triggers og arv eller PARTITION BY), men \"manuelt\" p\u00e5 applikationsniveau, s\u00e5 kan man bem\u00e6rke, at v\u00e6rdien af partitioneringsn\u00f8glen allerede opbevares i selve tabelnavnet.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e5 hvis du er s\u00e5 <b>bekymret for m\u00e6ngden af opbevarede data<\/b>, kan disse \"overfl\u00f8dige\" felter ogs\u00e5 fjernes, og man kan henvende sig direkte til specifikke tabeller. Dog m\u00e5 alle foresp\u00f8rgsler fra flere sektioner i dette tilf\u00e6lde s\u00e5 udf\u00f8res p\u00e5 applikationssiden.<br \/>\n<br \/>Kilde: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483170\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041c\u044b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 PostgreSQL-\u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442, \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u2026 \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e\u00bb \u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u00ab\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u2014 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041c\u044b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 PostgreSQL-\u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b 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