{"id":36619,"date":"2019-10-31T22:12:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/post-analiz-chto-izvestno-o-poslednej-atake-na-set-serverov-kriptoklyuchej-sks-keyserver\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:12:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:43","slug":"post-analiz-chto-izvestno-o-poslednej-atake-na-set-serverov-kriptoklyuchej-sks-keyserver","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/administrirovanie\/post-analiz-chto-izvestno-o-poslednej-atake-na-set-serverov-kriptoklyuchej-sks-keyserver","title":{"rendered":"Post-analysis: what is known about the latest attack on the SKS Keyserver network","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hackers exploited a feature of the OpenPGP protocol that has been known for over a decade. <\/p>\n<p>We explain the essence of the issue and why it cannot be resolved.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Post-analysis: what is known about the latest attack on the SKS Keyserver network\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/d8fec24b72a147e758eb1174eecb7336.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/8fs1X0JFgFE\">Chunlea Ju<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Network issues<\/h2>\n<p>\nIn mid-June, unknown attackers <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/rjhansen\/67ab921ffb4084c865b3618d6955275f\">conducted an attack<\/a><\/noindex> on a network of cryptographic key servers <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/bitbucket.org\/skskeyserver\/sks-keyserver\/src\/default\/\">SKS Keyserver<\/a><\/noindex>, built on the OpenPGP protocol. This is an IETF standard (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc4880\">RFC 4880<\/a><\/noindex>), used for encrypting emails and other messages. The SKS network was created thirty years ago for distributing public certificates. It connects tools such as <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GnuPG\">GnuPG<\/a><\/noindex> for encrypting data and creating digital signatures.<\/p>\n<p>Hackers compromised the certificates of two maintainers of the GnuPG project \u2014 Robert Hansen and Daniel Gillmor. Downloading a corrupted certificate from the server leads to a failure in GnuPG \u2014 the system simply hangs. There are reasons to believe that this will not stop the attackers, and the number of compromised certificates will only increase. Currently, the scale of the problem remains unknown.<\/p>\n<h2>The essence of the attack<\/h2>\n<p>\nHackers took advantage of a vulnerability in the OpenPGP protocol. It has been known to the community for many years. Even on GitHub, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/micahflee\/trollwot\">can be found<\/a><\/noindex> there are relevant exploits. But so far, no one has taken responsibility to close the 'hole' (we will discuss the reasons in detail later).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>A couple of selections from our blog on Habr:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/446634\/\">SDN digest \u2014 six open-source emulators<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/446058\/\">How to Build an SDN \u2014 Eight Open Source Tools<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/433298\/\">Network digest: 17 expert materials on Wi-Fi and 5G<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\nAccording to the OpenPGP specification, anyone can add digital signatures to certificates to confirm their ownership. Moreover, there is no limit on the number of signatures. This creates a problem \u2014 the SKS network allows up to 150,000 signatures on a single certificate, but GnuPG does not support that number. Thus, when uploading the certificate, GnuPG (as well as other OpenPGP implementations) hangs.<\/p>\n<p>One user <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/buttondown.email\/cryptography-dispatches\/archive\/cryptography-dispatches-hello-world-and-openpgp\/\">conducted an experiment<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 importing the certificate took him about 10 minutes. The certificate had over 54,000 signatures and its size was 17 MB:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ gpg --homedir=$PWD --recv C4BC2DDB38CCE96485EBE9C2F20691179038E5C6\ngpg: key F20691179038E5C6: 4 duplicate signatures removed\ngpg: key F20691179038E5C6: 54614 signatures not checked due to missing keys\ngpg: key F20691179038E5C6: 4 signatures reordered\ngpg: key F20691179038E5C6: public key \"Daniel Kahn Gillmor \" imported\ngpg: no ultimately trusted keys found\ngpg: Total number processed: 1\ngpg:               imported: 1\n$ ls -lh pubring.gpg\n-rw-r--r--  1 filippo  staff    17M  2 Jul 16:30 pubring.gpg\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nThe situation is exacerbated by the fact that OpenPGP key servers do not delete certificate information. This is done to enable tracking the entire chain of actions related to the certificates and to prevent their substitution. Therefore, it is impossible to eliminate compromised elements.<\/p>\n<p>Essentially, the SKS network serves as a large 'file server' where anyone can write data. To illustrate the problem, last year a GitHub resident <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/yakamok\/keyserver-fs\">created a file system<\/a><\/noindex>, which stores documents across a network of cryptographic key servers.<\/p>\n<h2>Why was the vulnerability not fixed?<\/h2>\n<p>\nThere was no reason to fix the vulnerability. Previously, it had not been used for hacking attacks. However, the IT community <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=20315633\">has long asked<\/a><\/noindex> the developers of SKS and OpenPGP to pay attention to the issue.<\/p>\n<p>Fairness requires noting that in June they did <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/keys.openpgp.org\/about\/news#2019-06-12-launch\">launched<\/a><\/noindex> create an experimental key server <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/keys.openpgp.org\/about\/news\">keys.openpgp.org<\/a><\/noindex>. It includes protection against such types of attacks. However, its database is being filled from scratch, and the server is not part of SKS. Therefore, it will take time before it can be used.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Post-analysis: what is known about the latest attack on the SKS Keyserver network\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/6ab10981f7c6215cede6e26c2fd3aa5c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/_DkmMhzrsYY\">Rub\u00e9n Bag\u00fc\u00e9s<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>As for the bug in the original system, its correction is hindered by a complex synchronization mechanism. The network of key servers was initially written as a proof of concept to protect Yaron Minsky's doctoral dissertation. Moreover, a rather specific language, OCaml, was chosen for the work. According to <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/rjhansen\/67ab921ffb4084c865b3618d6955275f\">words<\/a><\/noindex> maintainer Robert Hansen, understanding the code is difficult, so only minor fixes are made to it. To modify the architecture of SKS, it would need to be rewritten from scratch.<\/p>\n<p>In any case, GnuPG does not believe that the network will ever be fixed. In a post on GitHub, developers even stated that they do not recommend working with the SKS Keyserver. This is one of the main reasons why they initiated the transition to the new service keys.openpgp.org. We can only watch the further developments.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>A couple of materials from our corporate blog:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/botnet-spamit-cherez-routery\/\">Botnet is spamming through routers: what you need to know<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/ddos-i-5g-tolshhe-truba-bolshe-problem\/\">DDoS and 5G: thicker 'pipe' \u2014 more problems<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/firewall-ili-dpi-instrumenty-zashhity-raznogo-naznacheniya\/\">Firewall or DPI \u2014 tools for different protection purposes<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/internet-v-derevnyu-stroim-radiorelejnuyu-wi-fi-set\/\">Internet in the countryside \u2014 building a radio relay Wi-Fi network<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0451 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c. \/ Unsplash \/ Chunlea Ju \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439 SKS Keyserver, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 IETF (RFC 4880), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27422,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36619","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442.\" \/>\n\t<meta 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\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439 SKS Keyserver | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" 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about the latest attack on the SKS Keyserver cryptocurrency servers | ProHoster","description":"Hackers exploited a feature of the OpenPGP protocol that has been known for over a decade.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/administrirovanie\/post-analiz-chto-izvestno-o-poslednej-atake-na-set-serverov-kriptoklyuchej-sks-keyserver","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"en_US","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e 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