When visiting any country, it is important not to confuse tourism with emigration.
Folk wisdom
Today I would like to consider, perhaps, the most burning issue - the balance of finances when studying, living and working abroad. If in the previous four parts (, , , ) I tried to avoid this topic as best I could, then in this article we will draw a thick line under the long-term statistics of the balance of wages and expenses.
Disclaimer: The subject is sensitive and very few are willing to cover it openly, but I will try. Everything that is stated below is an attempt to reflect on the surrounding reality, on the one hand, as well as setting some guidelines for those who aspire to Switzerland, on the other.
Country as a tax system
The taxation system in Switzerland works like a Swiss watch: clearly and punctually. Not paying is quite difficult, although there are different schemes. There are many tax deductions and concessions (for example, there is a deduction for using public transport, lunch at work, buying executive things if they are required for work, etc.).
As I mentioned in , in Switzerland there is a stepped taxation system of three levels: federal (the same tariff for everyone), cantonal (the same for everyone inside the canton) and communal (the same for everyone inside the commune aka villages/towns). In principle, taxes are lower than in neighboring countries, however, additional, actually mandatory, payments eat up this difference, but more on that at the very end of the article.
But all this is good until you decide to start a family - here taxes are sharply-unsharply, but they increase. This is explained by the fact that you are now a “cell of society”, your income is summed up (hello, a progressive scale), that the family will consume more, and the child still needs to be born, and then kindergartens, schools, universities, many of which are on the state balance, but for which you still have to pay somewhere more, somewhere less. Locals often live in a civil marriage, because the economy must be economical, or live in cantons with low taxes (for example, ), but work in the "fat" cantons (for example, Zurich - 30 minutes by train from Zug). A couple of years ago, there were attempts to rectify the situation and at least not raise taxes for families compared to single people - they did not work.
The ups and downs of referendumsOften, under the pretext of useful referendums, they try to push through some murky decisions and proposals. In principle, a sound idea is to reduce taxes for married people, and especially those with children; support for this idea was very high at first. However, the Christian party that launched the referendum decided at the same time to shove the definition of marriage as “the union of a man and a woman” - alas, in this way they lost the support of the majority. Tolerance.
However, when you have a child, or even two, then taxes are somewhat reduced, since now you have a new member of society dependent on you. And if only one of the spouses works, then you can count on various subsidies and concessions, in particular, in terms of medical insurance.
If you want to manipulate and - God forbid - evade taxes, then in life there is one and only one chance to be caught in tax fraud and be forgiven. That is, you can retroactively correct the situation and tarnished reputation, of course, by paying all the underpaid taxes. Further - court, poverty, a lantern, a lumpen-tent in front of Ryumin's palace in Lausanne.
"Lumpen-tent": selected places of the local "intelligentsia" - in front of the museum and library ...
For those who plan to move and pay taxes on their own (for example, through opening their own company), elaborated in more detail.
The nice thing is that you don’t have to fill out a tax return until your income exceeds ~120k per year, and the company maintains the practice of “taxe a la source”, and the permit is B (temporary). As soon as I received C, or the salary exceeded ~ 120k, you are welcome to pay taxes on your own (at least in the canton of Vaud, you must fill out a declaration). As noted , in German-speaking cantons like Zurich, Schwyz, Zug or St. Galen, this has to be done. Or if you need to submit documents for a deduction (see above + the third pension pillar), then you also need to fill out a declaration (you can use a simplified scheme).
It is clear that it is difficult to do it yourself for the first time, therefore, for 50-100 francs, a kind uncle-fuducier (aka troyhander, german Treuhänder, on the other side ) with refined movements will fill it for you (the main thing is to trust, but verify!). And next year you can do it yourself in the image and likeness.
However, Switzerland is confederation, and consequently taxes vary from canton to canton, city to city, and village to village. IN I mentioned that you can win on taxes by moving to the countryside. The network has , which clearly shows how much a person will save or lose by moving from Lausanne to, say, Ecoublanc (the suburb where EPFL is located).
Panorama of Lake Leman near Vevey to brighten up tax sadness
Air taxes
In Switzerland there are taxes in kind "for the air".
or from 01.01.2019. This is the most "favorite" tax by many - the tax on potential opportunity watch television and listen to the radio. That is, in our world - into the air. Of course, the Internet is also included here, and since almost everyone now has a phone (read - a smartphone), it is very, very difficult to get rid of it.
