{"id":35500,"date":"2019-10-31T22:04:41","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-3-portret-hakera-v-yunosti\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:04:41","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:41","slug":"free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-3-portret-hakera-v-yunosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/news\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-3-portret-hakera-v-yunosti","title":{"rendered":"Free as in Freedom in English: Chapter 3. The Portrait of a Hacker in Youth","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Free as in Freedom in English: Chapter 1. The Fateful Printer<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/noindex>
\n<\/p>\n

Free as in Freedom in English: Chapter 2. 2001: A Hacker Odyssey<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/p>\n

The Portrait of a Hacker in Youth<\/h1>\n

Alice Lippman, Richard Stallman's mother, still remembers the moment her son showed his giftedness.<\/p>\n

«In my opinion, this happened when he was 8 years old», – she says.<\/p>\n

It was 1961. Lippman had recently divorced and became a single mother. She moved into a tiny one-bedroom apartment on Manhattan's Upper West Side with her son. It was there that she spent that weekend. While flipping through an issue of Scientific American, Alice stumbled across her favorite column – «Mathematical Games» by Martin Gardner. At that time, she was working as a substitute art teacher, and Gardner's puzzles were perfect for stretching her brain. Settling on the couch next to her son, who was engrossed in a book, Alice tackled the week's puzzle.<\/p>\n

«I couldn\u2019t call myself a puzzle-solving expert, \u2013 Lippman admits, – but for me, as an artist, they were useful because they trained my intellect and made it more flexible.»<\/p>\n

But today, all her attempts to solve the puzzle crashed against the wall. Alice was ready to throw the magazine across the room in frustration when she suddenly felt a gentle tug at her sleeve. It was Richard. He was asking if she needed help.<\/p>\n

Alice looked at her son, then at the puzzle, then back at her son, and expressed doubt that he could help. «I asked if he had read the magazine. He said yes, he had read it, and even solved the puzzle. And he starts explaining to me how it is solved. That moment has stuck in my memory for life.»<\/p>\n

After listening to her son's solution, Alice shook her head – her doubt grew into outright disbelief. «Well, he was always a smart and capable boy, \u2013 she says, – but that was the first time I encountered such unexpectedly developed thinking.»<\/p>\n

Now, 30 years later, Lippman laughs about it. «To be honest, I didn\u2019t really understand his solution, neither then nor later, \u2013 Alice recalls, – I was just impressed that he knew the answer.»<\/p>\n

We are sitting at the dining table in a spacious Manhattan apartment with three bedrooms \u2014 here Alice moved in with Richard in 1967 after marrying Maurice Lipman. Remembering her son's early years, Alice radiates the typical pride mixed with embarrassment of a Jewish mother. From here, you can see a sideboard with large photographs capturing Richard with a full beard and in academic robes. Photos of Lipman's nieces and nephews are interspersed with pictures of gnomes. Laughing, Alice explains: \u201cRichard insisted that I buy them after he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Glasgow. He then told me, \u2018You know what, mom? This is the first graduation ceremony I've ever attended.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

Such remarks reflect the sense of humor that is vital for raising a prodigy. You can be sure: for every well-known story of Stallman's stubbornness and eccentricity, his mother can recount a dozen more.<\/p>\n

\u201cHe was a staunch conservative,\u201d she says, throwing her hands up in exaggerated irritation, \u201cwe even got used to listening to his fierce reactionary rhetoric at dinner. I was trying to establish a teachers' union with other teachers, and Richard was very upset with me. He viewed unions as breeding grounds for corruption. He was also against social security. He believed it would be much better if people took care of themselves through investing. Who knew that in just 10 years, he would become such an idealist? I remember how his stepsister once approached me and asked, \u2018God, what is he going to grow into? A fascist?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

Alice married Richard's father, Daniel Stallman, in 1948, divorced him 10 years later, and has been raising her son mostly alone ever since, although the father remained his guardian. So Alice can rightfully say that she knows her son's character well, particularly his clear aversion to authority. She also confirms his fanatical thirst for knowledge. These qualities have been quite challenging for her. The house turned into a battlefield.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere were even problems with food; it was as if he never wanted to eat,\u201d Lipman recalls what was happening with Richard from about age 8 until he graduated from school, \u201cI would call him to dinner, and he would ignore me as if he didn't hear. Only after the ninth or tenth time would he finally get distracted and pay attention to me. He immersed himself completely in his studies, and it was hard to pull him away from there.\u201d<\/p>\n

