🥇PgGraph - utility for archiving and searching for table dependencies in PostgreSQL

Today I want to present to the readers of Habr a utility written in Python for working with table dependencies in the PostgreSQL DBMS.

The utility API is simple and consists of three methods:

archive_table - recursive archiving / deletion of lines with the specified Primary Keys
get_table_references - search for dependencies for a table (will show tables referenced by the specified one and referring to it)
get_rows_references - search for rows in other tables that refer to the specified rows in the desired table

prehistory

My name is Oleg Borzov, I am a developer in the CRM team for mortgage managers at Domclick.

The main database of our CRM system is one of the largest in terms of volume in the company. It is one of the oldest: it appeared at the very start of the project, when the trees were large, Domclick was a startup, and instead of a microservice on a fashionable Python asynchronous framework, there was a huge PHP monolith.

The transition from PHP to Python was very long and required the simultaneous support of both systems, which affected the design of the database.

As a result, we have a database with a large number of highly connected and huge tables with a bunch of indexes for different types of queries. All this negatively affects the performance of the database: due to large tables and a bunch of relationships between them, the complexity of queries is constantly growing, which is especially critical for the most loaded tables.

To reduce the load on the database, we decided to write a script that would daily transfer old records from the most voluminous and loaded tables to archive ones (for example, from task в task_archive).

This task is complicated by a large number of relationships between tables: just transfer rows from task в task_archive is not enough, before that you need to do the same recursively with all referring to task tables.

I will demonstrate with an example demo database from postgrespro.ru:

Let's say we need to delete records from a table Flights. Postgres will not allow us to do this just like that: we first need to delete records from all referencing tables, and so recursively to tables that no one refers to.

In our example on Flights refers Ticket_flights, and on it - Boarding_passes.

Therefore, you need to delete in this order:

Get the Primary Keys (PK) values of the rows in Ticket_flights, which refer to the lines to be removed in Flights.
Get PK rows Boarding_passesthat refer to Ticket_flights.
Delete rows by PK from item 2 in the table Boarding_passes.
Delete lines by PK from item 1 to Ticket_flights.
Delete lines from Flights.

The result was a utility called PgGraph, which we decided to make open source.

How to use

The utility supports two usage modes:

Command line call (pggraph …).
Usage in Python code (class PgGraphApi).

Installation and Setup

First you need to install the utility from the Pypi repository:

pip3 install pggraph

Then create the config.ini file on the local machine with the database configuration and the archiving script:

[db]
host = localhost
port = 5432
user = postgres
password = postgres
dbname = postgres
schema = public ; Необязательный параметр, указано значение по умолчанию

[archive]  ; Данный раздел заполнять необязательно, ниже указаны значения по умолчанию
is_debug = false
chunk_size = 1000
max_depth = 20
to_archive = true
archive_suffix = 'archive'

Run from console

Parameters

$ pggraph -h
usage: pggraph action [-h] --table TABLE [--ids IDS] [--config_path CONFIG_PATH]
positional arguments:
  action        required action: archive_table, get_table_references, get_rows_references

optional arguments:
  -h, --help                    show this help message and exit
  --table TABLE                 table name
  --ids IDS                     primary key ids, separated by comma, e.g. 1,2,3
  --config_path CONFIG_PATH     path to config.ini
  --log_path LOG_PATH           path to log dir
  --log_level LOG_LEVEL         log level (debug, info, error)

Positional arguments:

action - required action: archive_table, get_table_references or get_rows_references.

Named arguments:

--config_path — path to the config file;
--table - the table with which you want to perform an action;
--ids - a list of id separated by commas, for example, 1,2,3 (optional parameter);
--log_path — path to the folder for logs (optional parameter, by default — home folder);
--log_level — logging level (optional parameter, default — INFO).

Command examples

Table archiving

The main function of the utility is data archiving, i.e. moving rows from the main table to the archive table (for example, from the table books в books_archive).

Deletion without archiving is also supported: for this you need to set the parameter in config.ini to_archive = false).

Required parameters − config_path, table and ids.

After launch, records will be recursively deleted ids in the table table and in all tables referring to it.

