Continuation of the article "
The article will consider and show on specific queries and examples what useful information can be obtained using the pg_stat_activity view history.
A warning.
Due to the novelty of the topic and the incompleteness of the testing period, the article may contain errors. Criticism and comments are welcome and expected.
Input data
View history pg_stat_statements
pg_stat_history
CREATE TABLE pg_stat_history (
id SERIAL,
snapshot_timestamp timestamp without time zone,
database_id integer,
dbid oid,
userid oid,
queryid bigint,
query text,
calls bigint,
total_time double precision,
min_time double precision,
max_time double precision,
mean_time double precision,
stddev_time double precision,
rows bigint,
shared_blks_hit bigint,
shared_blks_read bigint,
shared_blks_dirtied bigint,
shared_blks_written bigint,
local_blks_hit bigint,
local_blks_read bigint,
local_blks_dirtied bigint,
local_blks_written bigint,
temp_blks_read bigint,
temp_blks_written bigint,
blk_read_time double precision,
blk_write_time double precision,
baseline_id integer );
The table is populated every hour using dblink to the target database. The most interesting and useful column in the table, of course queryid.
pg_stat_activity view history
archive_pg_stat_activity
CREATE TABLE archive_pg_stat_activity
(
timepoint timestamp without time zone,
datid oid,
datname name,
pid integer,
usesysid oid,
usename name,
application_name text,
client_addr inet,
client_hostname text,
client_port integer,
backend_start timestamp without time zone,
xact_start timestamp without time zone,
query_start timestamp without time zone,
state_change timestamp without time zone,
wait_event_type text,
wait_event text,
state text,
backend_xid xid,
backend_xmin xid,
query text,
backend_type text,
queryid bigint
);
The table is a hourly partitioned history_pg_stat_activity table (More details here -
ΠΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
CLUSTER CPU TIME (SYSTEM + CLIENTS)
Request
WITH
t AS
(
SELECT
date_trunc('second', timepoint)
FROM activity_hist.archive_pg_stat_activity aa
WHERE timepoint BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND
( aa.wait_event_type IS NULL ) AND
aa.state = 'active'
)
SELECT count(*)
INTO cpu_total
FROM t ;
Example
CLUSTER CPU TIME (SYSTEM + CLIENTS ) : 28:37:46
CLUSTER WAITINGS TIME
Request
WITH
t AS
(
SELECT
date_trunc('second', timepoint)
FROM activity_hist.archive_pg_stat_activity aa
WHERE timepoint BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND
( aa.wait_event_type IS NOT NULL ) AND
aa.state = 'active'
)
SELECT count(*)
INTO cpu_total
FROM t ;
Example
CLUSTER WAITINGS TIME : 30:12:49
Total pg_stat_statements values
Request
--TOTAL pg_stat
SELECT
SUM(calls) AS calls, SUM(total_time) AS total_time, SUM(rows) AS rows ,
SUM(shared_blks_hit) AS shared_blks_hit,SUM(shared_blks_read) AS shared_blks_read ,
SUM(shared_blks_dirtied) AS shared_blks_dirtied,SUM(shared_blks_written) AS shared_blks_written ,
SUM(local_blks_hit) AS local_blks_hit , SUM(local_blks_read) AS local_blks_read ,
SUM(local_blks_dirtied) AS local_blks_dirtied , SUM(local_blks_written) AS local_blks_written,
SUM(temp_blks_read) AS temp_blks_read, SUM(temp_blks_written) temp_blks_written ,
SUM(blk_read_time) AS blk_read_time , SUM(blk_write_time) AS blk_write_time
INTO
pg_total_stat_history_rec
FROM
pg_stat_history
WHERE
snapshot_timestamp BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin AND pg_stat_history_end AND
queryid IS NULL;
SQL DBTIME - total query execution time
Request
dbtime_total = interval '1 millisecond' * pg_total_stat_history_rec.total_time ;
Example
SQL DBTIME : 136:49:36
SQL CPU TIME - CPU time spent executing queries
Request
WITH
t AS
(
SELECT
date_trunc('second', timepoint)
FROM activity_hist.archive_pg_stat_activity aa
WHERE timepoint BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND
( aa.wait_event_type IS NULL ) AND
backend_type = 'client backend' AND
aa.state = 'active'
)
SELECT count(*)
INTO cpu_total
FROM t ;
Example
SQL CPU TIME : 27:40:15
SQL WAITINGS TIME - total waiting time for queries
Request
WITH
t AS
(
SELECT
date_trunc('second', timepoint)
