{"id":40723,"date":"2020-02-03T14:42:04","date_gmt":"2020-02-03T11:42:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/professiya-sistemnyj-administrator"},"modified":"2020-02-03T14:42:04","modified_gmt":"2020-02-03T11:42:04","slug":"professiya-sistemnyj-administrator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/professiya-sistemnyj-administrator","title":{"rendered":"Profession: System Administrator","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Often we hear magical words from the older generation about the \"single entry in the work book.\" Indeed, it's striking to encounter astonishing stories: a locksmith \u2014 a top-level locksmith \u2014 shop master \u2014 shift supervisor \u2014 chief engineer \u2014 factory director. This certainly impresses our generation, which changes jobs one, two, or sometimes even five times or more. We have the opportunity not only to change companies but also to switch professions and adapt quickly. This is especially noticeable in the IT field, where we see quite unusual career transfers and drastic shifts up and down the career ladder.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Observing this process, we realized that a career guide is in demand not only by school students choosing universities but also by adults selecting their paths. Therefore, we decided to discuss the main professions that are in demand in the IT sector. We begin with the one closest to us \u2014 system administrator.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/486204\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Profession: System Administrator\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/63eb779ecfaa492875847cb33e7df1b7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>That's right<\/i><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Who is this?<\/h2>\n<p>\nA system administrator is a specialist who is responsible for configuring, improving, and maintaining a company's IT infrastructure, including hardware, peripherals, software, and network connections. Quite a formal definition, isn't it?<\/p>\n<p>What a system administrator does depends on the size of the company, the industry, and the experience and skills of the admin themselves. Instead of providing a definition, it\u2019s better to highlight specific types of sysadmins.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A junior sysadmin is a newbie who performs basic functions for setting up hardware and software. Typically, they are an assistant to a senior sysadmin or an admin in a small non-IT company, handling current incidents.<\/li>\n<li>A system administrator (also known as a true admin) is a generalist who is responsible for the stable and reliable operation of the IT infrastructure, performs monitoring, conducts inventory, ensures user security, manages networks, etc. They are like a many-armed and many-headed god of IT infrastructure, taking on responsibilities for all the IT activities of the company. They are found in virtually any company.<\/li>\n<li>A system architect-engineer is a specialist who designs IT infrastructure and network architecture in large corporations.<\/li>\n<li>A network administrator is a specialist responsible for configuring and developing physical and logical networks within a company, as well as managing billing systems, traffic accounting, and control. Highly demanded in data centers, telecommunications, banks, and corporations.<\/li>\n<li>An information security engineer is a specialist who ensures the security of IT infrastructure at all levels. This role is in high demand in companies sensitive to attacks and network intrusions (such as fintech, banks, and industry).\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTherefore, if you decide to become a system administrator, it is best to plan in which direction you will develop right away, because you won't be able to support a family solely on a help desk job or build a career from it.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Profession: System Administrator\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/f8b7725e5f18c02e07173e6fd93bc362.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Where is it needed?<\/h2>\n<p>\nI would say everywhere, but that would be a lie. For some reason, managers of small and medium-sized businesses believe that everything can be 'shoved' into the cloud and that a sysadmin can just be a part-time helper. As a result, companies often suffer from a crippled IT infrastructure (or rather, IT chaos), yet they don\u2019t hire a sysadmin. If you manage to get into such a company, in 99% of cases you should see the job as experience and move on, and only in 1% of cases is it possible to convince the boss, become indispensable, and build an ideal IT environment with a well-thought-out architecture and proper management (this is based on a real example!).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In companies where IT is a key area of activity (such as hosting providers, developers, etc.) or where it is central to operational tasks (like delivery services, online stores, banks, retail, etc.), sysadmins quickly become in-demand specialists who can develop in one or several directions. Since automation continues to take over companies, finding a job as a junior or mid-level sysadmin will not be particularly difficult. And when you become an advanced specialist, companies will compete for you, because there are many helpers but very few professionals, just like everywhere else.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>At the time of writing this article, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/career.habr.com\/vacancies?divisions%5B%5D=administration&amp;currency=rur\">There are 67 job openings on the 'Habr Career' service.<\/a><\/noindex>, related to system administration. You can see that the range of \"specializations\" is vast: from technical support staff to information security specialists and DevOps. By the way, starting in technical support quickly and effectively develops a range of skills valuable for a system administrator.