Previously, there was a division into radio (~190 CHF per year) and TV (~260 CHF per year) for each the household (yes, a country chalet is a different household), then after a recent referendum, the amount was unified (~ 365 CHF per year, one franc every day), regardless of whether radio or TV, and at the same time all households were obliged to pay, regardless of the presence of a receiver. In fairness, it should be noted that students, pensioners and - suddenly - an employee this tax is not paid. By the way, for non-payment, the fine is up to 5000 francs, which is sobering in a special way. Although I know a couple of examples when a person did not pay this tax in principle for several years and was not fined.
Well, and the highlight is the cherry on the cake: if you want to go fishing, pay for a license, there are strict time limits for fishing, if you want to hunt, pay for a license, store your weapons correctly, and even get into the quota for shooting wild animals. About hunting, one Swiss acquaintance said that the prey is then surrendered to the state.
If you want to have a pet, pay a tax (up to 100-150 francs in the city and almost to zero in the countryside). If you don't pay, don't chip the animal - fine! It comes to the ridiculous: the police, while patrolling the streets, stop the Portuguese with dogs and try to solder them a fine.
And again, I’ll dialectically note that this amount includes bags in which pet owners are required to clean up the excrement of their wards, specialized areas for walking large dogs with appropriate infrastructure, as well as street cleaning and the almost complete absence of stray pets in cities (yes and villages too). Cleanliness and safety!
In general, it is difficult to come up with a type of activity that would not be subject to taxation, however, taxes go to the purposes for which they are collected: the social sphere is social, the dog is dog, and garbage is garbage ... By the way, about garbage!
waste sorting
Let's start with the fact that every household in Switzerland pays a waste collection fee (this is such a basic fee, like a tax). However, this does not mean at all that now you can throw out any garbage wherever you like. To do this, you will have to buy special packages at an average cost of 1 franc per 17 liters. Until recently, they were absent only in the cantons of Geneva and Valais, but since 2018 they have joined. That is why all the Swiss “love” sorting garbage so much: paper, plastic (including PET), glass, compost, oil, batteries, aluminum, iron, etc. The most basic are the first four. Sorting helps to significantly save on bags for general waste.
There is a garbage police that can selectively check what you throw away with paper, compost or ordinary garbage. If there are violations (for example, they threw plastic packaging with paper or a Li-battery into ordinary garbage), then according to the evidence in the garbage itself, a person can be found and fined. In some cases, you can also get a receipt for the hourly work of the garbage detectives themselves, that is, to get in full. The scale is progressive, and after 3-4 fines a person can be blacklisted, which is already fraught.
Similarly, if there is a desire to throw out garbage in a regular bag in a public place or put it in someone's trash can.
Insurance is like taxes, but only insurance
In Switzerland, there are a lot of all kinds of insurance: unemployment, pregnancy, medical (similar to our CHI and VHI), travel abroad (usually done with OMC), dentist insurance, disability, accident, pension insurance, fire and natural Disasters (), to rent a rented apartment (RCA), to protect against damage to other people's property (yes, this is different than RCA), life insurance, (evacuation from the mountains, relevant in the summer on haiks and in the winter on skis), legal (for easy and relaxed communication in courts) and this is not a complete list. For those who have cars, there is a whole range of other options: local OSAGO, CASCO, call for technical assistance () And so on.
An ordinary citizen thinks that insurance is such an almshouse, where everything is for free. I hasten to disappoint: insurance is a business, and a business must generate income, both in Africa and in Switzerland. Conventionally: the sum of fees - the sum of payments - the sum of salary and overhead costs, which, of course, are greater than 0 (at least the same advertising and payment of premiums to insurance agents for new customers) should be a noticeably positive value. Notice, not equal, not less, but strictly more.
A little more Swiss nature: a view of Montreux from the opposite bank
Here's an example of an honest scam out of the blue.
How CSS students threw in 2014So, it was 2014, no one touched. The Swiss authorities, as part of a routine audit, revealed that one of the largest insurance companies - CSS - illegally received compensation from the budget for 200-300k francs every year to cover the cost of "CHI" for students. Damage over 10 years amounted to 3 million francs. Wow, great business!
Just at this time, PhD students were taken out of student insurance and forced to pay in full, like a working adult (they introduced a qualification for income for a year).
What did CSS do?! Repented, compensated for something, helped somehow? No, they just sent a notice that from such and such a date a respected student is no longer covered by their insurance, and at least the grass does not grow. Everything else is your problem, gentlemen!
