{"id":87364,"date":"2020-07-07T13:42:29","date_gmt":"2020-07-07T11:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nastraivaem-drbd-dlya-replikaczii-hranilishha-na-dva-centos-7-servera"},"modified":"2020-07-07T13:42:29","modified_gmt":"2020-07-07T11:42:29","slug":"nastraivaem-drbd-dlya-replikaczii-hranilishha-na-dva-centos-7-servera","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/da\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nastraivaem-drbd-dlya-replikaczii-hranilishha-na-dva-centos-7-servera","title":{"rendered":"Configuring DRBD for storage replication on two CentOS 7 servers","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b><i>Overs\u00e6ttelsen af artiklen er udarbejdet forud for begyndelsen af kurset <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/17x7\/\">\u00abLinux-administrator. Virtualisering og kluster-systemer\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p>\nDRBD (Distributed Replicated Block Device \u2014 distribueret repliceret blokapparat) er en distribueret, fleksibel og universelt replicerbar datalagringsl\u00f8sning til Linux. Det spejler indholdet af blokapparater s\u00e5som harddiske, partitioner, logiske volumener osv. mellem servere. Det skaber kopier af data p\u00e5 to lagringsenheder, s\u00e5 hvis en af dem svigter, kan dataene bruges p\u00e5 den anden.<\/p>\n<p>Man kan sige, at det er noget som <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/create-raid1-in-linux\/\">et netv\u00e6rks RAID-konfiguration<\/a><\/noindex> 1 med diske, der spejles p\u00e5 forskellige servere. Men det fungerer slet ikke som RAID (selv ikke netv\u00e6rks-RAID).<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Oprindeligt blev DRBD prim\u00e6rt brugt i computerklynger med h\u00f8j tilg\u00e6ngelighed (HA \u2014 high availability), men fra version ni kan det bruges til at implementere cloud-lagringsl\u00f8sninger.<\/p>\n<p>I denne artikel vil vi vise, hvordan man installerer DRBD i CentOS, og kort demonstrere, hvordan man bruger det til at replikere lager (partition) p\u00e5 to servere. Dette er den ideelle artikel til at komme i gang med DRBD i Linux.<\/p>\n<h3>Testmilj\u00f8<\/h3>\n<p>\nVi vil bruge en klynge med to noder til denne ops\u00e6tning.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Node 1: 192.168.56.101 \u2013 tecmint.tecmint.lan<\/li>\n<li>Node 2: 192.168.56.102 \u2013 server1.tecmint.lan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Trin 1: Installation af DRBD-pakker<\/h4>\n<p>\nDRBD er implementeret som et Linux-kernelmodul. Det fungerer som en driver for et virtuelt blokapparat, s\u00e5 det ligger i bunden af systemets input-output-stak.<\/p>\n<p>DRBD kan installeres fra ELRepo eller EPEL. Lad os starte med at importere signaturn\u00f8glen fra ELRepo og tilslutte depotet p\u00e5 begge noder, som vist nedenfor.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># rpm --import https:\/\/www.elrepo.org\/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org\n# rpm -Uvh http:\/\/www.elrepo.org\/elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Dern\u00e6st skal du installere DRBD-kernelmodulet og v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jerne p\u00e5 begge noder med:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># yum install -y kmod-drbd84 drbd84-utils<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nHvis du har SELinux aktiveret, skal du konfigurere politikkerne for at frig\u00f8re DRBD-processerne fra SELinux-kontrol.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># semanage permissive -a drbd_t\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDesuden, hvis din system har en firewall (firewalld), skal du tilf\u00f8je DRBD-port 7789 for at tillade databaserne at synkronisere mellem de to noder.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f8r disse kommandoer for den f\u00f8rste node:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family=&quot;ipv4&quot;  source address=&quot;192.168.56.102&quot; port port=&quot;7789&quot; protocol=&quot;tcp&quot; accept'\n# firewall-cmd --reload<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nK\u00f8r derefter disse kommandoer for den anden node:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family=&quot;ipv4&quot; source address=&quot;192.168.56.101&quot; port port=&quot;7789&quot; protocol=&quot;tcp&quot; accept'\n# firewall-cmd --reload<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Trin 2. Forberedelse af lavniveau-lagring<\/h4>\n<p>\nNu, n\u00e5r vi har installeret DRBD p\u00e5 begge klyngenoder, skal vi forberede lageromr\u00e5der af omtrent samme st\u00f8rrelse. Dette kan v\u00e6re en partition af en harddisk (eller en hel fysisk harddisk), et software RAID-enhed, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/create-lvm-storage-in-linux\/\">et logisk LVM-volume<\/a><\/noindex> eller en hvilken som helst anden type blokenhed, der findes i dit system.