<\/p>\n<h2>Average Salary<\/h2>\n<p>\nWe'll look at the salary again on <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/career.habr.com\/salaries\">\"Habr Career\"<\/a><\/noindex>.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Let's take the average salary without distinguishing skills for \"System Administrator\" and \"DevOps\" based on data from the second half of 2019. These are the most popular professions in the \"Administration\" section and the most indicative. Let's compare.<\/p>\n<p>Specialist Level<\/p>\n<p>System Administrator<\/p>\n<p>DevOps<\/p>\n<p>Intern<\/p>\n<p>25,900 rub.<\/p>\n<p>no interns<\/p>\n<p>Junior<\/p>\n<p>32,560 rub.<\/p>\n<p>69,130 rub.<\/p>\n<p>Middle<\/p>\n<p>58,822 rub.<\/p>\n<p>112,756 rub.<\/p>\n<p>Senior<\/p>\n<p>82,710 rub.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>146,445 rub.<\/p>\n<p>Lead<\/p>\n<p>86,507 rub.<\/p>\n<p>197,561 rub.<\/p>\n<p>The figures, of course, are given considering Moscow; the situation is more modest in the regions, but characteristically, the proportions are approximately the same. I find such a difference fair because DevOps are indeed more advanced in skills (when we talk about canonical devops, not those who just bear the title).<\/p>\n<p>The only thing I wouldn't recommend is hiring junior devops right out of university. Theoretical guys who have not experienced either dev or ops look quite mediocre at the start, struggle to develop due to a lack of understanding of where to go, and definitely do not justify the stated salaries. Nevertheless, for narrow specializations, there should be more experienced admins who have been through the fire, water, copper pipes, bash, and PowerShell scripts.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Basic Requirements for a Professional<\/h2>\n<p>\nRequirements for system administrators vary from company to company (some need expertise in 1C, 1C-Bitrix, Kubernetes, a specific DBMS, etc.), but there are some basic requirements that are likely to be needed in any company.\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Knowledge and understanding of the OSI network model and main protocols.<\/li>\n<li>Administration of Windows and\/or Unix operating systems, including group policies, security management, user creation, remote access, command line work, and much more.<\/li>\n<li>Bash and PowerShell scripting, which allows for automating and optimizing routine system administration tasks.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Repair and maintenance of PCs, server equipment, and peripherals.<\/li>\n<li>Working with the configuration and routing of computer networks.<\/li>\n<li>Working with mail servers and telephony servers.<\/li>\n<li>Installation of office programs and applications.<\/li>\n<li>Network and infrastructure monitoring.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nThis is the foundation that needs to be mastered at a good, confident level. And it's not as easy as it seems: behind each point lies a wealth of tricks, mastery secrets, necessary software tools, instructions, and manuals. Ideally, self-education while being fully employed can take at least a year.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Profession: System Administrator\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/3ccce68de58c3844296f07bf46085fa5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Once you learn it, you'll understand this joke.<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Important personal qualities<\/h2>\n<p>\nA system administrator is a specialist who cannot be isolated within the company and the professional environment. They constantly have to communicate with people over the phone and in person, so introverted traits will need to be overcome. The sysadmin must be:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>stress-resistant \u2014 to cope with users' inadequate behavior, large workloads, and communication with management;<\/li>\n<li>multitasking \u2014 typically, managing IT infrastructure involves actively working with various tools, simultaneously solving multiple tasks, and addressing several incidents at once;<\/li>\n<li>time-managing \u2014 only strict planning can save from issues, stalled work, and deadlines on tasks;<\/li>\n<li>communicative \u2014 able to listen, analyze, and understand what users are trying to convey (sometimes this is very, very difficult);<\/li>\n<li>technically-minded \u2014 unfortunately, without the ability to think in an engineering, systematic, and algorithmic way, there's little to do in system administration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>The necessity of knowing foreign languages<\/h2>\n<p>\nIf the company requires language knowledge and these requirements extend to specialists, the system administrator must comply with these rules (for example, if the company provides outsourcing services for foreign companies). Generally, a system administrator should understand basic commands and system messages in English \u2014 for most, this is sufficient.<\/p>\n<p>However, if you want to advance in your career, obtain international certifications, including Cisco, and stay updated on cutting-edge technologies, you will need to have a solid command of English at least at the Upper Intermediate level. I highly recommend making this investment in your professional development; achieving it is entirely feasible even without a natural aptitude for languages.<\/p>\n<h2>Where to study<\/h2>\n<p>\nThe profession of a system administrator is intriguing because there are no specific educational requirements to enter the field, as system administrators are not taught in specialized faculties. It all depends on you \u2014 on how willing you are to independently learn the theory and practice, work with operating systems (Windows and Unix), peripherals, and security. In fact, your computer should become your learning laboratory (even better if you have a separate machine for these tasks so that the process doesn't interfere with your main work and studies).