$ pggraph archive_table --config_path config.hw.local.ini --table flights --ids 1,2,3
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO: flights - START
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO: flights - start archive_recursive 3 rows (depth=0)
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:       START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:       ticket_flights - start archive_recursive 3 rows (depth=1)
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:               START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:               boarding_passes - start archive_recursive 3 rows (depth=2)
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:                       START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:                       END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:               boarding_passes - archive_by_ids 3 rows by ticket_no, flight_id
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:               boarding_passes - start archive_recursive 3 rows (depth=2)
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:                       START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:                       END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:               boarding_passes - archive_by_ids 3 rows by ticket_no, flight_id
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:               boarding_passes - start archive_recursive 3 rows (depth=2)
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:                       START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:                       END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:               boarding_passes - archive_by_ids 3 rows by ticket_no, flight_id
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:               boarding_passes - start archive_recursive 3 rows (depth=2)
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:                       START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:                       END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:               boarding_passes - archive_by_ids 3 rows by ticket_no, flight_id
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:               END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:       ticket_flights - archive_by_ids 3 rows by ticket_no, flight_id
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO:       END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO: flights - archive_by_ids 3 rows by id
2020-06-20 19:27:44 INFO: flights - END

Find dependencies for a specified table

Function to find the dependencies of the specified table table. Required parameters − config_path и table.

After launch, a dictionary will be displayed on the screen, where:

in_refs - a dictionary of tables referring to this one, where the key is the name of the table, the value is the list of Foreign Key objects (pk_main - primary key in the main table, pk_ref is the primary key in the referencing table, fk_ref - the name of the column that is a foreign key to the source table);
out_refs — the dictionary of tables to which the given one refers.

$ pggraph get_table_references --config_path config.hw.local.ini --table flights
{'in_refs': {'ticket_flights': [ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id', pk_ref='ticket_no, flight_id', fk_ref='flight_id')]},
 'out_refs': {'aircrafts': [ForeignKey(pk_main='aircraft_code', pk_ref='flight_id', fk_ref='aircraft_code')],
              'airports': [ForeignKey(pk_main='airport_code', pk_ref='flight_id', fk_ref='arrival_airport'),
                           ForeignKey(pk_main='airport_code', pk_ref='flight_id', fk_ref='departure_airport')]}}

Finding references to rows with the specified Primary Key

Function to search for rows in other tables that refer to rows via Foreign Key ids tables table. Required parameters − config_path, table и ids.

After launch, a dictionary with the following structure will be displayed on the screen:

{
	pk_id_1: {
		reffering_table_name_1: {
			foreign_key_1: [
				{row_pk_1: value, row_pk_2: value},
				...
			], 
			...
		},
		...
	},
	pk_id_2: {...},
	...
}

Call example:

$ pggraph get_rows_references --config_path config.hw.local.ini --table flights --ids 1,2,3
{1: {'ticket_flights': {'flight_id': [{'flight_id': 1,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432816945'},
                                      {'flight_id': 1,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432816941'}]}},
 2: {'ticket_flights': {'flight_id': [{'flight_id': 2,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005433101832'},
                                      {'flight_id': 2,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005433101864'},
                                      {'flight_id': 2,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432919715'}]}},
 3: {'ticket_flights': {'flight_id': [{'flight_id': 3,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432817560'},
                                      {'flight_id': 3,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432817568'},
                                      {'flight_id': 3,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432817559'}]}}}

Usage in code

In addition to running in the console, the library can be used in Python code. Below are examples of calling iPython interactive environment.