<\/p>\n<p>Til denne artikel vil vi oprette en testblok-enhed p\u00e5 2 GB ved hj\u00e6lp af dd-kommandoen.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># dd if=\/dev\/zero of=\/dev\/sdb1 bs=2024k count=1024<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nLad os antage, at dette er en ubenyttet partition (\/dev\/sdb1) p\u00e5 den anden blok-enhed (\/dev\/sdb), der er tilsluttet begge noder.<\/p>\n<h4>Trin 3. Konfiguration af DRBD<\/h4>\n<p>\nDen prim\u00e6re konfigurationsfil for DRBD er <code>\/etc\/drbd.conf<\/code>, og yderligere konfigurationsfiler kan findes i kataloget <code>\/etc\/drbd.d<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>For at replikere lageret skal vi tilf\u00f8je de n\u00f8dvendige konfigurationer til filen <code>\/etc\/drbd.d\/global_common.conf<\/code>, som indeholder globale og f\u00e6lles konfigurationer for DRBD, mens vi skal definere ressourcerne i <code>.res<\/code> -filerne.<\/p>\n<p>Lad os tage en sikkerhedskopi af den oprindelige fil p\u00e5 begge noder, og derefter \u00e5bne en ny fil til redigering (brug en teksteditor efter eget valg).<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># mv \/etc\/drbd.d\/global_common.conf \/etc\/drbd.d\/global_common.conf.orig\n# vim \/etc\/drbd.d\/global_common.conf <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nTilf\u00f8j f\u00f8lgende linjer til begge filer:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">global {\n usage-count  yes;\n}\ncommon {\n net {\n  protocol C;\n }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nGem filen, og luk derefter editoren.<\/p>\n<p>Lad os kort stoppe ved linjen protocol C. DRBD underst\u00f8tter tre forskellige replikationsmetoder (dvs. tre grader af replikationssynkronisering), nemlig:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>protocol A: protokol til asynkron replikation; bruges oftest i replikationsscenarier over lange afstande.<\/li>\n<li>protocol B: protokol til halvsynkron replikation eller protokol for synkron hukommelse.<\/li>\n<li>protocol C: anvendes normalt for noder i netv\u00e6rk med korte afstande; dette er uden tvivl den mest brugte replikationsprotokol i DRBD-indstillinger.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<b>Det er vigtigt<\/b>: <i>Valget af replikationsprotokol p\u00e5virker to implementeringsfaktorer: sikkerhed og latenstid. Bandbredden p\u00e5virkes derimod ikke v\u00e6sentligt af den valgte replikationsprotokol.<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Trin 4. Tilf\u00f8jelse af en ressource<\/h4>\n<p>\nEn ressource (Resource) er et samlebetegnelse, der henviser til alle aspekter af et specifikt replikabelt datas\u00e6t. Vi vil definere vores ressource i filen <code>\/etc\/drbd.d\/test.res<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>Tilf\u00f8j f\u00f8lgende til filen p\u00e5 begge noder (husk at erstatte variablerne med faktiske v\u00e6rdier for dit milj\u00f8).<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e6r opm\u00e6rksom p\u00e5 v\u00e6rtsnavnene, vi skal angive det netv\u00e6rksv\u00e6rtsnavn, som kan opn\u00e5s ved hj\u00e6lp af kommandoen uname <code>-n<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">resource test {\n        on tecmint.tecmint.lan {\n \t\tdevice \/dev\/drbd0;\n       \t\tdisk \/dev\/sdb1;\n        \t\tmeta-disk internal;\t\n                \taddress 192.168.56.101:7789;\n        }\n        on server1.tecmint.lan  {\n\t\tdevice \/dev\/drbd0;\n        \t\tdisk \/dev\/sdb1;\n        \t\tmeta-disk internal;\n                \taddress 192.168.56.102:7789;\n        }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nhvor:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>p\u00e5 v\u00e6rtsnavn<\/i>: sektionen on, som den indlejrede konfigurationsoperation henviser til.<\/li>\n<li><i>test<\/i>: dette er navnet p\u00e5 den nye ressource.<\/li>\n<li><i>device \/dev\/drbd0<\/i>: angiver et nyt virtuelt blokdevice, der styres af DRBD.<\/li>\n<li><i>disk \/dev\/sdb1<\/i>: dette er sektionen af blokdevice, der fungerer som backup enhed for DRBD enheden.<\/li>\n<li><i>meta-disk<\/i>: definerer, hvor DRBD opbevarer sine metadata. Internal betyder, at DRBD opbevarer sine metadata p\u00e5 det samme fysiske lavniveau device som de faktiske data i produktionen.<\/li>\n<li><i>address<\/i>: angiver IP-adressen og portnummeret for den relevante node.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nV\u00e6r ogs\u00e5 opm\u00e6rksom p\u00e5, at hvis parametrene er ens p\u00e5 begge v\u00e6rter, kan du angive dem direkte i ressourceafsnittet.