Details .
Medical insurance: when it's too early to die, but it's too late to treat
And, since the conversation turned to medical insurance, then it’s worth stopping separately, since the topic is extremely complex and very ambiguous.
In Switzerland, there is a system of co-financing of medical services, that is, every month the insured person pays a certain amount, then, up to the deductible amount, the client pays on his own. The system is set up in such a way that by increasing the deductible, the monthly contribution decreases proportionally, so if you don’t plan to get sick and you don’t have a family / children, then feel free to take the maximum deductible. If the treatment is more expensive than the deductible, then the insurance company starts paying for it (in some cases, the client will be required to pay another 10%, but not more than 600-700 per year).
In total, the maximum that the insured pays out of his own pocket is 2500 + 700 + ~ 250-300 × 12 = 6200-6800 per year for an adult working person. I repeat: this is actually minimum salary without subsidies.
At firstIf you are going to ride ambulances or lie in hospitals for a long time, I advise you to take care of a separate insurance that will cover these costs.
For example, one of my friends fainted at work, compassionate colleagues called an ambulance. From the place of work to the hospital - 15 minutes on foot (sic!), but an ambulance needs to take a detour along the roads, which also takes about 10-15 minutes. In total, 15 minutes in the ambulance cost ~750-800 francs (something like 50k wooden) per challenge. So, even if you give birth - better take a taxi, it will cost 20 times cheaper. The ambulance here is only for really difficult cases.
For reference: a day in the hospital costs from 1 francs (depending on the procedures and department), which is comparable to a stay in Montreux or Lausanne Palace (000 star hotels +).
SecondlyDoctors are one of the highest paying professions, even if they don't do anything. 1 minute of their time costs x credits (each doctor has his own "rating" depending on specialization and qualification), each credit costs 4-5-6 francs. The standard appointment is 15 minutes, which is why everyone is so friendly and asks about the weather, how you feel, and so on. And since doctoring is a business (well, through insurance, of course), and a business should make a profit - well, you understand, right ?! - the price of insurance grows by an average of 5-10% per year (there is almost no inflation in Switzerland, a mortgage can be taken at 1-2%). For example, from 2018 to 2019 the difference was 306-285=21 francs or Present in several = 7.3% from Assura for the simplest insurance.
And as another icing on the cake, winning a dispute with local doctors who harmed a patient's health is an extremely costly and problematic social competition. Actually, for these purposes there is its own insurance - legal, which is inexpensive, but fully covers the costs of lawyers and courts. Behind you don’t have to go far: how you can mix up 98% acetic acid and diluted vinegar (try to just open both bottles at your leisure) - I don’t even know.
About (to put it mildly, not a poor man) in Zurich, after a minor operation, I generally keep quiet.
Apples in the snow: the same haik when we already started counting how much our evacuation would cost, and for some, medical care. Still, 32 km instead of 16 - it was a setup
Thirdly, a rather mediocre quality of basic medicine (this is not when to collect arms and legs into one body after an accident, but to diagnose and prescribe treatment for a cold). It seems to me that a cold here is not considered a disease - they say, it will pass by itself, but for now, drink paracetamol.
You have to look through your friends for smart doctors (to make an appointment for 2-3 months in advance), and bring medicines from the Russian Federation. For example, the analgesic / anti-inflammatory Nimesil or Nemulex is in 5 times more expensive, and often in a pack 2 times fewer pills, about some Mezim, to digest fondue or raclette, I generally keep quiet.
Fourthly, stories about long queues waiting for medical care are more the prose of life than something incredible. In any hospital / urzhance (analogous to an ambulance) there is a system of priorities, that is, if you have a deep cut on your finger, but you don’t gush blood per liter per hour, then you can wait an hour, or two, or three, or even four or five hours! Alive, breathing, nothing threatens life - sit and wait. Likewise, an x-ray of a broken finger can wait until 3-4 hours, despite the fact that this procedure takes 1-2 minutes (he put on a lead vest, the nurse set up the shooting, the click and the x-ray are already digitally displayed on the screen).
Fortunately, this does not apply to children. All “breakdowns” of children are usually eliminated out of turn, and the insurance itself is several times cheaper than that of adults.
Private exampleA small child broke his nose and was hospitalized. In total, the treatment (including medicines) cost 14 francs, which was almost completely covered by the insurance, while the parents gave 000 francs out of their own pocket. Is it expensive or not? Write in the comments!
