{"id":35374,"date":"2019-10-31T22:03:56","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-2-2001-hakerskaya-odisseya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:03:56","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:56","slug":"free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-2-2001-hakerskaya-odisseya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/news\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-2-2001-hakerskaya-odisseya","title":{"rendered":"Free as in Freedom in English: Chapter 2. 2001: A Hacker Odyssey","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

2001: A Hacker Odyssey<\/h1>\n

Two blocks east of Washington Square Park stands the building of Warren Weaver \u2013 brutal and imposing, like a fortress. This is where the Computer Science department of New York University is located. The industrial-style ventilation system creates a constant veil of hot air around the building, equally discouraging busy dealmakers and wandering loafers. If a visitor manages to overcome this defensive line, they are met by the next formidable barrier \u2013 the reception desk right at the only entrance.<\/p>\n

After the reception desk, the intensity of the atmosphere somewhat lessens. But here too, visitors frequently encounter signs warning of the dangers of unlocked doors and blocked fire exits. They seem to remind us that safety and caution are never too much, even in the calm era that ended on September 11, 2001.<\/p>\n

And these signs amusingly contrast with the crowd filling the interior hall. Some of these people do indeed resemble students of the prestigious New York University. But the majority look more like disheveled regulars at concerts and club performances, as if they emerged into the light during a break between acts. This colorful crowd flooded the building so quickly this morning that a local security guard just waved his hand and sat down to watch the Riki Lake show on television, shrugging each time unexpected visitors asked him about a certain 'speech.'<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Upon entering the auditorium, the visitor sees the very man who inadvertently sent the powerful security system of the building into a frenzy. This is Richard Matthew Stallman, the founder of the GNU project, founder of the Free Software Foundation, recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship in 1990, recipient of the Grace Murray Hopper Award the same year, co-recipient of the Takeda Award for improvements in economic and social life, and simply a hacker from the AI Lab. As the announcement sent out to numerous hacker websites, including the official one, stated, the portal of the GNU project<\/a>, Stallman arrived in Manhattan, his home ground, to deliver a long-awaited speech in contrast to the campaign launched by Microsoft against the GNU GPL license.<\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Stallman's speech focused on the past and future of the free software movement. The location was not chosen at random. A month earlier, Microsoft\u2019s Senior Vice President Craig Mundie had made headlines nearby, at the university's business school, with a speech filled with attacks and accusations regarding the GNU GPL license. Richard Stallman created this license after a situation with a Xerox laser printer 16 years ago as a tool to combat the licenses and agreements that had shrouded the computer industry in impenetrable curtains of secrecy and ownership. The essence of the GNU GPL is that it creates a public form of ownership\u2014what is now referred to as \"the digital commons\"\u2014using the legal power of copyright, which is precisely what it is aimed against. The GPL made this form of ownership irrevocable and inalienable\u2014once code is granted to the public, it cannot be taken back or claimed as private. Derivative works that use GPL code must inherit this license. Because of this characteristic, critics refer to the GNU GPL as \"viral,\" as if it spreads to every program it touches.<\/p>\n

\"The comparison to a virus is too harsh,\" Stallman says, \"it's much better to compare it to flowers: they spread if you actively cultivate them.\"<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

If you want to learn more about the GPL license, visit the GNU project website<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/p>\n

For a high-tech economy that increasingly depends on software and is becoming more tied to software standards, the GPL has become a true \"big stick.\" Even those companies that initially mocked it, calling it \"socialism for software,\" have started to recognize the advantages of this license. The Linux core, developed by Finnish student Linus Torvalds in 1991, is licensed under the GPL, along with most system components: GNU Emacs, GNU Debugger, GNU GCC, and so on. Together, these components form the free operating system GNU\/Linux, which is developed and owned by the global community. High-tech giants like IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Oracle, instead of seeing the ever-growing free software as a threat, use it as the foundation for their commercial applications and services.<\/p>\n

Free software has also become their strategic tool in the protracted war against Microsoft, which has dominated the personal computer software market since the late 1980s. With the most popular desktop operating system \u2013 Windows \u2013 Microsoft stands to incur the greatest losses from the spread of GPL in the industry. Every program included in Windows is protected by copyrights and EULA-type licensing agreements, rendering executable files and source codes proprietary, depriving users of the ability to read and modify the code. If Microsoft wants to use GPL code in its system, it will have to re-license the entire system under the GPL. This would allow Microsoft's competitors to copy its products, improve them, and sell them, thus undermining the very foundation of the company's business \u2013 tying users to its products.<\/p>\n