<\/p>\n<p>For eksempel kan den konfiguration, der er givet ovenfor, omstruktureres til:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">resource test {\n\tdevice \/dev\/drbd0;\n\tdisk \/dev\/sdb1;\n        \tmeta-disk internal;\t\n        \ton tecmint.tecmint.lan {\n \t\taddress 192.168.56.101:7789;\n        \t}\n        \ton server1.tecmint.lan  {\n\t\taddress 192.168.56.102:7789;\n        \t\t}\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Trin 5. Initialisering og opstart af ressourcen<\/h4>\n<p>\nFor at interagere med DRBD vil vi bruge f\u00f8lgende administrationsv\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer (som interagerer med kernen for at konfigurere og administrere DRBD-ressourcer):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>drbdadm<\/i>: DRBD h\u00f8j-niveau administrationsv\u00e6rkt\u00f8j.<\/li>\n<li><i>drbdsetup<\/i>: lav-niveau administrationsv\u00e6rkt\u00f8j til tilslutning af DRBD-enheder til deres backup-enheder, ops\u00e6tning af par af DRBD-enheder til at spejle deres backup-enheder og til at kontrollere konfigurationen for k\u00f8rende DRBD-enheder.<\/li>\n<li><i>Drbdmeta<\/i>: v\u00e6rkt\u00f8j til administration af metadata.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nEfter at have tilf\u00f8jet alle de indledende konfigurationer for ressourcen, skal vi anrode ressourcen p\u00e5 begge noder.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># drbdadm create-md test<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Configuring DRBD for storage replication on two CentOS 7 servers\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/cf084d17f60a125225f2b75668515d4f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Initialisering af metadata-lager<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Dern\u00e6st skal vi starte den, hvilket vil tilslutte ressourcen til dens backup-enhed, s\u00e5 ops\u00e6tte replikationsindstillinger og tilslutte ressourcen til sin peer:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># drbdadm up test<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNu, hvis du k\u00f8rer kommandoen <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/commands-to-collect-system-and-hardware-information-in-linux\/\">lsblk<\/a><\/noindex>, vil du bem\u00e6rke, at enheden\/volumen DRBD drbd0 er tilsluttet backup-enheden <code>\/dev\/sdb1<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># lsblk<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Configuring DRBD for storage replication on two CentOS 7 servers\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/afb0be2e739c3ce71a556e78c8a55f07.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Liste over blokenheder<\/i><\/p>\n<p>For at deaktivere ressourcet, k\u00f8r:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># drbdadm down test<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nFor at tjekke status p\u00e5 ressourcen, k\u00f8r f\u00f8lgende kommando (v\u00e6r opm\u00e6rksom p\u00e5, at der p\u00e5 dette stadium forventes diskstatus) <i>Inkonsekvent\/Inkonsekvent<\/i>):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># drbdadm status test\nOR\n# drbdsetup status test --verbose --statistics \t#for  a more detailed status<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Configuring DRBD for storage replication on two CentOS 7 servers\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/a45da69bfbc4199ef263359b623fdd05.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tjek status p\u00e5 ressourcen p\u00e5 u<br \/>\nzoner<\/i><\/p>\n<h4>Trin 6: Ops\u00e6tning af prim\u00e6rt ressource\/kilde til initial synkronisering af enheder<\/h4>\n<p>\nP\u00e5 dette stadium er DRBD allerede klar til brug. Nu skal vi angive, hvilken node der skal bruges som kilde til initial synkronisering af enheder.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f8r f\u00f8lgende kommando kun p\u00e5 \u00e9n node for at starte den f\u00f8rste fulde synkronisering:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># drbdadm primary --force test\n# drbdadm status test<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Configuring DRBD for storage replication on two CentOS 7 servers\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/6505d6350609e03da02f30eeafecd72c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Ops\u00e6tte den prim\u00e6re node som den initiale enhed<\/i><br \/>\nN\u00e5r synkroniseringen er afsluttet, skal status for begge diske v\u00e6re Opdateret.