For his part, Richard describes those events in a similar way, but gives them a political undertone.<\/p>\n

«I loved to read, – he says, – if I was immersed in a book and my mom told me to go eat or sleep, I simply didn\u2019t listen to her. I just didn\u2019t understand why I wasn\u2019t allowed to read. I saw no reason at all why I should do what I was told. Essentially, I was applying to my family relationships everything I read about democracy and personal freedom. I refused to understand why these principles didn\u2019t extend to children».<\/p>\n

Richard also preferred to follow his own sense of personal freedom at school rather than obey demands from above. By age 11, he was two grades ahead of his peers and experienced many disappointments typical of a gifted child in a middle school environment. Soon after the memorable episode with the puzzle solution, Richard's mother entered an era of regular disputes and explanations with his teachers.<\/p>\n

«He completely ignored written assignments, – Alice recalls the early conflicts, – as far as I remember, his last piece in elementary school was an essay on the history of number systems in the West in 4th grade». He refused to write on topics that didn\u2019t interest him. Stallman, possessing a phenomenal analytical mind, delved into mathematics and the sciences at the expense of other subjects. Some teachers considered this determination, but Lippman saw it as impatience and impulsiveness. The sciences were already well represented in the curriculum compared to those that Richard didn\u2019t like. When Stallman was 10 or 11, his classmates started a game of one of the varieties of American football, after which Richard came home in a rage. «He really wanted to play, but it turned out his coordination and other physical skills left much to be desired, – Lippman recounts, – this made him very angry».<\/p>\n

Angry, Stallman focused even more on mathematics and the sciences. However, even in these areas familiar to Richard, his impatience sometimes created problems. By the age of seven, immersed in algebra textbooks, he didn't see the need to be simpler in communicating with adults. Once, when Stallman was in middle school, Alice hired a tutor in the form of a Columbia University student. The first session was enough for the student to never show up at their apartment again. «Apparently, what Richard was saying just didn\u2019t fit into his poor head», – Lippman speculates.<\/p>\n

Another favorite memory of his mother dates back to the early 1960s when Stallman was about seven years old. Two years had passed since his parents' divorce, and Alice moved with her son from Queens to the Upper West Side, where Richard loved going to Riverside Drive Park to launch toy rocket models. Soon, this pastime grew into a serious, in-depth activity \u2014 he even started keeping detailed records of each launch. Just like with his interest in mathematical problems, no one paid much attention to this fascination until one day, before a major NASA launch, his mother jokingly asked him if he wanted to see if the space agency was following his records correctly.<\/p>\n

\u201cHe was boiling, \u2014 Lipman recounts, \u2014 and could only respond: \u2018I haven\u2019t shown them my records yet!\u2019 Maybe he really did intend to show something to NASA.\u201d Stallman himself doesn\u2019t remember this incident but says that he would have felt embarrassed in such a situation because he truly had nothing to show NASA.<\/p>\n

These family anecdotes were the first manifestations of Stallman's characteristic obsession, which still follows him to this day. While the kids rushed to the table, Richard continued to read in his room. When the kids played football, imitating the legendary Johnny Unitas, Richard pretended to be an astronaut. \u201cI was strange,\u201d Stallman sums up his childhood years in a 1999 interview, \u201cby a certain age, my only friends were teachers.\u201d Richard was not ashamed of his quirky traits and tendencies, unlike his inability to get along with people, which he considered a real plight. Nevertheless, both contributed equally to his alienation from everyone.<\/p>\n

Alice decided to fully embrace her son's passions, even though it threatened new challenges at school. At 12, Richard spent the entire summer attending science camps, and with the start of the school year, he began attending a private school as well. One of the teachers advised Lippman to enroll his son in the Columbia Science Achievement Program that had been developed in New York for gifted middle and high school students. Stallman willingly added classes from this program to his extracurricular lessons, and soon he started visiting the Columbia University campus, located among residential neighborhoods, every Saturday.<\/p>\n

