{"id":71009,"date":"2020-02-23T09:53:26","date_gmt":"2020-02-23T06:53:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sistemy-avtomatizaczii-na-osnove-foundation-fieldbus"},"modified":"2020-03-03T16:14:42","modified_gmt":"2020-03-03T13:14:42","slug":"sistemy-avtomatizaczii-na-osnove-foundation-fieldbus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sistemy-avtomatizaczii-na-osnove-foundation-fieldbus","title":{"rendered":"Automation Systems Based on Foundation Fieldbus","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Foundation Fieldbus is a digital communication system used in automation alongside others like Profibus, Modbus, or HART. The technology emerged somewhat later than its competitors, with the first version of the standard dated back to 1996. It currently includes two protocols for information exchange between network participants \u2013 H1 and HSE (High Speed Ethernet).<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nThe H1 protocol is used for information exchange at the sensor and controller level, and its network is based on the IEC 61158-2 physical layer standard, allowing a data transmission speed of 31.25 kbit\/s. Power for field devices can be supplied via the data bus. The HSE network is based on high-speed Ethernet networks (100\/1000 Mbit\/s) and is used for building process automation networks at the controller and enterprise management system levels.<\/p>\n<p>The technology is applicable when building process automation systems for any industrial facilities, but it is most widely used in the oil and gas industry and the chemical industry.<\/p>\n<h4>Capabilities of the technology<\/h4>\n<p>\nFoundation Fieldbus was developed as an alternative to traditional automated control systems based on analog sensors and has several advantages over both the traditional model and digital systems based on Profibus or HART.<\/p>\n<p>One of the main advantages lies in the high reliability and fault tolerance of the systems. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.phoenixcontact.com\/online\/portal\/ru?1dmy&amp;urile=wcm%3apath%3a\/ruru\/web\/main\/products\/subcategory_pages\/Foundation_Fieldbus_P-08-12-13\/017988c2-cbaa-44b8-84bb-6d64e442cead\">Foundation Fieldbus<\/a><\/noindex> H1, which is achieved through two factors:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the use of intelligent devices (sensors and actuators) at the field level;<\/li>\n<li>the ability to organize information exchange directly between field devices without the involvement of a controller.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nThe intelligence of field devices lies in the ability to embed control and information processing algorithms that are traditionally implemented in the controller. In practice, this allows the system to continue operating even if the controller fails. For this to occur, field devices must be configured accordingly, and a reliable power supply system for the field bus must be ensured. <\/p>\n<p>The additional advantages gained from digitizing the management system and utilizing intelligent sensors lie in the ability to collect more data, beyond just measurement, from each field device, ultimately expanding the observation scope of the process, which is limited by I\/O signal systems in traditional analog setups.<\/p>\n<p>Using a bus topology in the H1 network allows for a reduction in cable lengths, less installation work, and eliminates the need for additional equipment in the control systems: I\/O modules, power sources, and in explosion-proof zones \u2014 spark protection barriers.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.phoenixcontact.com\/online\/portal\/ru?1dmy&amp;urile=wcm%3apath%3a\/ruru\/web\/main\/products\/subcategory_pages\/Foundation_Fieldbus_P-08-12-13\/017988c2-cbaa-44b8-84bb-6d64e442cead\">Foundation Fieldbus<\/a><\/noindex> H1 permits the use of 4-20 mA sensor communication cables, which can be utilized for upgrading older control systems. Thanks to the principles of intrinsic safety, this technology is actively applied in hazardous environments. The standardization itself guarantees interchangeability and compatibility of equipment from various manufacturers, and with the use of gateway devices, it's possible to integrate field device networks with enterprise Distributed Control Systems (DCS) built on Ethernet.<\/p>\n<p>The greatest similarity between Foundation Fieldbus H1 and Profibus PA systems lies in their physical layer standard. Therefore, these systems share data transmission speeds, the use of Manchester encoding, electrical parameters of the communication line, the maximum transmitted power, and the permissible cable length in a network segment (1900 m). Both systems also allow the use of up to 4 repeaters, enabling segment lengths to reach up to 9.5 km. Common features include possible network topologies in the control system, as well as principles of ensuring intrinsic safety.<\/p>\n<h4>System Components<\/h4>\n<p>\nThe main elements of the Foundation Fieldbus H1 network are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>decentralized control system (DCS) controllers;<\/li>\n<li>fieldbus power supplies;<\/li>\n<li>block or modular coupling devices;<\/li>\n<li>bus terminators;<\/li>\n<li>intelligent field devices. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nThe system may also include gateway devices (Linking Device), protocol converters, surge protection devices, and repeaters.<\/p>\n<h4>Network Topology<\/h4>\n<p>\nAn important concept in the H1 network is the segment. It represents a trunk communication line, with branches leading off of it to connect field devices. The trunk cable starts at the power source of the bus and usually ends at the last device in the connection. There are four types of topology allowed for connecting the controller to field devices: point-to-point, daisy chain, bus, and tree. Each segment can be constructed using either a single topology or a combination of them.