{"id":55308,"date":"2020-01-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-16T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:24","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:24","slug":"istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/news\/istoriya-knig-i-budushhee-bibliotek","title":{"rendered":"The history of books and the future of libraries.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"The
\n
\nBooks, as we commonly envision them today, have not been around for that long. In ancient times, the primary medium for information was papyrus; however, after the ban on its export, parchment filled that niche. As the Roman Empire declined, books ceased to be scrolls, and sheets of parchment began to be bound into volumes. This process occurred gradually; for a time, scrolls and books coexisted, but slowly, the book in its familiar form replaced scrolls. <\/p>\n

The production of such books was quite expensive. In the Middle Ages, monasteries with their own libraries were mainly responsible for this work, where entire teams of monk-scribes, divided by specialization, could relatively quickly replicate a given book. Naturally, not everyone could afford this. A lavishly decorated book could cost as much as a house or even an entire estate. Later, universities began challenging this monopoly, with students rather than monks taking on the role of scribes.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nAs literacy became more popular among the upper classes, the demand for books increased. This led to the necessity of making books cheaper, and gradually, the use of paper came to the forefront. Paper books, even if handwritten, cost several times less than those made of parchment, and their numbers increased significantly. The advent of the printing press triggered the next leap in the book industry. By the mid-15th century, book production became even cheaper. After that, publishing became widely accessible to commercial publishers. The amount of published literature grew rapidly, along with the amount of knowledge.<\/p>\n

Most of the accumulated knowledge of that era pertained to history and philosophy, and gaining access to monasteries, university, or private libraries was not easy for everyone. The situation began to change in the late 17th century. State public libraries started to emerge, where samples of all printed copies from publishing houses were sent along with brief descriptions of their contents. This was particularly true at the National Library of France (formerly the Royal Library Biblioteque du Roi), where Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz served as librarian from 1690 to 1716. State libraries, in turn, began to unite into consortia and develop branches. <\/p>\n

Creating numerous public libraries was financially challenging, so in the 18th-19th centuries, many monasteries, under the threat of confiscation, were forced to open their libraries to the public. At the same time, to fill state libraries, literature was confiscated from church and parish collections, which contained a significant number of rare works. This occurred with variations and at different times across various countries, but the essence of the events fit within the aforementioned trend and time frames. <\/p>\n

Why did states ignore copyright and engage in direct conflict with the church? I believe that the authorities of the most progressive countries understood that accessible knowledge is becoming a strategically important resource. The more knowledge a country accumulates and the more accessible it is to the population, the higher the number of intelligent and educated people in that country, which in turn accelerates the development of industry, trade, culture, making such a country more competitive.<\/p>\n

An ideal library should possess the maximum volume of knowledge, be accessible to all who are interested in obtaining information, and provide access quickly, conveniently, and effectively.<\/i> <\/p>\n

By 1995, the National Library of France held 12 million publications. Of course, it's impossible for an individual to read such a vast number of books. In a lifetime, a person can read about 8,000 volumes (at an average reading speed of 2-3 books per week). In most cases, the goal is to quickly access the specific information you need. Simply creating a broad network of city and regional libraries is not enough. <\/p>\n

This issue has long been recognized, and to facilitate the search and consolidate the broadest range of human knowledge, an encyclopedia was created in the 18th century at the initiative of Denis Diderot and mathematician Jean d'Alembert. Initially, their efforts were met with resistance not only from the church but also from state officials, as their ideas conflicted with both clericalism and conservatism in general. Given that the ideas of the encyclopedists played a significant role in the preparation for the French Revolution, this is entirely understandable. <\/p>\n

Thus, states are, on one hand, interested in the widespread dissemination of knowledge among the population, while on the other, they wish to maintain certain control over the books that the authorities consider undesirable (i.e., censorship).
\nFor this reason, even in public libraries, access is not possible for every book. This phenomenon is explained not only by the age and rarity of these publications. <\/p>\n

State control over publishers and libraries still exists today; with the advent of the internet, the stakes have risen, and the contradictions have only intensified. In Russia, the Maxim Moshkov Library was established in 1994. However, after ten years of operation, the first lawsuits began, followed by DoS attacks. It became clear that not all books could be uploaded, and the library owner was forced to make 'difficult decisions.' The acceptance of these decisions led to the emergence of other libraries, new lawsuits, DoS attacks, and blockages by regulatory authorities (i.e., the state), and so on. <\/p>\n

With the rise of internet libraries, online reference sources have also emerged. Wikipedia appeared in 2001. However, there are also challenges, and not every country allows its citizens access to 'unverified information' (i.e., information not censored by that very state).<\/p>\n

\"The
\n
\nWhile subscribers of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia in the USSR received rather naive letters asking them to cut out certain pages, hoping that some 'conscious' citizens would follow the instructions, a centralized electronic library (or encyclopedia) can edit undesirable texts as its administration sees fit. This is well illustrated in the story 'Animal Farm<\/a><\/noindex>' by George Orwell \u2014 notes written with chalk on a wall are edited under the cover of night by interested parties.<\/p>\n

Thus, the struggle between the desire to provide information to the maximum number of people for their intellectual development, culture, and wealth, and the wish to control people's thoughts, in order to profit more from it, continues to this day. States are searching for a compromise because if many things are prohibited, first, alternative sources offering a more interesting selection will inevitably arise (as we observe with torrents and pirate libraries). Secondly, in the long term, this will limit the state's own opportunities. <\/p>\n

What should an ideal state electronic library look like that would unite everyone's interests?<\/i> <\/p>\n

In my view, it should contain all published books, magazines, and newspapers, possibly available for reading as well as downloading with a slight delay. By slight delay, I mean a maximum period of up to six months to a year for novels, a month for magazines, and a day or two for newspapers. It should be filled not only through publishers and digitized books from other state libraries but also with contributions from readers\/writers who send texts to it.<\/p>\n

Most of the books and other materials should be available (under a Creative Commons license), meaning completely free of charge. Books by authors who have personally expressed a desire to receive payment for downloading and viewing their works should be placed in a separate category called 'Commercial Literature.' The price in this section should be capped at a level that allows anyone to read and download the file without worrying too much about their budget \u2014 a fraction of the minimum pension (approximately 5-10 rubles per book). Payments based on this authorial request should be made only to the author (co-author, translator), and not to their representatives, publishers, relatives, secretaries, etc.<\/p>\n

And what about the writer?<\/h4>\n

\nThe revenues from the sales of commercial editions may not be huge, but with a significant number of downloads, they can be quite respectable. Additionally, authors can receive grants and awards from both public and private sources. It may not be possible to get rich from a public library, but it will certainly provide some income, and more importantly, it will give a chance for a vast number of people to read the work. <\/p>\n

And what about the publisher?<\/h4>\n

\nThe publisher emerged and existed at a time when it was possible to sell a physical medium. Sales of traditional media will not disappear and will continue to generate income for a long time. This is how publishing houses will sustain themselves.
\nIn the age of e-books and the internet, the services of publishing can easily be replaced \u2014 if necessary, an author can independently find an editor, proofreader, or translator. <\/p>\n

And what about the state?<\/h4>\n

\nThe state benefits from having a culturally and educationally advanced population that 'enhances its greatness and glory through their deeds.' Moreover, it acquires the ability to at least minimally regulate the content supply. Of course, this library will only make sense if such regulation is equal to or approaches zero, otherwise an alternative will soon arise. <\/p>\n

You can share your vision of the ideal library, complement my version, or dispute it in the comments.
\n
Source: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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