{"id":52258,"date":"2019-11-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-03T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/litsenziya-dlya-proektov-s-otkrytym-ishodnym-kodom-kotoraya-obyazyvaet-polzovatelej-ne-prichinyat-vred"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:59:56","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:59:56","slug":"litsenziya-dlya-proektov-s-otkrytym-ishodnym-kodom-kotoraya-obyazyvaet-polzovatelej-ne-prichinyat-vred","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/news\/litsenziya-dlya-proektov-s-otkrytym-ishodnym-kodom-kotoraya-obyazyvaet-polzovatelej-ne-prichinyat-vred","title":{"rendered":"A license for open-source projects that requires users to 'do no harm.'","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Hello, Habr! I present to your attention the translation of the article. \u2018An Open Source License That Requires Users to Do No Harm\u2019<\/a><\/noindex> by Klint Finley.<\/p>\n

\"A
\n
\nChina utilizes facial recognition technologies<\/a><\/noindex>, to track Uyghur Muslims. The U.S. military uses drones to eliminate suspected terrorists<\/a><\/noindex>, as well as nearby civilians. The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement \u2014 the same agency that kept children in cages near the Mexican border \u2014 relies on software for communication and coordination, like all modern organizations.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Someone needs to write the code that makes all this possible. An increasing number of developers are reaching out to their employers and the government, urging them to stop using their work for unethical purposes. Google employees persuaded the company to halt its work on analyzing drone footage<\/a><\/noindex>, and also to cancel all plans to bid for cloud computing contracts for the Pentagon. Microsoft employees protested against the company\u2019s collaboration with Immigration and Customs Enforcement<\/a><\/noindex> and the military, though with minimal success.<\/p>\n

However, it\u2019s quite difficult to prevent companies or governments from using already written software, especially when that software is publicly available. Last month, for example, Seth Vargo removed part of his software<\/a><\/noindex> from online repositories as an act of protest against its potential use by Immigration and Customs Enforcement. However, since open-source code can be freely copied and shared, the removed code quickly became available from other sources.<\/p>\n

Coraline Ada Emke wants to give her fellow programmers more control over how their software is used. The software released under her new \u2018Hippocratic License\u2019<\/a><\/noindex> may be distributed and modified for any purpose, with one major exception: the software cannot be used by individuals, corporations, governments, or other groups in systems or for activities that actively and intentionally endanger, harm, or otherwise threaten the physical or mental health, as well as the economic or other well-being of individuals or groups of people, in violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN.<\/p>\n

Clearly defining what is meant by \"causing harm\" in essence is a complex and contentious issue, however, Emki hopes that linking this license to existing international standards will help reduce uncertainty on this matter. \"The Declaration of Human Rights is a document with a 70-year history, widely accepted for its definitions of harm, and specifically what constitutes a violation of human rights,\" noted Emki.<\/p>\n

Certainly, this is quite a bold proposition, but Emki is known precisely for such statements.<\/a><\/noindex>In 2014, she wrote the first draft of a code of conduct for open source projects titled \"Participant Code of Conduct.\" Initially, it was met with skepticism, but over 40,000 open-source projects have already adopted these rules, from Google's AI platform TensorFlow to the Linux kernel.
\nHowever, at present, very few people publish material under the \"Hippocratic License,\" and even Emki herself is not using it yet. The license still needs to undergo legal approval, for which Emki hired a lawyer, and there may be various barriers, including compatibility with other licenses that will need to be navigated.<\/p>\n

Emki agrees that changing how engineers license their work will not, by itself, stop human rights violations. However, she wants to provide people with a tool to deter various companies, governments, or other malicious entities from using their code to commit crimes.
\nThe non-profit organization Open Source Initiative stated that software with open source code \"should not discriminate against individuals or groups\" and \"should not limit anyone's attempts to use the software in certain areas of work.\"<\/p>\n

Whether human rights violations qualify as \"certain areas of work\" remains to be seen (trans. note.<\/i> there's a sense of sarcasm here), as Emki has yet to officially submit their \"Hippocratic License\" to OSI for review. However, in a tweet last month,<\/a><\/noindex> the organization pointed out that this license does not fit the definition of free software. OSI co-founder Bruce Perens also wrote in his blog,<\/a><\/noindex>that this license contradicts the definition provided by their organization.<\/p>\n

Emki hopes to unite the open source developer community to pressure OSI to change their definition or create a new one. \"I think the OSI definition is terribly outdated,\" Emki stated. \"Currently, the open source community simply lacks the tools to prevent the use of our technologies, for example, by fascists.\"<\/p>\n

Emki's concerns are shared by other developers. Michael Cafarella, co-founder of the popular open source data processing platform Hadoop, has seen his tools used for purposes he could never have imagined, including by the National Security Agency. \"It's good if people start to think about who and how uses their software. Personally, I'm most concerned about abuses by undemocratic states that have substantial engineering resources to modify and deploy new projects. I don't have the necessary expertise to say whether this (Hippocratic License) will be enough to stop such abuses,\" he said.<\/p>\n

Attempts to change the definitions of open source to take ethical issues into account have a fairly long and controversial history. Emki is far from the first to try to write a license that prevents the use of open source code for harmful purposes. Thus, the peer-to-peer computing utility GPU: a Global Processing Unit<\/a><\/noindex> was released in 2006 under a license that prohibits its use by the military. So far, such measures have had little effect, but that may change. Earlier this year dozens of software projects adopted<\/a><\/noindex> the Anti-996 license, which requires users to comply with both local and international labor standards, in response to news about the appalling working conditions in Chinese tech companies. Emki hopes that the public reaction to the actions of the U.S. Immigration Police, which has spread far beyond the tech sector, could be the turning point.<\/p>\n

Some point to the possibility of adopting a new term for code that is open for use by some but closed for others. \u201cPerhaps we should stop calling our software 'open' and start calling it 'open for good purposes,'\u201d Wargo wrote in his tweet<\/a><\/noindex>, the same programmer who previously deleted his code in protest against the Immigration Police.<\/p>\n

The term 'open source software' was adopted in the late 1990s as an alternative to 'free software,' and was at that time associated with certain ideological points. Now, as developers become increasingly ideologically driven, it may be time for the emergence of yet another term.
\n
Source: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abAn Open Source License That Requires Users to Do No Harm\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Klint Finley. \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0439\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d. \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 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