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Automation Systems Based on Foundation Fieldbus\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/2d9a475526670d9bb7ac5258b3a2fa0f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nIn a point-to-point topology, each field device connects directly to the controller. Here, each connected field device forms its own network segment. This topology proves inconvenient as it deprives the system of almost all the advantages built into the Foundation Fieldbus. Too many interfaces are utilized on the controller, and to power the field devices from the data bus, each communication line requires its own field bus power source. The lengths of the communication lines become too long, and information exchange between devices occurs only through the controller, which hinders the use of a highly fault-tolerant H1 system.<\/p>\n<p>The daisy chain topology implies a sequential connection of field devices to each other. All field devices are combined into a single segment, which allows for fewer resources to be utilized. However, this topology also has drawbacks \u2013 primarily the need to implement methods to ensure that the failure of one of the intermediate sensors does not cause a disruption of communication with the others. Another drawback is the lack of protection against short circuits in the communication line, making information exchange within the segment impossible.<\/p>\n<p>The most reliable and practical network topologies are the bus and tree topologies, which are most commonly used in the construction of H1 networks. The essence of these topologies lies in the use of coupling devices to connect field devices to the main communication line. Coupling devices allow each field device to be connected to its own interface.<\/p>\n<h4>Network Parameters<\/h4>\n<p>\nImportant questions when constructing an H1 network include its physical parameters\u2014how many field devices can be used in a segment, what is the maximum length of a segment, and what is the length of the branches. The answers to these questions depend on the power supply and power consumption of field devices, and for explosive environments, the methods of ensuring intrinsic safety.<\/p>\n<p>The maximum number of field devices in a segment (32) can only be reached if they are powered by local sources on-site and there are no intrinsic safety measures in place. When powering sensors and actuators from the data bus, the maximum number of devices can only be 12 or fewer, depending on intrinsic safety measures. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Automation Systems Based on Foundation Fieldbus\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/b755e771dfe41dfd28821f9315048420.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>The relationship between the number of field devices and the method of power supply and intrinsic safety measures.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The length of the network segment is defined by the type of cable used. The maximum length of 1900 m is achieved when using type A cable (shielded twisted pair). When using type D cable (unshielded multi-core cable with common shielding), it is only 200 m. The length of the segment is understood as the sum of the lengths of the main cable and all branches from it.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Automation Systems Based on Foundation Fieldbus\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/12094122f916b3f6db4ffce1d9687be1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>The relationship between the length of the segment and the type of cable.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>The length of branches depends on the number of devices in the network segment. Thus, with up to 12 devices, the maximum is 120 m. With 32 devices in the segment, the maximum length of branches will only be 1 m. When connecting field devices in a daisy chain, each additional device reduces the length of the branch by 30 m.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Automation Systems Based on Foundation Fieldbus\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/57c32136be7570e463d19796d5b6a66e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>The relationship between the length of branches from the main cable and the number of field devices in the segment.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>All these factors directly impact the structure and topology of the system. To expedite the network design process, special software packages are used, such as DesignMate from FieldComm Group or the Fieldbus Network Planner from Phoenix Contact. These programs allow for the calculation of physical and electrical parameters of the H1 network, taking into account all possible limitations.<\/p>\n<h4>Purpose of system components<\/h4>\n<p><b>Controller<\/b><\/p>\n<p>The controller's task includes implementing the functions of the Active Link Scheduler (LAS) \u2013 the main device that manages the network by sending service messages. The LAS initiates informational exchange between network participants through scheduled or unscheduled messages, conducts diagnostics, and synchronizes all devices. <\/p>\n<p>In addition, the controller is responsible for the automatic addressing of field devices, acting as a gateway device by providing an Ethernet interface for communication with the upper level of the control system based on Foundation Fieldbus HSE or another communication protocol. For the upper level of the system, the controller provides monitoring and control functions from the operator's side, as well as remote configuration capabilities for field devices.