According to Dan Chess, one of Stallman's classmates in the Columbia program, Richard stood out even among this gathering of similarly obsessed math and science enthusiasts. \u201cOf course, we were all nerds and geeks there,\u201d Chess recalls, now a mathematics professor at Hunter College, \u201cbut Stallman was something else entirely. He was just unbelievably smart. I know a lot of intelligent people, but I think Stallman is the smartest person I have ever met.\u201d<\/p>\n

Programmer Seth Brinbart, also a graduate of this program, fully agrees with this. He communicated well with Richard because, like him, he was passionate about science fiction and attended conventions. Seth remembers Stallman as a 15-year-old in drab clothes, making a \"creepy impression\" on people, especially on fellow fifteen-year-olds.<\/p>\n

\"It's hard to explain, - says Brinbart, - he wasn't exactly reclusive; he was just overly obsessed. Richard impressed with his deep knowledge, but his obvious detachment did not add to his appeal.\"<\/p>\n

Such descriptions provoke thought: is there reason to suppose that the epithets like \"obsession\" and \"detachment\" masked what is today considered adolescent behavior disorders? In December 2001, a journal published an article titled \"Geek Syndrome,\" describing scientifically gifted children with high-functioning autism and Asperger's syndrome. The memories of their parents, outlined in the article, closely resemble the stories of Alice Lippman. Wired<\/em> Stallman himself ponders this. In a 2000 interview, he speculated that he might have \"borderline autistic disorder.\" However, in the article, his speculation was recklessly presented as certainty. Toronto Star<\/em> In light of the fact that definitions of many so-called \"behavior disorders\" remain quite vague, this speculation appears especially realistic. As noted by Steve Silberman, author of the article \"Geek Syndrome,\" American psychiatrists have only recently recognized that Asperger's syndrome encompasses a very broad range of behavioral traits, from poor motor and social skills to obsession with numbers, computers, and ordered structures.<\/p>\n

\"Maybe I really do have something like this, - says Stallman, - on the other hand, one of the symptoms of Asperger's syndrome is difficulties with sense of rhythm. Yet I can dance. Moreover, I enjoy following the most complex rhythms. In general, one cannot say for sure.\" This may refer to a certain gradation of Asperger's syndrome that largely falls within the bounds of normality.<\/p>\n

\"Maybe I really do have something like this, - says Stallman, - on the other hand, one of the symptoms of Asperger's syndrome is difficulties with sense of rhythm. Yet I can dance. Moreover, I enjoy following the most complex rhythms. In general, one cannot say for sure.\" This may refer to a certain gradation of Asperger's syndrome that largely falls within the bounds of normality.<\/p>\n

Dan Chess, however, does not share the desire to diagnose Richard right now. \u201cI\u2019ve never once thought that he was really any sort of abnormal, in a medical sense,\u201d he says, \u201che was just very disconnected from the people around him and their problems, and was quite unsociable, but if it comes down to it \u2013 then we were all like that, to some extent.\u201d<\/p>\n

Alice Lippman finds all these debates about Richard\u2019s mental disorders amusing, although she recalls a couple of stories that could add to the arguments in favor. A characteristic symptom of autistic disorders is intolerance to noise and bright colors, and when Richard was a baby and taken to the beach, he would start crying two or three blocks before they reached the ocean. It was only later they realized that the sound of the waves caused him pain in his ears and head. Another example: Richard\u2019s grandmother had bright fiery red hair, and every time she leaned over the crib, he screamed as if in pain.<\/p>\n

In recent years, Lippman has read a lot about autism, and she often catches herself thinking that her son\u2019s traits are not random quirks. \u201cI really am starting to think that Richard might have been an autistic child,\u201d she says, \u201cit\u2019s too bad that at that time so little was known and talked about it.\u201d<\/p>\n

However, according to her, over time Richard began to adapt. At the age of seven, he loved to stand by the front window in subway trains to study the maze of tunnels under the city. This hobby clearly contradicted his intolerance to the noise, which was plentiful in the subway. \u201cBut the noise only shocked him at first,\u201d Lippman recalls, \u201cthen Richard\u2019s nervous system learned to adapt under the influence of his strong desire to explore the subway.\u201d<\/p>\n

