{"id":35077,"date":"2019-10-31T22:02:12","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:02:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/vzglyad-iznutri-aspirantura-v-epfl-chast-4-1-povsednevnaya-zhizn\/"},"modified":"2020-12-15T02:10:29","modified_gmt":"2020-12-15T00:10:29","slug":"vzglyad-iznutri-aspirantura-v-epfl-chast-4-1-povsednevnaya-zhizn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/news\/vzglyad-iznutri-aspirantura-v-epfl-chast-4-1-povsednevnaya-zhizn","title":{"rendered":"An Insider's View: Graduate Studies at EPFL. Part 4.1: Everyday Life","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"An<\/p>\n

When visiting any country, it's important not to confuse tourism with emigration.
\nPopular Wisdom<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In previous articles (Part 1<\/a><\/noindex>, Part 2<\/a><\/noindex>, Part 3<\/a><\/noindex>) we discussed the professional aspects of what awaits a young and still inexperienced university graduate when entering and during studies in Switzerland. The next part, which logically follows from the previous three, is to show and tell about everyday life, about myths<\/a><\/noindex> and legends<\/a><\/noindex>, which have proliferated on the Internet (most of which are nonsense), about Switzerland, and also to touch on the balance of expenses and income.<\/p>\n

Disclaimer:<\/b> Why did I even take on writing this article? There are indeed many 'success stories' on Habrahabr about how to emigrate, but very few about the reality that immigrants will face upon arrival. One<\/a><\/noindex> of the few examples that I liked, even though the author looks at the world through rose-colored glasses, IMHO. Yes, you can find something similar<\/a><\/noindex> in the depths of Google Docs, which is periodically updated, with disparate advice, but that does not give a complete picture. So let's try to outline it!<\/p>\n

Everything stated below is an attempt to reflect on the surrounding reality, meaning that in this article I'd like to focus on my own feelings from the journey and share my observations. I hope this will encourage someone to move to Switzerland, and others to create their own little piece of Switzerland in their specific yard.<\/p>\n

So, let's take everything in order, make yourself comfortable, this will be a long read.<\/p>\n

Caution, there is a lot of traffic under the cut (~20 MB)!<\/b>
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Well-known facts about lesser-known Switzerland<\/h2>\n

Fact #1: Switzerland is primarily a confederation<\/a><\/noindex><\/h3>\n

In other words, the degree of independence of the individual cantons is quite high. It's somewhat like the USA, where each state has its own taxes, its own judicial systems, and so on, which are unified by some common rules.<\/p>\n

\"An
\nThe 'political' map of Switzerland. Source<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Certainly, there are affluent cantons - Geneva (banks), Vaud (EPFL + tourism), Zurich (large IT companies), Basel (Roche and Novartis), Bern (the largest and most developed), and then there are some Appenzell Innerrhoden<\/a><\/noindex>, which is hard to find on the map, or Valais, whose residents are often regarded with disdain (there are many rural folk, politically correct 'children of consanguineous relationships,' and they generally joined the confederation). after the defeat of Napoleon's army in 1815<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/p>\n

Fact #2: Switzerland is a country of councils<\/h3>\n

Switzerland is essentially governed by councils, as I written<\/a><\/noindex> on the 100th anniversary of the Revolution. Yes, you heard right, the French word Conseil (council) and the German Beratung (advice, guidance) are, in essence, the very councils of people's deputies from the dawn of 'October, Socialist, Yours!'.<\/p>\n

NB<\/b> for the pedants: yes, I completely understand that, perhaps, this is a stretch and a hindsight, however, regarding their goals and tasks, the Council and Conseil coincide, namely to allow ordinary citizens to manage their locality, city, country and ensure the change of power.<\/p>\n

These councils are of several levels: the Council of the district or 'village' \u2014 Conseil de Commune or Gemeinde, as they are called by R\u00f6schti-graben<\/a><\/noindex>, the City Council \u2013 Conseil de Ville, Council of the Canton \u2013 Conseil d\u2019Etat, Council of Cantons \u2013 Conseil des Etats, Federal Council \u2013 Conseil Federal Suisse<\/a><\/noindex>. The latter is essentially the federal government. Overall, it\u2019s all about councils. This situation was enshrined in the Constitution as far back as 1848 (that's right, Lenin was little and had curly hair at the time!).<\/p>\n