<\/p>\n<p>Multiple Active Link Schedulers can exist within the network to ensure redundancy of the functions embedded within them. In modern systems, LAS functions can be implemented in a gateway device that serves as a protocol converter for control systems built on standards other than Foundation Fieldbus HSE. <\/p>\n<p><b>Power sources for the fieldbus<\/b><\/p>\n<p>The power system in the H1 network plays a key role, as the voltage must be maintained within a range of 9 to 32 V DC for the possibility of information exchange over the data transmission cable. Whether field devices are powered by the data bus or by local power sources, bus power sources are required in the network. <\/p>\n<p>Therefore, their primary purpose is to maintain the required electrical parameters on the bus, as well as to power devices connected to the network. Unlike standard power supplies, bus power supplies are distinguished by having the appropriate output impedance on data transmission frequencies. If 12 or 24 V power supplies are used directly for the H1 network, the signal will be lost, making data exchange on the bus impossible.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Automation Systems Based on Foundation Fieldbus\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/255c85ad3ef33d9eb6e04bad68a975e3.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Reserved bus power supplies FB-PS (assembly for 4 segments).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Given the importance of ensuring reliable power to the bus, the power supplies for each segment of the network can be reserved. FB-PS power supplies from Phoenix Contact support the automatic current balancing technology (Auto Current Balancing). ACB ensures a symmetrical load between the power supplies, which positively affects their temperature regime and ultimately leads to an increase in their service life. <\/p>\n<p>The power supply system for the H1 network is usually located in the controller cabinet.<\/p>\n<p><b>Interface devices<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Interface devices are designed to connect a group of field devices to the data transmission bus. Depending on their functions, they are divided into two types: segment protectors and field barriers. <\/p>\n<p>Regardless of the type, interface devices protect the network from short circuits and overloads in the outgoing lines. When a short circuit occurs, the interface device blocks the interface port, preventing the short circuit from spreading throughout the system and thus ensuring data exchange between the other devices on the network. After the short circuit in the line is eliminated, the previously blocked communication port resumes operation.<\/p>\n<p>Field barriers additionally provide galvanic isolation between non-intrinsically safe circuits of the data transmission bus and intrinsically safe circuits of the connected field devices (branches).<\/p>\n<p>Physical connection devices also come in two types \u2013 block and modular execution. Block devices like the FB-12SP with segment protection functionality allow the use of intrinsically safe circuits IC for connecting field devices in Zone 2, while the FB-12SP ISO field barriers enable connection of devices in Zones 1 and 0 with intrinsically safe circuits IA. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Automation Systems Based on Foundation Fieldbus\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/03b568d3ea8754fe8edb9bc6bc2f3308.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>The FB-12SP and FB-6SP connection devices from Phoenix Contact.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>One advantage of modular devices is the ability to scale the system by selecting the required number of channels for connecting field devices. Additionally, modular devices allow for the creation of flexible structures. In one distribution cabinet, it is possible to combine segment protection modules and field barriers, thus connecting field devices located in different explosive zones from a single cabinet. Up to 12 two-channel FB-2SP modules or single-channel barrier modules FB-ISO can be installed on a single bus, connecting up to 24 field devices in Zone 2 or up to 12 sensors in Zones 1 or 0. <\/p>\n<p>Connection devices can operate within a wide temperature range and are installed in explosion-proof enclosures Ex e, Ex d with a minimum degree of dust and moisture protection of IP54, including as close as possible to the control object.<\/p>\n<p><b>Surge protection devices<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Field level networks H1 can form very lengthy segments, and communication lines can pass through areas where impulse overvoltages may occur. Impulse overvoltages refer to induced potential differences caused by lightning strikes or short circuits in nearby cable lines. The induced voltage, which is on the order of several kilovolts, triggers discharge currents of kiloamperes. All these phenomena occur within microseconds but can lead to the failure of H1 network components. To protect equipment from such events, surge protective devices (SPD) must be used. The use of SPDs instead of standard terminal blocks ensures reliable and safe system operation under adverse conditions. <\/p>\n<p>Its operating principle is based on the use of quasi-short circuits in the nanosecond range to carry discharge currents in a circuit, which includes elements capable of withstanding currents of such magnitude. <\/p>\n<p>There are many varieties of surge protective devices (SPDs): single-channel, dual-channel, with interchangeable plugs, and with various types of diagnostics \u2013 in the form of a blinker, dry contact. Modern diagnostic tools from Phoenix Contact allow for monitoring SPDs using digital services based on Ethernet. At the company\u2019s factory in Russia, devices certified for use in explosive environments, including in Foundation Fieldbus systems, are produced. <\/p>\n<p><b>Bus Terminator<\/b><\/p>\n<p>The terminator performs two functions in the network \u2013 it shunts the field bus current caused by signal modulation and prevents signal reflections from the ends of the trunk line, thus preventing noise and jitter (phase fluctuations in the digital signal). Consequently, the terminator helps avoid inaccuracies or data loss in the network.