This is where Microsoft's concern about the wide adoption of GPL by the industry stems from. This is why recently, Mundie lashed out at GPL and open source in his speech. (Microsoft does not even acknowledge the term \"free software,\" preferring to use the phrase \"open source\" in its attacks, which is mentioned in. This is done to shift the public\u2019s attention away from the free software movement towards a more apolitical stance). It is for this reason that Richard Stallman decided to publicly oppose this speech today on this campus.<\/p>\n

Twenty years is a long time in the software industry. Just think: in 1980, when Richard Stallman condemned the Xerox laser printer in the AI lab, Microsoft was not a global giant in the computer industry; it was a small private startup. IBM hadn't even introduced its first PC, which would later explode the market for affordable computers. Many technologies we take for granted today were non-existent \u2013 the internet, satellite television, 32-bit gaming consoles. The same can be said for many companies that now \"play in the top corporate league,\" like Apple, Amazon, Dell \u2013 they either didn\u2019t exist or were going through tough times. There are many examples to consider.<\/p>\n

Among those who value development over freedom, the rapid progress in such a short time is often cited as an argument both for and against the GNU GPL. Proponents of the GPL point to the fleeting relevance of computer hardware. To avoid the risk of purchasing outdated products, consumers strive to choose the most promising companies. As a result, the market becomes a battleground where the winner takes all. Proprietary software environments, they argue, lead to monopoly dictatorship and market stagnation. Wealthy and powerful companies suffocate small competitors and innovative startups.<\/p>\n

Their opponents assert the exact opposite. According to them, selling software is just as risky as producing it, if not more so. Without legal guarantees provided by ownership licenses, companies will have no incentive to engage in development. This is particularly relevant for \"killer apps\" that create entirely new markets. Once again, stagnation reigns in the market, and innovation is on the decline. As Mundi himself remarked in his speech, the \"viral\" nature of the GPL poses a \"threat\" to any company that uses the uniqueness of its software product as a competitive advantage.<\/p>\n

\n

This also undermines the very foundation of the independent commercial software sector,
\nbecause it effectively makes it impossible to distribute software under the model of
\npurchasing products, rather than just paying for copies.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

The success of both GNU\/Linux and Windows over the past 10 years indicates that both sides have valid points. However, Stallman and other advocates of free software believe that this is a secondary issue. They argue that what matters more is not the success of free or proprietary software, but their ethical implications.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, it is crucial for software industry participants to ride the wave. Even powerful manufacturers like Microsoft pay a lot of attention to supporting third-party developers whose applications, professional packages, and games make the Windows platform attractive to consumers. Referencing the tumultuous development of the high-tech market over the past 20 years, not to mention the impressive achievements of his company over the same period, Mundy advised listeners not to be overly impressed by the new trend of free software:<\/p>\n

\n

Twenty years of experience have shown that an economic model that
\nprotects intellectual property, and a business model that
\ncompensates for research and development costs, can create
\nimpressive economic benefits and widely distribute them.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

In the midst of all these words that were spoken a month ago, Stallman is preparing for his own speech, standing on stage in the auditorium.<\/p>\n

The last 20 years have transformed the high-tech world for the better. Richard Stallman has changed just as much during this time, but has it been for the better? Gone is the skinny, clean-shaven hacker who once spent all his time in front of his beloved PDP-10. In his place is a hefty middle-aged man with long hair and a rabbinical beard, a person who spends all his time emailing, mentoring colleagues, and speaking at events like today's. Dressed in a sea-green T-shirt and polyester pants, Richard resembles a desert hermit who has just emerged from a Salvation Army outpost.<\/p>\n

Among the crowd are many followers of Stallman's ideas and tastes. Many have come with laptops and mobile modems to capture and transmit Stallman's words to the waiting online audience. The gender ratio of the attendees is very uneven, with 15 men for every woman, and the women are holding soft toys \u2013 penguins, the official mascots of Linux, and plush bears.<\/p>\n

Anxiously, Richard steps off the stage, sits down in the front row, and begins typing commands on his laptop. Ten minutes pass, and Stallman doesn't even notice the growing crowd of students, professors, and admirers bustling between the auditorium and the stage.<\/p>\n

You can't just start speaking without first going through the decorative rituals of academic formalities, like properly introducing the speaker to the audience. But Stallman looks like he deserves not just one, but both introductions. Mike Yuretsky, co-director of the Advanced Technologies Center at the Business School, takes on the first one.<\/p>\n

\"One of the university's tasks is to hold debates and foster the emergence of interesting discussions,\" says Yuretsky, \"and our seminar today fully aligns with this mission. In my opinion, discussing open source is of particular interest.\"<\/p>\n

Before Yuretsky can say another word, Stallman stands up straight and waves, like a driver on the side of the road due to a breakdown.<\/p>\n