The Soviet Union or L\u2019Union des Conseils?<\/b>For me, it was like thunder on a clear November day after 5 years of living in Switzerland. Unexpectedly, the years 1848, the first arrival of the 'nobleman' Ulyanov aka<\/i> Lenin in Switzerland in 1895, i.e. half a century after the formation of the councils system, and 'Councils' aka<\/i> Conseils. Moreover, Lenin lived in Switzerland for another 5 years from 1905 to 1907 (after the creation of the first Council of workers' deputies in Alapaevsk<\/a><\/noindex>) and from 1916 to 1917. Thus, Ilyich had enough time (and at that time 5 years was quite a significant period!) not only for revolutionary activities, but also to study the local political system.<\/p>\n

\"An
\nA commemorative plaque for the 'leader' in Zurich<\/i><\/p>\n

We won't speculate on whether Lenin or any other revolutionary brought 'Councils' to Russia or whether they originated independently, but this system of councils turned out to be quite effective and was deployed after the October Revolution on the uncharted territory of 'fragments of self-rule', involving ordinary people: peasants, sailors, workers, and soldiers.<\/p>\n

A couple of years after the country of councils in 1922, a state appeared on the map of the USSR, which, strangely enough, was also Con<\/b>-by the federation, while the article about exiting it was so eagerly used by the union republics in the 90s. So, the next time you see a mention The Soviet Union<\/a><\/noindex> (after all, French is still the language of international diplomacy today) or Soviet Union, think about whether it was really Soviet, or perhaps it was L\u2019Union des Conseils?!<\/p>\n

The essence of all this advice is to provide the entire population of the Confederation with the right to participate in the political life of the country and, in fact, to have direct democracy. Thus, politicians often have to combine regular jobs with roles in local government, meaning in some Council.<\/p>\n

\"An
\nHere is one example of candidates: a cook (cuisinier), a driver, a dentist, and an electrician are available. Source<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

I appreciate that the Swiss not only take responsibility for their 'yard' but also consciously participate in the life of their village and town, possessing some innate and\/or cultivated sense of responsibility.<\/p>\n

Fact #3: The political system of Switzerland is unique<\/h3>\n

From fact #2, it follows that Switzerland is one of the very few countries in the world where direct democracy is possible and functioning. Yes, the Swiss love to express their will on any occasion - from whether to use artillery to trigger avalanches to whether to build houses from concrete or from more ecological wood (there are plenty of resources in the Swiss mountains, but this rumor harms the natural beauty, and it looks generally unsightly, while 'pretty' wood is a hassle).<\/p>\n

The key point here is, in the frenzy of advocating for universal suffrage, to remember that Switzerland has just over 8 million inhabitants, and organizing a vote on any issue is relatively uncomplicated. Plus, gathering statistics is simple \u2013 sending a letter via mail with a login-password for entry and it\u2019s done.<\/p>\n

\"An
\nThis is what the system for collecting statistics looks like. For voting, one still has to go to the polling stations, but only citizens have the right to vote.<\/i><\/p>\n

By the way, this is very convenient and allows for the formation of useful statistical data every year. For example, demographic data from the last 150 years of Swiss history are in one file<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Fact #4: Military service in Switzerland is mandatory<\/h3>\n

However, the service itself is not about toiling away, continuously paying debts to the homeland from dawn till dusk, but rather a mandatory health camp for men up to 45 years of age. Indeed, the first 40 years of childhood are the toughest in a man's life! Even employers cannot refuse if an employee is called up for duty, and the time spent (usually 1-2 weeks) will be fully compensated.<\/p>\n

Why a health camp? Soldiers go home on weekends, working strictly by the hour. For example, when an airplane was hijacked one early morning in neighboring Italy and directed toward Geneva, it so happened that the Swiss army didn't escort it due to the circumstances (working hours from 8 AM to 6 PM with a break from 12 to 1 PM). did not escort it.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