Table archiving

>>> from pg_graph.main import setup_logging
>>> setup_logging(log_level='DEBUG')
>>> from pg_graph.api import PgGraphApi
>>> api = PgGraphApi('config.hw.local.ini')
>>> api.archive_table('flights', [4,5])
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: flights - START
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: flights - start archive_recursive 2 rows (depth=0)
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 	START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	ticket_flights - ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id', pk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no', fk_ref='flight_id')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	SQL('SELECT flight_id, ticket_no FROM bookings.ticket_flights WHERE (flight_id) IN (%s, %s)')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 	ticket_flights - start archive_recursive 30 rows (depth=1)
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		boarding_passes - ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id, ticket_no', pk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no', fk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		boarding_passes - archive_by_fk 30 rows by ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id, ticket_no', pk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no', fk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		SQL('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bookings.boarding_passes_archive (LIKE bookings.boarding_passes)')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		DELETE FROM boarding_passes by FK flight_id, ticket_no - 30 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 	ticket_flights - archive_by_ids 30 rows by flight_id, ticket_no
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	SQL('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bookings.ticket_flights_archive (LIKE bookings.ticket_flights)')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	DELETE FROM ticket_flights by flight_id, ticket_no - 30 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	INSERT INTO ticket_flights_archive - 30 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 	ticket_flights - start archive_recursive 30 rows (depth=1)
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		boarding_passes - ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id, ticket_no', pk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no', fk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		boarding_passes - archive_by_fk 30 rows by ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id, ticket_no', pk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no', fk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		SQL('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bookings.boarding_passes_archive (LIKE bookings.boarding_passes)')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		DELETE FROM boarding_passes by FK flight_id, ticket_no - 30 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 	ticket_flights - archive_by_ids 30 rows by flight_id, ticket_no
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	SQL('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bookings.ticket_flights_archive (LIKE bookings.ticket_flights)')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	DELETE FROM ticket_flights by flight_id, ticket_no - 30 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	INSERT INTO ticket_flights_archive - 30 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 	ticket_flights - start archive_recursive 30 rows (depth=1)
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		boarding_passes - ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id, ticket_no', pk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no', fk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		boarding_passes - archive_by_fk 30 rows by ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id, ticket_no', pk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no', fk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		SQL('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bookings.boarding_passes_archive (LIKE bookings.boarding_passes)')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		DELETE FROM boarding_passes by FK flight_id, ticket_no - 30 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 	ticket_flights - archive_by_ids 30 rows by flight_id, ticket_no
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	SQL('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bookings.ticket_flights_archive (LIKE bookings.ticket_flights)')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	DELETE FROM ticket_flights by flight_id, ticket_no - 30 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	INSERT INTO ticket_flights_archive - 30 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 	ticket_flights - start archive_recursive 3 rows (depth=1)
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		START ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		boarding_passes - ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id, ticket_no', pk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no', fk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		boarding_passes - archive_by_fk 3 rows by ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id, ticket_no', pk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no', fk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		SQL('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bookings.boarding_passes_archive (LIKE bookings.boarding_passes)')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 		DELETE FROM boarding_passes by FK flight_id, ticket_no - 3 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 		END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 	ticket_flights - archive_by_ids 3 rows by flight_id, ticket_no
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	SQL('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bookings.ticket_flights_archive (LIKE bookings.ticket_flights)')
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	DELETE FROM ticket_flights by flight_id, ticket_no - 3 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 DEBUG: 	INSERT INTO ticket_flights_archive - 3 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: 	END ARCHIVE REFERRING TABLES
2020-06-20 23:12:08 INFO: flights - archive_by_ids 2 rows by flight_id
2020-06-20 23:12:09 DEBUG: SQL('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bookings.flights_archive (LIKE bookings.flights)')
2020-06-20 23:12:09 DEBUG: DELETE FROM flights by flight_id - 2 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:09 DEBUG: INSERT INTO flights_archive - 2 rows
2020-06-20 23:12:09 INFO: flights - END

Find dependencies for a specified table

>>> from pg_graph.api import PgGraphApi
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> api = PgGraphApi('config.hw.local.ini')
>>> res = api.get_table_references('flights')
>>> pprint(res)
{'in_refs': {'ticket_flights': [ForeignKey(pk_main='flight_id', pk_ref='flight_id, ticket_no', fk_ref='flight_id')]},
 'out_refs': {'aircrafts': [ForeignKey(pk_main='aircraft_code', pk_ref='flight_id', fk_ref='aircraft_code')],
              'airports': [ForeignKey(pk_main='airport_code', pk_ref='flight_id', fk_ref='arrival_airport'),
                           ForeignKey(pk_main='airport_code', pk_ref='flight_id', fk_ref='departure_airport')]}}

Finding references to rows with the specified Primary Key

>>> from pg_graph.api import PgGraphApi
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> api = PgGraphApi('config.hw.local.ini')
>>> rows = api.get_rows_references('flights', [1,2,3])
>>> pprint(rows)
{1: {'ticket_flights': {'flight_id': [{'flight_id': 1,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432816945'},
                                      {'flight_id': 1,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432816941'}]}},
 2: {'ticket_flights': {'flight_id': [{'flight_id': 2,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005433101832'},
                                      {'flight_id': 2,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005433101864'},
                                      {'flight_id': 2,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432919715'}]}},
 3: {'ticket_flights': {'flight_id': [{'flight_id': 3,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432817560'},
                                      {'flight_id': 3,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432817568'},
                                      {'flight_id': 3,
                                       'ticket_no': '0005432817559'}]}}}

The source code for the library is available at GitHub under the MIT license, as well as in the repository P&IP.

I will be glad to comments, commits and suggestions.

I will try to answer questions as far as possible here and in the repository.

Source: habr.com

PgGraph is a utility for archiving and finding table dependencies in PostgreSQL

prehistory

How to use

Installation and Setup

Run from console

Parameters

Command examples

Table archiving

Find dependencies for a specified table

Finding references to rows with the specified Primary Key

Usage in code

Table archiving

Find dependencies for a specified table

Finding references to rows with the specified Primary Key

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