A spoonful of honey. Although this insurance is supposed to bring profit to its owners, there is good news - in Switzerland it does its job relatively well. For example, on the very eve of the new year, a misfortune happened - he planted his finger on a broken glass. We were just leaving to celebrate the New Year in France, so we were sewing up already in Annecy (Annecy). waited ~4 hours, 2 hours to the ward and 2 hours on the “operating table”. The check was sent to the insurance company with a brief description of the situation (EPFL has a special form). Formally, the 29th is ½ of the working day, which the professor gives us as a day off, i.e. accident insurance fully covers.
Collage from friends. Caution, tin - I warned
pension system
I will not be afraid of this word and call the Swiss pension insurance system one of the most thoughtful and fair in the world. It's like public insurance. She is based on , or pillars.
First pillar - a kind of analogue of social. pensions in the Russian Federation, which includes disability pension, survivor's pension, and so on. Contributions to this type of pension are paid by everyone who has an income of more than 500 francs per month. It is also worth noting that for a non-working spouse in the presence of minor children, the years of the first pillar are taken into account, similarly to a working spouse.
Second pillar - the labor funded part of the pension. Paid motier-motier (50/50) by the employee and the employer with a salary of 20 to 000 francs per year. With a salary above 85 francs ( this is 85 francs 320 centimes) the insurance premium is not paid automatically and the responsibility is shifted to the employee himself (for example, he can contribute money to the third pillar).
Third pillar - a purely voluntary occupation for the accumulation of pension capital. Approximately 500 francs per month can be withdrawn from taxation by saving to a special account.
It looks something like this:
Three pillars of the Swiss pension system.
Good news for foreigners: when leaving the country for permanent residence in another country that has not signed an agreement with the Confederation on the pension system, you can pick up the 2nd and 3rd pillars almost completely, and the first one partially. This is a huge advantage for foreign workers compared to other countries.
However, this does not apply to departure to EU countries or countries that have signed an agreement with the confederation on the pension system. Therefore, when leaving Switzerland, it makes sense to move to your homeland for several months.
Also, the second and third pillars can be used when starting a business, acquiring real estate and as a mortgage payment. Very handy mechanism.
As in the rest of the world, the retirement age in Switzerland is set at 62/65, despite the fact that retirement is possible from 60 to 65 with a corresponding reduction in benefits. However, there is now talk of letting the worker decide when to retire between the ages of 60 and 70. For example, Gratzel is still working at EPFL, even though he is 75 years old.
To summarize: what does an employee pay in taxes?
Below I give salary statements, which show what exactly and to what extent is withheld from a working employee, for example, in public institutions (EPFL):
Legend: AVS - Assurance-vieillesse et survivants (old age insurance aka first pillar), AC - unemployment insurance, CP - caisse de pension (pension fund aka second pillar), ANP / SUVA - assurance accident (accident insurance), AF - allocations familiales (a tax from which family benefits will then be paid).
In total, the total tax burden is about 20-25%. It floats slightly from month to month (at least in EPFL). One Argentinian friend tried to find out (an Argentinian with Jewish roots 😉) and calculate how this happens, but no one knows it except those who are spinning in the EPFL accounting system. However, at least the annual income tax rate and evaluate the progressive scale can be found in the second part .
Plus, do not forget to add insurance of your choice, but mandatory payments will be added for at least another 500-600 francs. That is, the "total" tax, which includes all mandatory insurances and payments, has already exceeded 30%, and sometimes reaches 40%, as, for example, for graduate students. On the salary of a post-doc, of course, they live more freely, although in percentage terms, the post-doc pays more.
PhD student income structure and Post-Doc in EPFL
Housing: rent and mortgage
I specifically put it in a separate topic, since the fattest item of expenditure in Switzerland is rent. Unfortunately, the shortage in the housing market is huge, housing itself is not cheap, so the amounts that have to be paid for rent are sometimes simply cosmic. However, the price per square meter increases disproportionately to the increase in the area of housing.
So, for example, a studio of 30-35 m2 in the center of Lausanne can cost both 1100 and 1300 francs, but the average value is about 1000 francs. I even saw a studio in a garage, but furnished, in (not the most popular place, let's face it) for 1100 francs. Things are even worse with Zurich or Geneva, so few people there can afford an apartment or studio in the center.
This was my first apartment room when I first moved to Switzerland.