There is quite a persistent myth that all Swiss citizens are given weapons to take home after military service. Not everyone, only those who want it, and they do not get it for free; they purchase it at minimal prices, with storage requirements in place, not just under the bed. By the way, later on, they can shoot it at the range if they have serving friends.<\/p>\n

UPD<\/a><\/noindex> from Graphite<\/a><\/noindex> <\/b>: since around 2008, they stopped issuing weapons to everyone indiscriminately. Special storage requirements (with the bolt separate) apply only to automatic weapons, i.e., during active service. After military service, the rifle is reconfigured to semi-automatic and can be stored like any other weapon (\"not accessible to third parties\"). As a result, the rifles of active soldiers rest in a stand for umbrellas by the entrance, while the bolts lie in a desk drawer.<\/p>\n

The latest referendum (see fact #3) will obligate the federal government to implement European norms regarding arms management, effectively tightening possession regulations.<\/p>\n

\"An
\nOn the left: rifle of the Swiss army SIG Sturmgewehr 57<\/a><\/noindex> (killing power), on the right: satisfaction from shooting the B-1-4 (if you know what I mean) aka Desert Eagle<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Fact #5: Switzerland is not just cheese, chocolate, knives, and watches.<\/h3>\n

Many people think of Switzerland when cheese (Gruy\u00e8re, Emmental, or Tilsiter), chocolate (usually Toblerone, as it is available at every duty-free), the army knife, and ridiculously expensive watches come to mind.<\/p>\n

If you\u2019re thinking about buying a watch, groups of Swatch.<\/a><\/noindex> (brands such as Tissot, Balmain, Hamilton, and others included), up to 1,000 francs, almost all watches are made in the same factories, and the internals of all watches are roughly the same. Only starting from the upper range (Rado, Longines) do any 'features' appear.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In reality, Switzerland has a system where technologies are developed within the country and then exported, as the country is poor in resources. The most famous examples are Nestl\u00e9's powdered milk and Oerlikon's cut barrels (Oerlikon<\/a><\/noindex>), which equipped the Wehrmacht and Krigsmarine during the Second World War. At the same time, the country has its own microelectronics production<\/a><\/noindex> (ABB - power, EM Microelectronic - RFID, smart cards, components of smartwatches, and so on), its own manufacturing of complex components and assemblies, its assembly of trains (two-story Bombardier<\/a><\/noindex>, for example, are assembled near Villeneuve) and so on. As for the fact that Switzerland is home to a good half of the pharma industry \u2013 I will tactfully remain silent (Lonza in the new cluster in Sierre, Roche and Novartis in Basel and the surrounding area, DeBioPharm in Lausanne and Martigny, and a plethora of startups and smaller companies).and<\/b> Fact #6: Switzerland is a kaleidoscope of climates<\/p>\n

Switzerland has<\/h3>\n

its own Siberia with temperatures down to -30\u00b0C, there are its own Sochis (Montreux), where rachitic palms grow beautifully and flocks of swans graze, there are its 'deserts' (Valais), where humidity levels fluctuate from 10 to 30% all year round, and the number of sunny days per year exceeds 320, and there are also Peters, like Geneva (with<\/a><\/noindex> icy rain 'water' metro<\/a><\/noindex> and ) or Zurich.<\/a><\/noindex>Awaiting the New Year: in Montreux it is still relatively warm, but in the mountains, snow has already settled.<\/p>\n

\"An
\nInterestingly, Switzerland is famous for its ski resorts, yet snow falls in most cities is not that much, so often the snow is not removed but just cleared for cars and pedestrians \u2014 they wait for it to melt. The highways, of course, must be cleared first, but only with the start of the workday. And now imagine a city with half a million residents, like Zurich, during such apocalypses\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n

An example is the snowfall in Sion in December 2017 \u2013 complete collapse. Even the train station platform was cleared over several days. Sion was unlucky twice in 2017-2018 \u2013 first it experienced<\/p>\n

For example, the snowfall in Sione in December 2017 caused a complete collapse. It took several days to clear the platform at the train station. Sione faced two misfortunes in 2017-2018 \u2013 first, its It was covered in snow during winter<\/a><\/noindex>, and then it was flooded in summer. Even our lab was affected. And I must point out, there was no Sobyanin involved.<\/p>\n