\"I work on free software,\" Richard says to the growing laughter of the audience, \"open source is a different thing.\"<\/p>\n

Applause drowns out the laughter. The audience is filled with Stallman\u2019s supporters, who are aware of his reputation for demanding precise formulations, as well as the well-known dispute Richard had with proponents of open source in 1998. Many of them were expecting something like this, just as fans of flamboyant stars await their idols' signature antics.<\/p>\n

Uretsky quickly wraps up his presentation and hands over to Edmond Schonberg, a professor at the Computer Science department of New York University. Schonberg \u2013 a programmer and participant in the GNU project, he is well-acquainted with the map of terminology. He skillfully summarizes Stallman's journey from the perspective of a modern programmer.<\/p>\n

\u201cRichard is a great example of someone who, while working on small problems, began to ponder a global issue \u2013 the problem of inaccessible source code,\u201d says Schonberg. \u201cHe developed a coherent philosophy, under which we have re-evaluated our views on software production, intellectual property, and the developer community.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sch\u00f6nberg welcomes Stallman to applause. He quickly shuts his laptop, steps onto the stage, and presents himself to the audience.<\/p>\n

At first, Richard's speech resembles a stand-up routine more than a political address. \u201cI want to thank Microsoft for providing a compelling reason to speak here,\u201d he quips. \u201cIn recent weeks, I feel like the author of a book that has been banned somewhere due to tyranny.\u201d<\/p>\n

To bring the uninitiated up to speed, Stallman conducts a brief tutorial based on analogies. He compares a computer program to a cooking recipe. Both serve as useful step-by-step instructions on how to achieve a desired goal. Both can easily be altered to suit circumstances or personal preferences. \u201cYou don\u2019t have to follow the recipe exactly,\u201d Stallman explains. \u201cYou can leave out certain ingredients or add mushrooms just because you like them. Use less salt because that\u2019s what your doctor advised \u2013 anything goes.\u201d<\/p>\n

The most important thing, according to Stallman, is that programs and recipes are very easy to share. To share a dinner recipe with a guest, all it takes is a scrap of paper and a couple of minutes. Copying computer programs takes even less \u2013 just a couple of clicks of the mouse and a bit of electricity. In both cases, the giver gains double benefits: it strengthens friendship and increases the chances that the same will be shared back with them.<\/p>\n

\u201cNow imagine that all recipes are black boxes,\u201d Richard continues, \u201cyou don\u2019t know what ingredients are used, you can\u2019t modify the recipe or share it with a friend. If you do, you\u2019ll be called a pirate and locked away for many years. Such a world would cause tremendous outrage and rejection among people who love cooking and are used to sharing recipes. But this is exactly the world of proprietary software. A world where public good is prohibited and suppressed.\u201d<\/p>\n

After this introductory analogy, Stallman tells the story of a Xerox laser printer. Just like the cooking analogy, the printer story is an effective rhetorical device. Similar to a parable, the tale of the fateful printer illustrates how quickly everything can change in the software world. Taking the audience back to times long before one-click purchases on Amazon, Microsoft systems, and Oracle databases, Richard tries to convey to the audience what it was like to deal with software that had not yet been completely buried under corporate logos.<\/p>\n

Stallman\u2019s narrative is carefully crafted and polished, akin to a closing argument from a district attorney in court. Upon reaching the incident at Carnegie Mellon when a researcher refused to share the source code of a printer driver, Richard pauses.<\/p>\n

\u201cHe betrayed us,\u201d Stallman proclaims, \u201cbut not just us. He may have betrayed you too.\u201d<\/p>\n

At the word \u201cyou,\u201d Stallman points a finger at an unsuspecting listener in the audience. The listener raises his eyebrows, startled by the unexpectedness, but Richard is already scanning for another victim among the nervously giggling crowd, searching slowly and deliberately. \u201cAnd, in my opinion, he most likely did this to you as well,\u201d he says, pointing at a person in the third row.<\/p>\n

The audience is no longer giggling but laughing loudly. Of course, Richard\u2019s gesture seems a bit theatrical. Nevertheless, Stallman concludes the story about the Xerox laser printer with the fervor of a true showman. \u201cIn fact, he betrayed far more people than are seated in this audience, not counting those who were born after 1980,\u201d Richard summarizes, eliciting even more laughter, \u201csimply because he betrayed all of humanity.\u201d<\/p>\n

Then he tones down the drama, stating, \u201cHe did this by signing a nondisclosure agreement.\u201d<\/p>\n