<\/p>\n<p>Each H1 network segment must have two terminators, at each end of the segment. Power supplies for the bus and Phoenix Contact coupling devices come equipped with switchable terminators. The presence of extra terminators in the network, for instance due to an error, can significantly reduce the signal level in the interface line.<\/p>\n<h4>Information Exchange Between Segments<\/h4>\n<p>\nInformation exchange between field devices is not limited to one segment and is possible between different parts of the network, which can be linked via a controller or an enterprise network based on Ethernet. Both the Foundation Fieldbus HSE protocol and the more popular Modbus TCP can be used in this context. <\/p>\n<p>Industrial-grade switches are used in building HSE networks. The protocol allows for ring redundancy. In this case, it should be noted that in a ring topology, switches must utilize one of the redundancy protocols (RSTP, MRP, or Extended Ring Redundancy) depending on the size and required convergence time of the network during communication channel failures. <\/p>\n<p>Integration of systems based on HSE with external systems is possible using the OPC technology.<\/p>\n<h4>Methods for Ensuring Explosion Safety<\/h4>\n<p>\nCreating an explosion-safe system involves more than just following the explosion safety characteristics of the equipment and choosing its correct placement on-site. Within the system, each device does not operate independently but works as part of a unified network. In Foundation Fieldbus H1 networks, information exchange between devices located in different hazardous areas involves not only data transmission but also the transfer of electrical energy. The amount of energy tolerated in one zone may be unacceptable in another. Therefore, to assess the explosion safety of field networks and select the optimal safety approach, a system approach is used. Among such methods, the most common are the methods for ensuring intrinsic safety.<\/p>\n<p>Currently, there are several ways to ensure intrinsic safety for field buses: the traditional barrier method of spark protection, the FISCO concept, and the High Power Trunk (HPT) technology. <\/p>\n<p>The first method is based on the use of spark protection barriers and implements a proven concept that has been used in control systems based on analog signals of 4-20 mA. This method is simple and reliable; however, it limits the power supply to field devices in hazardous Zones 0 and 1 to 80 mA. In this case, an optimistic estimate allows connecting no more than 4 field devices on a segment with a consumption of 20 mA, but in practice, no more than 2. Consequently, the system loses all the advantages that exist in Foundation Fieldbus and essentially results in a point-to-point topology, where connecting a large number of field devices requires splitting the system into multiple segments. This method also significantly limits the length of the trunk cable and branches.<\/p>\n<p>The FISCO concept was developed by the 'National Metrology Institute of Germany' and later incorporated into IEC standards, and subsequently into GOST. To ensure the spark safety of the field network, the concept entails the use of components that meet certain limitations. These limitations are defined for power supplies based on output power, for field devices based on power consumption and inductance, and for cables based on resistance, capacitance, and inductance. Such limitations arise because capacitive and inductive elements can store energy, which, in emergency mode, if any element of the system is damaged, could be released and cause a spark discharge. Furthermore, the concept prohibits the use of redundancy in the bus power supply system.<\/p>\n<p>FISCO provides a higher current capacity for powering devices in explosive zones compared to the field barrier method. Here, 115 mA is available, which can be used to power 4-5 devices within the segment. However, there are also limitations on the length of the trunk cable and branches.<\/p>\n<p>The High Power Trunk technology is currently the most widely used technology for ensuring spark safety in Foundation Fieldbus networks, as it lacks the drawbacks present in networks protected by barriers or designed according to FISCO. With HPT, it has become possible to achieve the maximum number of field devices in the network segment. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Automation Systems Based on Foundation Fieldbus\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/0ee268277f614aa270578e2036cd70bc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nThe technology does not restrict the electrical parameters of the network where it is unnecessary, such as on the communication trunk line, where maintenance and equipment replacement are not needed. For connecting field devices located in explosive zones, coupling devices with field barrier functionality are used, which limit the electrical parameters of the network for powering sensors and are located directly next to the control object. In this case, the entire segment utilizes type Ex e (increased safety) explosion protection.<br \/>\n<br \/>Source: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/phoenix_contact\/blog\/489256\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Foundation Fieldbus \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a Profibus, Modbus \u0438\u043b\u0438 HART. \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u2013 H1 \u0438 HSE (High Speed Ethernet). \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b H1 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":71010,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71009","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Foundation Fieldbus \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, 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