FROM activity_hist.archive_pg_stat_activity aa
WHERE timepoint BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND
( aa.wait_event_type IS NOT NULL ) AND
aa.state = 'active' AND
backend_type = 'client backend'
)
SELECT count(*)
INTO waiting_total
FROM t ;
Example
SQL WAITINGS TIME : 30:04:09
The following queries are trivial and implementation details are omitted to save space:
Example
| SQL IOTIME : 19:44:50
| SQL READ TIME : 19:44:32
| SQL WRITE TIME : 00:00:17
|
| SQL CALLS : 12188248
-------------------------------------------------------------
| SQL SHARED BLOCKS READS : 7997039120
| SQL SHARED BLOCKS HITS : 8868286092
| SQL SHARED BLOCKS HITS/READS % : 110.89
| SQL SHARED BLOCKS DIRTED : 419945
| SQL SHARED BLOCKS WRITTEN : 19857
|
| SQL TEMPORARY BLOCKS READS : 7836169
| SQL TEMPORARY BLOCKS WRITTEN : 10683938
Let's move on to the most interesting section.
WAITINGS STATIC
TOP 10 WAITINGS BY TOTAL WAIT TIME FOR CLIENTS PROCESSES
Request
SELECT
wait_event_type , wait_event ,
get_system_waiting_duration( wait_event_type , wait_event ,pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') ,pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') ) as duration
FROM
activity_hist.archive_pg_stat_activity aa
WHERE
timepoint BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND backend_type != 'client backend' AND wait_event_type IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY
wait_event_type, wait_event
ORDER BY 3 DESC
LIMIT 10
Example
+------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ | TOP 10 WAITINGS BY TOTAL WAIT TIME FOR SYSTEM PROCESSES +-----+------------------------------+-- ------------------+-------------------- | #| wait_event_type| wait_event| duration +-----+------------------------------+----------- ---------+-------------------- | 1| activity| LogicalLauncherMain | 10:43:28 | 2| activity| AutoVacuumMain | 10:42:49 | 3| activity| WalWriterMain| 10:28:53 | 4| activity| CheckpointerMain | 10:23:50 | 5| activity| BgWriterMain| 09:11:59 | 6| activity| BgWriterHibernate| 01:37:46 | 7| io| BufFileWrite| 00:02:35 | 8| LWLock| buffer_mapping| 00:01:54 | 9| io| DataFileRead| 00:01:23 | 10| io| WALWrite| 00:00:59 +-----+------------------------------+------- -------------+--------------------
TOP 10 WAITINGS BY TOTAL WAIT TIME FOR CLIENTS PROCESSES
Request
SELECT
wait_event_type , wait_event ,
get_clients_waiting_duration( wait_event_type , wait_event , pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') , pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') ) as duration
FROM
activity_hist.archive_pg_stat_activity aa
WHERE
timepoint BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND backend_type = 'client backend' AND wait_event_type IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY wait_event_type, wait_event
ORDER BY 3 DESC
LIMIT 10
Example
+-----+------------------------------+------------ --------+--------------------+---------- | #| wait_event_type| wait_event| duration| %dbtime +-----+------------------------------+---------- ----------+--------------------+---------- | 1| lock | transactionid| 08:16:47| 6.05 | 2| io| DataFileRead| 06:13:41| 4.55 | 3| timeout| PgSleep| 02:53:21| 2.11 | 4| LWLock| buffer_mapping| 00:40:42| 0.5 | 5| LWLock| buffer_io| 00:17:17| 0.21 | 6| io| BufFileWrite| 00:01:34| 0.02 | 7| lock | tuple| 00:01:32| 0.02 | 8| client| ClientRead| 00:01:19| 0.02 | 9| io| BufFileRead| 00:00:37| 0.01 | 10| LWLock| buffer_content| 00:00:08| 0 +-----+------------------------------+----------- ---------+--------------------+----------
WAITINGS TYPES BY TOTAL WAIT TIME, FOR SYSTEM PROCESSES
Request
SELECT
wait_event_type ,
get_system_waiting_type_duration( wait_event_type , pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') , pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') ) as duration
FROM
activity_hist.archive_pg_stat_activity aa
WHERE
timepoint BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND backend_type != 'client backend' AND wait_event_type IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY wait_event_type
ORDER BY 2 DESC
Example