This is what the new studio in Lausanne looks like
A one-room apartment (1.0 or 1.5 rooms is when the kitchen is formally separated from the living space, and the so-called living room or hall is considered to be 0.5) of a similar area will cost about 1100-1200, two-room (2.0 or 2.5 rooms in 40-50 m2) - 1400-1600, three-room and above - an average of 2000-2500.
Naturally, it all depends on the area, amenities, proximity to transport, whether there is a washing machine (usually this is one machine for the entire entrance, and in some old houses there is not even that!) And a dishwasher, and so on. Somewhere on the "outskirts" of the apartment can cost 200-300 francs, but not at times, cheaper.
It looks like a two-bedroom apartment in Montreux
That is why “communal” housing is often common in Switzerland, as we would call it, when one or two people rent a 4-5 room apartment for a conditional 3000 francs, and then 1-2 neighbors move into this apartment, plus one room is shared hall. Total savings: 200-300 francs per month. And usually, large apartments have their own washing machine.
Well, finding your own home is a lottery. In addition to salary statements, a permit (permission to stay in the country) and pursuit (the absence of any debts), you must also be chosen by the landlord (usually a company), which has a whole line of sufferers, including the Swiss. I know people who, like when looking for a job, write motivational letters for landlords. In general, the option with a communal apartment through friends and acquaintances of acquaintances turns out to be not so bad.
Briefly about buying a home. It is quite natural that you can not even dream of buying your own home in Switzerland to the position of a full professor, because real estate can cost space money. And, accordingly, a permanent permit C. Although corrects: "L - only the purchase of the main housing, in which you will actually live (you can’t register and then move out - they check). B - one unit of the main and one unit of "dacha" (chalet in the mountains, etc.). C or citizenship - purchase without restrictions. Mortgages on B permit are given without any problems if you have a good permanent job."
For example, a house on the coast in a rich village will cost 1.5-2-3 million francs. Prestige and show-offs are more valuable than money! However, an apartment in some village near Montreux overlooking the lake and 100 meters from it 300 - 000 (you can find a studio for up to 400). And again we return to , where I mentioned that villages in Switzerland are in some demand, when for the same 300-400-500k francs you can get a whole house with a house adjoining plot.
At the same time, as mentioned above, pension money can be used to buy real estate, and a "nice" bonus to this is the payment for a mortgage loan, which can be 500, and 1000, and 1500 francs per month, i.e. comparable to rent. It is beneficial for banks to have - in every sense of the word - a mortgage, as property in Switzerland is only growing in value.
It is unlikely that it will be possible to do repairs in an apartment according to Russian patterns (hire a team either from the Internet or from a neighboring construction site), since only specially trained people have access to electricity, ventilation, and heating. Most likely, these will all be different people, and the payment of an hour for each of them is 100-150 francs per hour. Plus, it is necessary to obtain permits and approvals from the governing and regulatory authorities, for example, to remodel the bathroom or replace batteries. In general, you can give another half of the cost of housing only for its repair.
To make it a little more colorful and understandable in what habitat they live, I prepared a short video with a story about where I lived.
Part one about Lausanne:
Part two about Montreux:
Well, in fairness, it should be noted that students are often provided with hostels on the university campus. The rental price is moderate, you can pay 700-800 francs per month for a studio.
Oh yes, and lastly, do not forget to add 50-100 francs per month to the amount of the rent itself for utility bills, which include electricity (about 50-70 per quarter) and heating with hot water (everything else). Although heating and hot water is by and large all the same electricity or sometimes gas that is used in boilers installed in every home.
Family and kindergartens
Once again, a family is not a cheap thing in Switzerland, especially when there are children. If both work, the tax is taken from the total income of the family, i.e. higher, life in kopeck piece comes out cheaper, you can save a little on food and entertainment, but in general it turns out bash on bash.
Everything changes dramatically when children appear in the family, since kindergarten in Switzerland is a very expensive pleasure. At the same time, in order to get into it (we are talking about more or less accessible public gardens), you need to sign up almost in the first weeks of pregnancy. And given the fact that the decree here lasts six months : usually a month (4 weeks) before and 2.5 months after childbirth, then kindergarten becomes a vital necessity if both parents want to continue their careers.
In fairness, it is worth noting that almost all firms provide benefits, lump sums, part-time work (80% of 42 hours a week, for example) and other goodies to support new parents. Even SNSF grants provide for the so-called family allowance and children allowance, that is, a small surcharge for the maintenance of the family and children, as well as a 120% program, when 42 hours for a working parent are considered 120% of working time. It is very convenient to spend one extra day a week with your child.