<\/p>\n<p>To say that a system administrator is a profession without any training and is meant for self-taught individuals is simply criminal in today's world, as we see the level of well-paid system administrators. This means there is a basic 'classical' set of skills that you will need.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A basic education, preferably in a technical field, will give you an understanding of the fundamentals of algorithmic thinking, engineering, electronics, etc. It will significantly ease your understanding of the profession and speed up your mastery of it. Furthermore, it is important to remember that for most Russian employers, a diploma is still an important document in the hiring process.<\/li>\n<li>Having one or more Cisco certifications will greatly enhance your skills and make your resume competitive. For example, the Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician (CCENT) is the first level for network technician engineers, or the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching is one of the foundational entry-level certifications. You will encounter Cisco in almost any company, especially large ones. In any case, this professional certification is essentially the gold standard in network operations. Later on, you can pursue higher levels, but I\u2019ll let you in on a secret, often at the expense of the employer \ud83d\ude09.<\/li>\n<li>Depending on your work profile, you can obtain relevant certifications in operating systems, security, networking, etc. These are highly sought-after credentials by employers, and from my experience, I can say that during exam preparation, you really dive deep into the subject. If you don't study independently and only rely on the course classes, passing the exam becomes almost impossible.<\/li>\n<li>There is another form of education \u2014 comprehensive courses for Windows and Unix system administrators. Of course, much depends on the instructor and the organization running the course, but the course quality can be incredibly disappointing. However, if the circumstances are favorable, such a course can significantly systematize your knowledge and organize it in a clear manner. If you decide to pursue this additional education, choose not a university, but a corporate university where lectures and practical sessions are conducted by real, practicing professionals, not theoretical instructors from the '90s.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nA system administrator is a profession that requires continuous learning of new technologies, security tools, IT infrastructure management systems, etc. Without a constant immersion in new materials, you will quickly lose your qualifications and market value.<\/p>\n<p>You won't be able to skip the basics and become a great professional \u2014 without knowledge of PC architecture, servers, understanding the principles of application and system software, operating systems, nothing will work. Therefore, for system administrators, the thesis 'start from the beginning' is more relevant than ever.<\/p>\n<h2>The best books and learning resources<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Classics include Andrew Tanenbaum's: 'Computer Architecture', 'Computer Networks', 'Modern Operating Systems'. These are three thick books that have survived several editions and are still engaging and easy to read. Moreover, for some system administrators, the love for the profession begins precisely with these books.<\/li>\n<li>T. Limoncelli, C. Hogan's 'The Practice of System and Network Administration' is an amazing 'brain-stimulating' book for systematizing the knowledge of an already established system administrator. In fact, Limoncelli has many great books for system administrators.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>R. Pike, B. Kernighan's 'Unix: The Programming Environment', and other books by Kernighan<\/li>\n<li>Noah Gift's \"Python for UNIX and Linux System Administration\" is an excellent book for fans of automating administrative tasks.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nIn addition to books, vendor manuals, built-in help for operating systems and applications, as well as instructions and guidelines, will be useful \u2014 usually, you can easily find all the information you need in them. And yes, they are often in English and quite poor in Russian localization.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, Habr and specialized forums are excellent resources for system administrators of all levels. When I had to learn the science of Windows Server 2012, Habr proved to be a strong support \u2014 that\u2019s when we got to know each other better.<\/p>\n<h2>The Future of System Administrators<\/h2>\n<p>\nI've heard about the degradation of the system administrator profession, and the arguments supporting this thesis are weak: robots will cope, clouds guarantee operation without administrators, etc. The question of who administers the clouds, for instance, on the provider's side, remains open. In reality, the profession of system administrator is not degrading; it is transforming towards complexity and versatility. Therefore, if you have chosen this path, several avenues open up before you.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DevOps or DevSecOps \u2014 specialization at the intersection of development, administration, and security. Currently, attention to DevOps is only growing, and this trend will continue, evolving towards containerization, heavy applications and systems, microservices architecture, and more. Study all this while it appears to be the most prioritized future.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Information security is another area of development. If previously information security specialists were only needed in telecom and banks, today they are required in almost any IT company. This field is complex, requiring knowledge in development, hacking and protection systems \u2014 it\u2019s much deeper than just installing antivirus and configuring a firewall. And, by the way, there are specific specializations in universities for information security, so if you are just starting out, you can enroll directly in a relevant program, and if you're an experienced professional, consider pursuing a master's degree to deepen your knowledge and obtain a diploma.