+-----+------------------------------+------------ -------- | #| wait_event_type| duration +-----+------------------------------+----------- --------- | 1| activity| 53:08:45 | 2| io| 00:06:24 | 3| LWLock| 00:03:02 +-----+------------------------------+------- -------------
WAITINGS TYPES BY TOTAL WAIT TIME, FOR CLIENTS PROCESSES
Request
SELECT
wait_event_type ,
get_clients_waiting_type_duration( wait_event_type , pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') , pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') ) as duration
FROM
activity_hist.archive_pg_stat_activity aa
WHERE
timepoint BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND backend_type = 'client backend' AND wait_event_type IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY wait_event_type
ORDER BY 2 DESC
Example
+-----+------------------------------+------------ --------+-------------------- | #| wait_event_type| duration| %dbtime +-----+------------------------------+---------- ----------+-------------------- | 1| lock | 08:18:19| 6.07 | 2| io| 06:16:01| 4.58 | 3| timeout| 02:53:21| 2.11 | 4| LWLock| 00:58:12| 0.71 | 5| client| 00:01:19| 0.02 | 6| IPC | 00:00:04| 0 +-----+------------------------------+----------- ---------+--------------------
Wait durations, for system processes and individual requests.
WAITINGS FOR SYSTEM PROCESSES
Request
SELECT
backend_type , datname , wait_event_type , wait_event , get_backend_type_waiting_duration( backend_type , wait_event_type , wait_event , pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') , pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') ) as duration
FROM
activity_hist.archive_pg_stat_activity aa
WHERE
timepoint BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND backend_type != 'client backend' AND wait_event_type IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY backend_type , datname , wait_event_type , wait_event
ORDER BY 5 DESC
Example
+-----+-----------------------------+----------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------- | #| backend_type| dbname| wait_event_type| wait_event| duration +-----+-----------------------------+----------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------- | 1| logical replication launcher| | Activity| LogicalLauncherMain| 10:43:28 | 2| autovacuum launcher| | Activity| AutoVacuumMain| 10:42:49 | 3| walwriter| | Activity| WalWriterMain| 10:28:53 | 4| checkpointer| | Activity| CheckpointerMain| 10:23:50 | 5| background writer| | Activity| BgWriterMain| 09:11:59 | 6| background writer| | Activity| BgWriterHibernate| 01:37:46 | 7| parallel worker| tdb1| IO| BufFileWrite| 00:02:35 | 8| parallel worker| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_mapping| 00:01:41 | 9| parallel worker| tdb1| IO| DataFileRead| 00:01:22 | 10| parallel worker| tdb1| IO| BufFileRead| 00:00:59 | 11| walwriter| | IO| WALWrite| 00:00:57 | 12| parallel worker| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_io| 00:00:47 | 13| autovacuum worker| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_mapping| 00:00:13 | 14| background writer| | IO| DataFileWrite| 00:00:12 | 15| checkpointer| | IO| DataFileWrite| 00:00:11 | 16| walwriter| | LWLock| WALWriteLock| 00:00:09 | 17| checkpointer| | LWLock| WALWriteLock| 00:00:06 | 18| background writer| | LWLock| WALWriteLock| 00:00:06 | 19| walwriter| | IO| WALInitWrite| 00:00:02 | 20| autovacuum worker| tdb1| LWLock| WALWriteLock| 00:00:02 | 21| walwriter| | IO| WALInitSync| 00:00:02 | 22| autovacuum worker| tdb1| IO| DataFileRead| 00:00:01 | 23| checkpointer| | IO| ControlFileSyncUpdate| 00:00:01 | 24| background writer| | IO| WALWrite| 00:00:01 | 25| background writer| | IO| DataFileFlush| 00:00:01 | 26| checkpointer| | IO| SLRUFlushSync| 00:00:01 | 27| autovacuum worker| tdb1| IO| WALWrite| 00:00:01 | 28| checkpointer| | IO| DataFileSync| 00:00:01 +-----+-----------------------------+----------+--------------------+----------------------+--------------------
WAITINGS FOR SQL - waits for individual queries by queryid
Request
SELECT
queryid , datname , wait_event_type , wait_event , get_query_waiting_duration( queryid , wait_event_type , wait_event , pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') , pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') ) as duration