However, the cheapest kindergarten, as far as I know, will cost parents 1500-1800 francs per month per child. At the same time, most likely, children will eat, sleep and play in the same room, changing, so to speak, the surroundings. And yes, a kindergarten in Switzerland usually works until 4 pm, i.e. one of the parents will still have to work part-time.
In general, the break-even threshold is ~2-2.5 children, i.e. if there are 3 or more children in the family, then it is easier for one parent to stay at home than to work and pay for a kindergarten and / or a nanny. A nice bonus for parents: kindergarten expenses are deducted from taxes, which makes a significant contribution to the budget. Plus, the state pays 200-300 francs per child per month (depending on the canton), from 3 to 18 years old. This also applies to visiting expats with children.
And although Switzerland has many goodies for families with children, such as benefits, tax breaks, practically free educational institutions, subsidies (for health insurance or even garbage bags from the commune), the last speaks for itself.
A scrupulous summing up
We seem to have figured out the balance of income and expenses, now it's time for some statistics on the results of almost 6 years of stay in Switzerland.
During graduate school, I did not have the goal of living as economically as possible in order to save financial fat somewhere in the depths of Swiss banks. However, the food, I think, could be reduced by a third or a quarter.
PhD student cost structure at EPFL
Post-doc cost structure in EPFL
In early 2017, after defending my dissertation, I was forced to move to another application for calculating expenses, in connection with which the categories changed somewhat, but on the charts they are colored in identical colors. So, for example, the categories of accommodation, household expenses and communications merged into one "Bills" (or bills).
About mobile Internet and trafficThe Bills category also includes bills for mobile Internet, which at some point in time began to fly only on the road (tariff with prepaid traffic). I usually use this internet for work while traveling on the busiest trains in Switzerland. At some point in time: statistics on traffic packages on the tablet: 01-1x, 02 - 2.5x, 03-3x, 04 - 2x, 05 -2x, where x=14.95 CHF per 1 Gb of traffic. I noticed this somewhere in March-April and slightly tempered my appetites.
Returning to medicine and insurance, you can clearly see that if a graduate student spends about 4-5% of his income on health insurance, then a postdoc spends already 6%, while his salary is higher.
In addition, with an increase in income (graduate student -> postdoc), the percentage ratio of the first two categories of expenses practically remained the same - ~ 36% and 20%, respectively. Truly, no matter how much you earn, you still spend it all!
Public transport is more of an indicator of the cost of taxis and planes, since for 4 years EPFL paid for a subscription throughout Switzerland, which I wrote about in .
Some fun facts:
- I bought my main computer, as well as a laptop back in 2013, however, the cost of buying equipment for 2 years of postdoc increased in percentage terms, and therefore in real terms. Most likely, it was the purchase of a 4K monitor and a video card that had such an impact, plus if earlier you could assemble a normal computer for ~ 1000 francs and it was already considered a bit expensive, today top-end hardware can cost 2000, and 3000, and even 5 thousand. And, of course, Aliexpress does its job: many small purchases - and voila, the wallet is empty!
- there has been a significant increase in spending on shopping (aka clothes). In my opinion, this is due to a drop in the quality of goods, as in the sale of products (portions, volumes, etc.). If earlier it was possible to buy boots and wear them for 2-3, and sometimes even 4 years, now everything has become just disposable (the last example is boots from a well-known German company that “fell apart” in two (sic!) months).
- Gifts shrank twice, i.e. in fact, expenses in real terms have remained almost at the same level - the number of friends / attended events is almost constant.
That's all folks! I hope that my articles will help answer the lion's share of questions about moving and living in Switzerland. I will show and tell some aspects and moments on .
KDPV taken
PS: since this is the last article of this series, I would like to leave here two facts about Switzerland that were not included in previous articles:
- In Switzerland, you can easily find coins until 1968, when the monetary reform took place, and the old, still silver francs were replaced with ordinary nickel coins.
- Apocalyptic investing enthusiasts who buy physical gold prefer the special Swiss gold coins, which are associated with reliability.
PPS: For proofreading the material, valuable comments and discussions, my big, big gratitude and gratitude to my friends and colleagues Anna, Albert (), Anton (), Stas, Roma, Yulia, Grisha.
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Source: habr.com