<\/p>\n<h4>Trin 7: Test af DRBD-ops\u00e6tningen <\/h4>\n<p>\nEndelig skal vi kontrollere, om DRBD-enheden fungerer som den skal til lagring af replikerede data. Husk, at vi brugte en tom disk, s\u00e5 vi skal oprette et filsystem p\u00e5 enheden og montere det for at tjekke, om vi kan bruge det til lagring af replikerede data.<\/p>\n<p>Vi skal oprette et filsystem p\u00e5 enheden med f\u00f8lgende kommando p\u00e5 den node, hvorfra vi startede den f\u00f8rste fulde synkronisering (hvor ressource med prim\u00e6r rolle findes):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># mkfs -t ext4 \/dev\/drbd0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Configuring DRBD for storage replication on two CentOS 7 servers\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/32c9ac65a06993e58d9ce3b568fadca1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Opretter et filsystem p\u00e5 Drbd-volumen<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Monter det derefter som vist (du kan give monteringspunktet et passende navn):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># mkdir -p \/mnt\/DRDB_PRI\/\n# mount \/dev\/drbd0 \/mnt\/DRDB_PRI\/\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNu skal du kopiere eller oprette nogle filer i det ovenfor angivne monteringspunkt og lave en lang liste med <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/tag\/linux-ls-command\/\">kommandoen ls<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># cd \/mnt\/DRDB_PRI\/\n# ls -l <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Configuring DRBD for storage replication on two CentOS 7 servers\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/a32321e2b5c587215dc06d2b3960a4bc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Viser indholdet af den prim\u00e6re Drbd-volumen<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Derefter afmonteres enheden (s\u00f8rg for, at der ikke er \u00e5bne monteringer, skift katalog efter afmontering for at undg\u00e5 fejl) og \u00e6ndre nodens rolle fra prim\u00e6r til sekund\u00e6r:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># umount \/mnt\/DRDB_PRI\/\n# cd\n# drbdadm secondary test<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDen anden node (hvor ressource med sekund\u00e6r rolle findes) g\u00f8res til prim\u00e6r, tilslut derefter enheden til den og udf\u00f8r en lang liste over monteringspunkter. Hvis ops\u00e6tningen fungerer korrekt, skal alle filer, der er gemt p\u00e5 volumen, v\u00e6re der:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># drbdadm primary test\n# mkdir -p \/mnt\/DRDB_SEC\/\n# mount \/dev\/drbd0 \/mnt\/DRDB_SEC\/\n# cd \/mnt\/DRDB_SEC\/\n# ls  -l <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Configuring DRBD for storage replication on two CentOS 7 servers\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/c54d7754a01987765a19b5bde95fc555.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Kontrol af ops\u00e6tning af DRBD, der k\u00f8rer p\u00e5 den sekund\u00e6re node.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>For yderligere information, se reference-siderne for administrationsv\u00e6rkt\u00f8jerne:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\"># man drbdadm\n# man drbdsetup\n# man drbdmeta<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nHj\u00e6lp: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.linbit.com\/docs\/users-guide-8.4\/\">DRBD brugerh\u00e5ndbog<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h4>CV<\/h4>\n<p>\nDRBD er ekstremt fleksibel og alsidig, hvilket g\u00f8r det til en l\u00f8sning til lagerr\u00e9plication, der er velegnet til at tilf\u00f8je HA til n\u00e6sten enhver applikation. I denne artikel har vi vist, hvordan man installer DRBD p\u00e5 CentOS 7, og kort demonstreret, hvordan man bruger det til lagerr\u00e9plication. T\u00f8v ikke med at dele dine tanker med os via feedbackformularen nedenfor.<\/p>\n<p>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/17x7\/\">F\u00e5 mere at vide om kurset.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Kilde: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/509710\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u0410\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 Linux. \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u00bb. DRBD (Distributed Replicated Block Device \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f Linux. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0442.\u0434. \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":87365,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-87364","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u0410\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 Linux.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta 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