In Switzerland, everything works like clockwork, but once the snow falls, it turns into Italy. (c) \u2014 my boss.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Therefore, in every building, there is a person responsible for clearing the surrounding area, usually the concierge, and there is simple equipment for cleaning (for example, like this<\/a><\/noindex>). In villages, residents with large vehicles have a special plow for this. Everything is cleared down to the asphalt or tiles; otherwise, it melts during the day and freezes at night. What prevents people in Russia from gathering and tidying up their own yards, or buying a small combine (~30k rubles) for these purposes, remains a mystery to me.<\/p>\n

The story of one parking lot in Russia<\/b>It so happened that about 8 years ago, I had a car, which I loved, and I kept a shovel in it to dig out my parking spots. So, in just one day in my quite affluent yard (SUVs from Mazda and Touaregs are the norm), I dug out 4 parking spaces in one daylight.<\/p>\n

Just like in relationships, everything is defined not by who owes whom and what, but by what you have done for convenience and the common good. You have to start with yourself! And the Touaregs just drive their tracks in the yard and in the parking lot\u2026<\/p>\n

Fact #7: Universal 'Politeness'<\/h3>\n

Honestly, when was the last time you said 'good day' and 'thank you' to the service staff? In Switzerland, it\u2019s as much a habit as breathing, intensifying in small villages. For example, here almost everyone will have to say bonjour \/ guten Tag \/ buongiorno (good day) at the start of a conversation, merci \/ Danke \/ gracie (thank you) after a service, and bonne journ\u00e9e \/ Tsch\u00fcss \/ ciao (have a good day) when saying goodbye. Also, on hiking trails, everyone you meet will greet you \u2014 it\u2019s amazing!<\/p>\n

And this is not the American 'howdy,' where someone keeps an axe under their coat to chop you as soon as you turn away. In Switzerland, being a small country with a significant 'rural' population until recently, everyone greets each other, albeit out of habit, but more sincerely than in the USA.<\/p>\n

However, it is important not to be misled by the hospitality and kindness of the Swiss. I would like to remind you that the country has some of the strictest naturalization laws, which include work life, language proficiency, and exams. They may seem kind on the outside, but there is a touch of nationalism within.<\/p>\n

Fact #8: The Swiss village is more alive than ever.<\/h3>\n

Surprisingly, the fact is: in Switzerland, the village not only does not die out, but also develops and expands quite well. This is not about ecology and green pastures where goats and cows frolic; it's purely economic. Since Switzerland is a confederation, taxes (especially personal income tax) are paid at three levels: municipal (village\/city), cantonal (\u2018region\u2019), and federal. The federal tax is the same for everyone, but \u2018manipulations\u2019\u2014in a good sense of the word\u2014with the other two allow families living in a 'village' to significantly reduce their taxes.<\/p>\n

We will discuss taxes in detail in the next part, but for now, let me note that if one resides in Lausanne, the conditional tax burden is about 25% per person. In contrast, for a remote village in the same Vaud canton, for example, Mollie-Margot, it will be around 15-17%. It's clear that you can't pocket all this difference, as you'll have to maintain your home, mow the lawn, and cover the commute to the city. However, housing prices are lower, the food is farm-fresh, and children have plenty of space to run around in the meadows.<\/p>\n

And yes, the attitudes towards marriage here can be quite strange. Sometimes the taxes on a childless family can significantly exceed the tax on a single individual, which is why the Swiss are not in a hurry to rush to the local 'registry office.' After all, the economy should be efficient. There was even a referendum on this topic. But we will discuss taxes in the next part.<\/p>\n

Transportation system<\/h2>\n

Overall, getting around Switzerland is convenient both by car and by public transport. Often, the travel time is comparable.<\/p>\n

Trains and public transport<\/h3>\n

Strangely enough, for such a small country as Switzerland (almost twice the size of Tver Oblast and comparable to Moscow), the railway transport network is incredibly well-developed. Adding to this are PostAuto buses, which not only enable travel between remote villages but also deliver the mail. Thus, you can reach almost any point in the country from any other.<\/p>\n

Swiss trains are the most train-like trains in the world, especially the double-decker ones.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