The evolution of Richard Matthew Stallman from a disappointed researcher to a political leader speaks volumes about his stubborn character and impressive will. It reflects his clear worldview and distinct values that helped him establish the free software movement. His high level of expertise in programming allowed him to create several essential applications and become a cult figure for many programmers. This evolution has steadily increased the popularity and influence of the GPL, a legal innovation many consider Stallman's greatest achievement.<\/p>\n

All this indicates that the nature of political influence is changing\u2014it is becoming increasingly tied to information technology and the programs that embody it.<\/p>\n

Perhaps that's why Stallman's star shines ever brighter, while the stars of many high-tech giants have faded and set. Since the launch of the GNU project in 1984, Stallman and his free software movement were first ignored, then mocked, and subsequently belittled and subjected to waves of criticism. Yet the GNU project managed to overcome all of this, albeit not without challenges and periodic stagnations, and continues to offer relevant software in a market that, by the way, has become significantly more complex over these decades. The philosophy laid down by Stallman as the foundation of GNU is also successfully evolving. In another part of his New York speech on May 29, 2001, Stallman briefly recounted the origin of the acronym:<\/p>\n

\n

We, hackers, often come up with amusing and even mischievous names for
\nhis programs, because naming programs is one of the components
\nof writing them. We also have a tradition
\nof using recursive acronyms that indicate your
\na program somewhat resembles existing applications\u2026 I
\nwas looking for a recursive acronym in the form of 'Something Is Not Unix.' I went through all the letters of the alphabet, and none of them made
\na three-letter acronym of the form 'Something Is Not Unix.'
\na suitable word. I decided to shorten the phrase to three words, resulting in a
\nI started going through the letters and stumbled upon the word 'GNU.' That's the whole story.
\nAlthough Richard is a fan of puns, he advises pronouncing the acronym<\/p>\n

in English with a clear 'g' at the start, to avoid confusion with the English adjective 'new,' meaning 'new.' 'We have been working on
\nthe project for a couple of decades, so it is anything but new,' he jokes.
\nconfusion with the name of the African antelope gnu but also similarity with
\nAuthor's notes to the transcript of Stallman's New York speech 'Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation' from May 29, 2001.
\nUnderstanding the reasons for this demand and success is greatly aided by studying the speeches and statements of both Richard and those around him, whether they support him or try to throw obstacles in his way. Stallman's persona should not be overly complicated. If there is a living example of the old saying 'reality is exactly how it appears,' it is Stallman.
\nStallman.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Source: author's notes on the transcript of Stallman's New York speech \u201cFree Software: Freedom and Cooperation\u201d from May 29, 2001<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/p>\n

Understanding the reasons behind this demand and success is greatly aided by studying the speeches and statements of both Richard and those around him, who either help or hinder his efforts. The persona of Stallman does not need to be overcomplicated. If there is a living example of the old saying 'reality is exactly as it appears,' it is Stallman.<\/p>\n

«I believe that if you want to understand Richard Stallman as a person, you need to look at him as a whole rather than analyzing him piece by piece, – argues Eben Moglen, a lawyer for the Free Software Foundation and a law professor at Columbia University, – all these eccentric moments that many people consider artificial or contrived are, in fact, genuine expressions of Richard's personality. He was once truly disappointed and is extremely principled on ethical issues, rejecting any compromises on the most important, fundamental problems. That is why Richard did everything he did».<\/p>\n

It's not easy to explain how a confrontation with a laser printer escalated into a clash with the wealthiest corporations in the world. To do this, one must thoughtfully study the reasons why software ownership suddenly became so important. One needs to get better acquainted with a person who, like many political leaders of the past, understands how mutable and malleable people's memories can be. It\u2019s important to grasp the significance of the myths and ideological templates that have surrounded Stallman's figure over time. Finally, one must recognize the level of genius Richard possesses as a programmer and why this brilliance sometimes fails in other areas.<\/p>\n

If you ask Stallman himself to explain the reasons for his evolution from a hacker to a leader and evangelist, he would agree with the above. «Stubbornness is my strong point, – he says, – most people fail to cope with great difficulties simply because they give up. I never give up».<\/p>\n

He also acknowledges blind chance. If it weren't for the story with the Xerox laser printer, if it weren't for a series of personal and ideological clashes that doomed his career at MIT, if it weren't for a handful of other circumstances that coincided with time and place, Stallman\u2019s life, by his own admission, would have been completely different. Thus, Stallman is grateful to fate for guiding him down the path he is on.<\/p>\n

«I just had the necessary skills, – Richard says at the end of his speech, summarizing his story about launching the GNU project, – no one else could do this, only I could. Therefore, I felt that I was chosen for this mission. I simply had to do it. After all, if not me, then who?»<\/p>\n

Source: linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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