FROM
activity_hist.archive_pg_stat_activity aa
WHERE
timepoint BETWEEN pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') AND backend_type = 'client backend' AND wait_event_type IS NOT NULL AND queryid IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY queryid , datname , wait_event_type , wait_event
ORDER BY 1 , 5 DESC
Example
+-----+-------------------------+----------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | #| queryid| dbname| wait_event_type| wait_event| waitings| total | | | | | | duration| duration +-----+-------------------------+----------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | 1| -8247416849404883188| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:02| | 2| -6572922443698419129| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:05| | 3| -6572922443698419129| tdb1| IO| DataFileRead| 00:00:01| | 4| -5917408132400665328| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:04| | 5| -4091009262735781873| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:03| | 6| -1473395109729441239| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:01| | 7| 28942442626229688| tdb1| IO| BufFileWrite| 00:01:34| 00:46:06 | 8| 28942442626229688| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_mapping| 00:01:05| 00:46:06 | 9| 28942442626229688| tdb1| IO| DataFileRead| 00:00:44| 00:46:06 | 10| 28942442626229688| tdb1| IO| BufFileRead| 00:00:37| 00:46:06 | 11| 28942442626229688| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_io| 00:00:35| 00:46:06 | 12| 28942442626229688| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:05| 00:46:06 | 13| 28942442626229688| tdb1| IPC| MessageQueueReceive| 00:00:03| 00:46:06 | 14| 28942442626229688| tdb1| IPC| BgWorkerShutdown| 00:00:01| 00:46:06 | 15| 389015618226997618| tdb1| Lock| transactionid| 03:55:09| 04:14:15 | 16| 389015618226997618| tdb1| IO| DataFileRead| 03:23:09| 04:14:15 | 17| 389015618226997618| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_mapping| 00:12:09| 04:14:15 | 18| 389015618226997618| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_io| 00:10:18| 04:14:15 | 19| 389015618226997618| tdb1| Lock| tuple| 00:00:35| 04:14:15 | 20| 389015618226997618| tdb1| LWLock| WALWriteLock| 00:00:02| 04:14:15 | 21| 389015618226997618| tdb1| IO| DataFileWrite| 00:00:01| 04:14:15 | 22| 389015618226997618| tdb1| LWLock| SyncScanLock| 00:00:01| 04:14:15 | 23| 389015618226997618| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:01| 04:14:15 | 24| 734234407411547467| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:11| | 25| 734234407411547467| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_mapping| 00:00:05| | 26| 734234407411547467| tdb1| IO| DataFileRead| 00:00:02| | 27| 1237430309438971376| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_mapping| 00:02:18| 02:45:40 | 28| 1237430309438971376| tdb1| IO| DataFileRead| 00:00:27| 02:45:40 | 29| 1237430309438971376| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:02| 02:45:40 | 30| 2404820632950544954| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:01| | 31| 2515308626622579467| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:02| | 32| 4710212362688288619| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_mapping| 00:03:08| 02:18:21 | 33| 4710212362688288619| tdb1| IO| DataFileRead| 00:00:22| 02:18:21 | 34| 4710212362688288619| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:06| 02:18:21 | 35| 4710212362688288619| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_io| 00:00:02| 02:18:21 | 36| 9150846928388977274| tdb1| IO| DataFileRead| 00:01:19| | 37| 9150846928388977274| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_mapping| 00:00:34| | 38| 9150846928388977274| tdb1| Client| ClientRead| 00:00:10| | 39| 9150846928388977274| tdb1| LWLock| buffer_io| 00:00:01| +-----+-------------------------+----------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------
CLIENT SQL STATICTICS - TOP queries
Requests for getting again are trivial, and to save space, they are not given.