To plan your route, just specify the departure and arrival stations in the SBB app. A couple of years ago, it was significantly updated, its functionality expanded, and it has become a fantastic travel assistant in the country.<\/p>\n

A few words about the history of SBB.<\/b>Long ago, Switzerland had many private companies that built, operated, and managed the movement of passengers and goods between cities. However, the chaos of capitalism (where they sometimes could not reach agreements, sometimes raised tariffs, and so on) came to an end in the early 19th century with the creation of a central coordinating state body \u2013 SBB, which quickly relieved \u2018efficient owners\u2019 of many problems and headaches by nationalizing all railway carriers.<\/p>\n

Today, remnants of that former \u2018luxury\u2019 can be seen in the abundance of \u2018subsidiary\u2019 companies engaged in transport (MOB, BLS, and so on) that even paint trains in different colors. However, they only handle local transport, while SBB still manages everything on a global scale.<\/p>\n

I immediately want to draw a parallel: SBB is analogous to Russia's RZD, but it's not quite the same. SBB is a \u2018super-brain\u2019 created to control and manage individual regional carriers, whereas RZD has a very complex structure where carriages are operated by one entity, contact networks by another, and the tracks by yet another. Hence, in my opinion, arise the problems of our railway communication.<\/p>\n

Transport in Switzerland is incredibly expensive. If you buy tickets right from the machine without any special tricks, you can literally be left without pants! For example, a ticket from Lausanne to Zurich costs about 75 francs for a one-way trip in second class, taking 2 hours. Therefore, practically the entire population of Switzerland has subscriptions (AG, regional passes, demi-tariff, and so on). Friends working at SBB say that the number of different types of tickets reaches a thousand! Along with the SBB app, a universal RFID card was introduced \u2013 Swisspass<\/a><\/noindex>, which is not only an electronic version of travel cards, but you can also load a regular ticket or a ski lift ticket onto it. In general, it's very convenient!<\/p>\n

The hypothesis about ticket prices or what demi-tariff has to do with it<\/b>IMHO, SBB makes a clever move: they calculate the break-even price of tickets, add their 10%, and then multiply by 2 so that people buy this demi-tariff card for 180 francs a year. Let\u2019s say 1 million such cards are sold annually (population ~8 million), because some people use regional passes, while others use AG. This gives us 180 million francs out of thin air.<\/p>\n

Supporting this scenario is the fact that in 2017, SBB earned 400 million francs more than planned<\/a><\/noindex>, which they distributed to holders of various SBB cards as bonuses, and also used to lower ticket prices during off-peak hours.<\/p>\n

For teenagers, various discount programs are available, such as Voie 7 or Gleis 7 \u2013 up to 25 years old (renewal must be applied for one day before the birthday date) this card can be ordered for about 150-170 francs in addition to the half-price card (demi-tariff). It allows travel on all trains (buses, boats, and public city transport are not included) after 7 PM (yes, 19-00<\/b>, Karl! 18-59 does not count!). An ideal way for a student to travel around the country.<\/p>\n

However, while this article was being written, this card got canceled<\/a><\/noindex> and another one, Seven25, was introduced, the cost of which has increased significantly.<\/p>\n

In addition, SBB allocates so-called day tickets (carte journaliere) to municipalities, towns, and villages. Every resident of a particular municipality is entitled to several of these tickets throughout the year. The cost, quantity, and purchasing options vary for each municipality and depend on the number of residents. aka<\/i> cities and towns are provided with so-called day tickets (carte journaliere). Every resident of each municipality is entitled to several such tickets throughout the year. The cost, quantity, and availability of purchasing vary for each municipality and depend on the number of residents.<\/p>\n

UPD<\/a><\/noindex> from Graphite<\/a><\/noindex> <\/b>depend only on the number of residents (publicly available on the SBB website), and the residents of the commune decide at a general meeting whether to participate or not, and if they choose to participate, at what price to sell tickets to their fellow residents.<\/p>\n

Examples of daily tickets and how to obtain them<\/b>In the commune of Geneva (a major city), 20-30 tickets will be available each day, but their cost is 45 CHF, which is quite expensive.<\/p>\n