The early Richard was remembered by his mother as a perfectly normal child \u2013 his thoughts, actions, and communication patterns were like those of an ordinary little boy. Only after a series of dramatic events in the family did he become withdrawn and disconnected.<\/p>\n

The first such event was the divorce of his parents. Although Alice and her husband tried to prepare their son for it and soften the blow, they failed. \u201cIt was as if he skipped over all our conversations,\u201d recalls Lippman, \u201cand then reality just hit him hard when we moved to another apartment. The first thing Richard asked was, \u2018Where are Dad\u2019s things?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

From this moment began a ten-year period of living in two families, where Stallman would move from his mother in Manhattan to his father in Queens on weekends. The characters of his parents were strikingly different, and so were their approaches to parenting, which conflicted with each other. Family life was so joyless that Richard still does not wish to think about having his own children. Remembering his father, who died in 2001, he feels mixed emotions \u2013 he was a rather tough man, a World War II veteran. Stallman respects him for his high sense of responsibility and duty \u2013 for example, his father mastered French only because it was required for combat missions against the Nazis in France. On the other hand, Richard had reasons to be angry with his father, as he did not shy away from harsh methods of upbringing.<\/p>\n

\u201cDad had a tough character,\u201d Richard recalls, \u201che never yelled, but always found a reason to tear apart everything you said or did with cold, measured criticism.\u201d<\/p>\n

Stallman describes his relationship with his mother unequivocally: \u201cIt was a war. It got to the point where, telling myself \u2018I want to go home,\u2019 I imagined some unreal place, a fairy haven of peace that I had only seen in dreams.\u201d<\/p>\n

The first few years after his parents' divorce, Richard sought refuge with his paternal grandparents. \u201cWhen I was with them, I felt love and tenderness, and I completely calmed down,\u201d he recalls, \u201cit was my only favorite place before I went to college.\u201d When he was 8 years old, his grandmother passed away, and just 2 years later, his grandfather followed her, which was the second severe blow from which Richard struggled to recover for a long time.<\/p>\n

\"This really traumatized him,\" says Lippman. Stallman was very attached to his grandparents. It was after their death that he transformed from a sociable guy into a detached mute, always standing somewhere on the sidelines.<\/p>\n

Richard himself considers his retreat into himself at that time purely an age-related phenomenon, when childhood ends and much is rethought and reassessed. He calls his teenage years \"a complete nightmare\" and says he felt deaf-mute in a crowd of incessantly chattering music lovers.<\/p>\n

\"I constantly caught myself thinking that I didn't understand what everyone around was talking about,\" he describes his alienation, \"I was so out of touch with life that I only perceived individual words in their flow of slang. But I didn't want to engage in their conversations; I couldn't even understand how they could be interested in all these music performers who were popular at that time.\"<\/p>\n

But there was something useful and even pleasant in this alienation\u2014it nurtured individuality in Richard. While classmates aimed to grow long shaggy hair, he continued to wear a short, neat haircut. When the teenagers around went crazy for rock and roll, Stallman listened to classical music. A devoted fan of science fiction, the magazine Mad<\/em> and late-night television shows, Richard never even considered keeping up with everyone else, which only deepened the misunderstanding between him and those around him, including his own parents.<\/p>\n

\"And those puns!\" exclaims Alice, stirred by memories of her son's teenage years, \"At lunch, you couldn't even say a phrase without him twisting it into something else.\"<\/p>\n

Outside of family, Stallman saved his jokes for adults who appreciated his unique gifts. One of the first such people in his life was a counselor at a summer camp who let him read the IBM 7094 computer manual. Richard was about 8 or 9 at the time. For a child passionately interested in mathematics and computer science, it was a true godsend. It wasn\u2019t long before Richard was writing programs for the IBM 7094, though only on paper, never hoping to run them on a real computer. He was simply fascinated by the preparation of a sequence of instructions to accomplish a task. When he ran out of his own programming ideas, Richard began to seek them from the counselor.<\/p>\n

The first personal computers only appeared ten years later, so Stallman would have to wait many years for the opportunity to work on a computer. However, fate threw him a chance: in the last year of high school, the New York IBM Scientific Center offered Richard to write a program\u2014a preprocessor for PL\/1, which would add tensor algebra capabilities to the language. \"At first, I wrote this preprocessor in PL\/1, and then rewrote it in assembly language because the compiled program in PL\/1 turned out to be too large and wouldn't fit into the computer's memory,\" recalls Stallman.<\/p>\n