Examples
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | CLIENT SQL ordered by Elapsed Time +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | elapsed time| calls| % dbtime| % CPU| % IO| dbname| queryid +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | 04:14:15| 19| 3.1| 10.83| 11.52| tdb1| 389015618226997618 | 02:45:40| 746| 2.02| 4.23| 0.08| tdb1| 1237430309438971376 | 02:18:21| 749| 1.69| 3.39| 0.1| tdb1| 4710212362688288619 | 00:46:06| 375| 0.56| 0.94| 0.41| tdb1| 28942442626229688 +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | CLIENT SQL ordered by CPU Time +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | cpu time| calls| % dbtime|total_time| % CPU| % IO| dbname| queryid +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | 02:59:49| 19| 3.1| 04:14:15| 10.83| 11.52| tdb1| 389015618226997618 | 01:10:12| 746| 2.02| 02:45:40| 4.23| 0.08| tdb1| 1237430309438971376 | 00:56:15| 749| 1.69| 02:18:21| 3.39| 0.1| tdb1| 4710212362688288619 | 00:15:35| 375| 0.56| 00:46:06| 0.94| 0.41| tdb1| 28942442626229688 +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | CLIENT SQL ordered by User I/O Wait Time +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | io_wait time| calls| % dbtime|total_time| % CPU| % IO| dbname| queryid +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | 03:23:10| 19| 3.1| 04:14:15| 10.83| 11.52| tdb1| 389015618226997618 | 00:02:54| 375| 0.56| 00:46:06| 0.94| 0.41| tdb1| 28942442626229688 | 00:00:27| 746| 2.02| 02:45:40| 4.23| 0.08| tdb1| 1237430309438971376 | 00:00:22| 749| 1.69| 02:18:21| 3.39| 0.1| tdb1| 4710212362688288619 +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | CLIENT SQL ordered by Shared Buffers Reads +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | buffers reads| calls| % dbtime|total_time| % CPU| % IO| dbname| queryid +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | 1056388566| 19| 3.1| 04:14:15| 10.83| 11.52| tdb1| 389015618226997618 | 11709251| 375| 0.56| 00:46:06| 0.94| 0.41| tdb1| 28942442626229688 | 3439004| 746| 2.02| 02:45:40| 4.23| 0.08| tdb1| 1237430309438971376 | 3373330| 749| 1.69| 02:18:21| 3.39| 0.1| tdb1| 4710212362688288619 +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | CLIENT SQL ordered by Disk Reads Time +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | read time| calls| % dbtime|total_time| % CPU| % IO| dbname| queryid +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | 02:16:30| 19| 3.1| 04:14:15| 10.83| 11.52| tdb1| 389015618226997618 | 00:04:50| 375| 0.56| 00:46:06| 0.94| 0.41| tdb1| 28942442626229688 | 00:01:10| 749| 1.69| 02:18:21| 3.39| 0.1| tdb1| 4710212362688288619 | 00:00:57| 746| 2.02| 02:45:40| 4.23| 0.08| tdb1| 1237430309438971376 +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | CLIENT SQL ordered by Executions +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | calls| rows| % dbtime|total_time| % CPU| % IO| dbname| queryid +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------------- | 749| 749| 1.69| 02:18:21| 3.39| 0.1| tdb1| 4710212362688288619 | 746| 746| 2.02| 02:45:40| 4.23| 0.08| tdb1| 1237430309438971376 | 375| 0| 0.56| 00:46:06| 0.94| 0.41| tdb1| 28942442626229688 | 19| 19| 3.1| 04:14:15| 10.83| 11.52| tdb1| 389015618226997618 +--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------------------
Π‘onclusion
Using the submitted queries and the resulting reporting, you can get a more complete picture for analyzing and solving performance degradation problems for individual queries and the entire cluster as a whole.
Development
So far, the plans for development are as follows:
- Supplement reporting with blocking history. Requests are being tested and will be submitted soon.
- Use the TimescaleDB extension to store pg_stat_activity and pg_locks history.
- Prepare a package solution on github for mass deployment on production bases.
To be continued ...
Source: habr.com