In the commune of Pr\u00e9verenges (a small village), there will be 1-2 tickets available per day, but they will cost 30-35 francs.<\/p>\n

Also, the document requirements for purchasing these tickets vary from commune to commune: in some places, just an ID is enough, while in others, you need to confirm your residence at the address, for example, by bringing an energy or phone bill.<\/p>\n

\"An
\nThe \"Belle \u00e9poque\" train on the Golden Pass line between Montreux and Lucerne<\/i><\/p>\n

And yes, it's worth mentioning that all SBB travel passes, with rare exceptions, are valid on water transport, which is abundant on every Swiss lake. For instance, we've been enjoying the Geneva lake with cheese and wine on the luxurious \"Belle \u00e9poque\" boats for a couple of years now.<\/p>\n

Note for conspiracy theory enthusiasts (about Huawei)<\/b>Of course, you need a reader to check tickets. The most universal reader is NFC in a smartphone. A couple of years ago, all conductors on the train had Samsung smartphones, and they say they lagged a lot and sometimes just froze, which is a disaster for a \"conductor\"\u2014no schedule lookup, no help for those needing transfers. As a result, they switched to Huawei\u2014everything works perfectly, doesn't lag, if you know what I mean...<\/p>\n

And even without 5G networks...<\/p>\n

\"An
\nThe \"Belle \u00e9poque\" ship between Montreux and Lausanne<\/i><\/p>\n

\"An
\nInside some ships, steam engines have been preserved!<\/i><\/p>\n

Although SBB is developing at an incredible pace (new infrastructure, digitalization, including displays\u2014soon there will be hardly any old flip ones left, a new double-decker train in Valais, and so on), there remains a notable anachronism, where the ultra-modern can coexist with the ultra-old. For instance, special trains for fans from the 70s with \"gravity-type toilets\". Even some Zurich - Chur (IC3) trains are like that, not to mention the train to Davos, where some cars are old while others are ultra-modern.<\/p>\n

Tips and tricks from SBB for attentive readers<\/b><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. If you are traveling through Switzerland in second class and need to work, or if it\u2019s crowded and you want to take a break, just hop into the dining car, order a beer or coffee for 6 francs, and enjoy the comfort. Unfortunately, this is only available on IC lines, and not all of them. In fact, part of this article was written in such dining cars.<\/li>\n
  2. SBB has a program Snow&Rail<\/noindex>, where you can purchase both a ticket and a ski pass at a reduced price. Until recently, it also worked with various travel passes, such as the AG. Essentially, it provides a discount of about 10-15% off the ski pass price.<\/li>\n
  3. On the GoldenPass line (MOB), there are three types of carriages: standard, panoramic, and Belle \u00e9poque. It\u2019s best to choose the last two or just Belle \u00e9poque.<\/li>\n
  4. Using the SBB app to buy tickets is very convenient. Sometimes, during peak hours, there\u2019s a queue at ticket machines at the stations, and having such an app is a lifesaver. By the way, you can buy a ticket for anyone traveling with you.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Car vs Public Transport<\/h3>\n

    This is a pressing question, and there\u2019s probably no simple answer. In terms of cost, owning a car is slightly more expensive than 3,500 francs per year for AG in second class; additionally, traffic jams often occur (for example, in winter, everyone travels with skis from Valais to Lausanne and Geneva, and the delays can stretch for 20-30 km) or there can be disasters like in Zermatt in the winter of 2017\/2018 (due to avalanches, traffic was completely paralyzed for a week).<\/p>\n

    With a car, you have to pay for insurance (similar to OSAGO, KASKO, TUV insurance, which includes roadside assistance, etc.), chip in for gas, and any minor breakdown turns into a quest and a budget drain.<\/p>\n

    And yes, a tip for travelers: upon entering Switzerland, it is necessary to purchase what is known as a vignette (~40 francs), which grants you the right to drive on highways for the calendar year \u2013 a sort of road tax. If you enter through such a highway, be prepared to buy the vignette right at the border point. So, if you rented a car in France and decided to pop into Geneva for a day, it\u2019s better to find a smaller road for crossing the border.<\/p>\n

    However, I would highlight three categories where the answer is clear:<\/p>\n