<\/li>\n<li>CTO, CIO \u2014 leadership positions in the IT sector or IT departments of companies. A great path for those who, besides logical thinking and a love for technology, possess managerial and financial skills. You will oversee the entire IT infrastructure, conduct complex implementations, and build architectures for the business, and this, of course, is well compensated. However, as practice shows, CTO\/CIO in a large company also requires negotiation skills, the ability to explain, justify, and secure budgets, which come with immense stress and responsibility.<\/li>\n<li>Start your own business. For example, engage in system administration and support for companies as an outsourcer. This way, you can set your schedule, plan your profitability and workload, and provide the services that you excel at. But this is a challenging path both in terms of acquiring and retaining a client base and in terms of management, finance, and law.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nOf course, you can also venture into telecom, development, or sales management of technically complex products (by the way, this is a costly option!), or marketing \u2014 it all depends on your personal inclinations and understanding of specialization. Alternatively, you can remain an excellent system administrator and out-earn and outperform all the aforementioned in terms of salary and skills. But for this to happen, your ambition must align with your experience and the understanding of your company's leadership regarding the importance of IT infrastructure (which is indeed quite rare).\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Myths of the profession<\/h2>\n<p>\nLike any profession, system administration is surrounded by myths. I am happy to dispel the most common ones.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>System administrators are a working profession. No, this is an intellectual and complex job with multitasking and workloads, because in today's world, IT infrastructure means too much in any company.<\/li>\n<li>System administrators are mean. No, they are ordinary \u2014 depending on the personality of the professional. However, they can be genuinely irritated by users who cannot describe their problem or, worse, consider themselves almost hackers and exacerbate the problem before calling for help.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Profession: System Administrator\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/0b2645440f2e449cd821dfa7181c0476.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Not mean, but dangerous!<\/i><\/li>\n<li>System administrators don\u2019t need a formal education. If you don\u2019t want to spend your life just \"fixing things\" and dealing with basic tasks like installing antivirus and other software, learning is essential\u2014both independently and through professional certified courses. A higher education can help accelerate self-learning and the understanding of complex technical information.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>System administrators are slackers. Oh, this is my favorite myth! A good sysadmin manages IT infrastructure software tools and keeps the entire system in order. This takes a lot of time and often requires overtime work, but externally, yes, it may seem that the sysadmin is just sitting at the computer like the rest of us. From an outsider's perspective, it looks disorganized: after all, the admin should be tangled in wires and running around with a crimper and a stripper at the ready. Nonsense, really. Although no one is perfect\u2014any lazy sysadmin will make their presence felt almost immediately.<\/li>\n<li>Sysadmins are unkempt, wearing oversized sweaters and sporting beards. The appearance of a sysadmin is not dictated by any standards and depends solely on their personal preferences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nBut there\u2019s a grain of truth in every joke, and overall, sysadmins are colorful, interesting people with a unique style of communication. You can always find common ground with them.<\/p>\n<h2>The main advice<\/h2>\n<p>\nThere are no miracles, and you won't become a super sysadmin just by sitting in a small office doing basic work. You will inevitably burn out, become disillusioned with the profession, and assert that it\u2019s the worst job in the world. Therefore\u2014grow, change jobs, embrace interesting and challenging tasks\u2014and you won\u2019t even notice how you become a truly in-demand and well-paid professional.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b>P.S.:<\/b> As always, we look forward to advice from experienced sysadmins in the comments and stories about what helped you in your career, how you got into this job, what you love about it, and what you don\u2019t. How is system administration in 2020?<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ruvds.com\/ru-rub\/#order\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Profession: System Administrator\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/98f515cd3ee1bc84d2d960e9d3c316b4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Source: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/486204\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u044b \u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u00ab\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0435\u00bb. \u0418 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438: \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c \u2014 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u2014 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u2014 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u2014 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 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