In the summer, when Richard graduated from high school, the IBM Scientific Center invited him to work. The first task assigned to him was to develop a numerical analysis program in Fortran. Stallman wrote it in a few weeks and simultaneously grew to hate Fortran so much that he vowed never to touch the language again. He spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in APL.<\/p>\n

At the same time, Stallman worked as a lab assistant at the Rockefeller University\u2019s biology department. Richard's analytical mind impressed the head of the lab, who expected brilliant work from Stallman in biology. A couple of years later, when Richard was already in college, a call came through to Alice Lippman's apartment. \"It was the very professor from Rockefeller, the head of the lab,\" Lippman recounts, \"he wanted to know how my son was doing. I told him Richard was working with computers, and the professor was greatly surprised. He thought Richard was fully building a career in biology.\"<\/p>\n

Stallman's intellect impressed the faculty of the Columbia program, even while he annoyed many of them. \"Usually once or twice during a lecture they made mistakes, and Stallman always corrected them,\" recalls Breitbart, \"thus grew both respect for his intellect and dislike for Richard himself.\"<\/p>\n

Stallman smiles modestly at the mention of Breitbart's words. \"Sometimes I did behave like a jerk, I admit,\" he confesses, \"but ultimately it helped me find kindred spirits among the professors who also enjoyed learning new things and refining their knowledge. Students, as a rule, didn\u2019t allow themselves to correct the teacher. At least, not as openly.\"<\/p>\n

Interacting with advanced kids on Saturdays made Stallman reconsider the benefits of social relationships. College was rapidly approaching, and he needed to decide where to study. Like many participants in the Columbia program for scientific achievements, Stallman narrowed his list of desired universities down to two \u2013 Harvard and MIT. Upon hearing that his son was seriously considering applying to an Ivy League school, Lippman became worried. At 15, Stallman continued to clash with teachers and officials. A year earlier, he received top grades in American history, chemistry, mathematics, and French, but in English, he had a failing grade \u2013 Richard continued to ignore his written assignments. This could be overlooked at MIT and many other universities, but not at Harvard. Stallman was intellectually well-suited for this university but completely failed to meet its discipline requirements.<\/p>\n

A psychotherapist, who noticed Richard in elementary school due to his antics, suggested he try a trial version of college education, specifically a full year at any school in New York without failing grades or disputes with teachers. So, until autumn, Stallman attended summer classes on humanities subjects and then returned to his senior year at the school on West 84th Street. He had a very hard time, but Lippman proudly recounts that their son managed to cope with himself.<\/p>\n

\"He bent a bit, - she says, - I was only called once because of Richard - he constantly pointed out inaccuracies in proofs to the math teacher. I asked, 'Well, is he at least right?'. The teacher replied, 'Yes, but otherwise many won\u2019t understand the proofs.'\"<\/p>\n

By the end of the first semester, Stallman scored 96 in English, top marks in American history, microbiology, and an advanced math course. He even scored 100 out of 100 in physics. He was at the top of the class academically, yet still an outsider in his personal life.<\/p>\n

Richard eagerly continued to attend extracurricular activities, and his work in the biology lab also brought him joy, causing him to pay little attention to what was happening around him. On his way to Columbia University, he moved swiftly and calmly through crowds of pedestrians and demonstrations against the Vietnam War alike. One day, he attended an informal gathering of classmates from the Columbia program. Everyone was discussing the best universities to apply to.<\/p>\n

As Bribard recalls: \"Of course, most students aimed for Harvard and MIT, but some chose other Ivy League schools. And then someone asked Stallman where he would apply. When Richard replied that it was Harvard - everyone kind of quieted down and started exchanging glances. Meanwhile, Richard barely smiled, as if to say: 'Yes, yes, we\u2019re not parting ways just yet!'\".<\/p>\n

Source: linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 1. \u0420\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 2. 2001: \u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u042d\u043b\u0438\u0441 \u041b\u0438\u043f\u043f\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0420\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u044b\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. «\u041f\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e 8 \u043b\u0435\u0442», – \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b 1961 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Free as in Freedom in Russian: Chapter 3. 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