{"id":75678,"date":"2020-03-27T19:42:27","date_gmt":"2020-03-27T17:42:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/o-chem-molchit-explain-i-kak-ego-razgovorit"},"modified":"2020-03-27T19:42:27","modified_gmt":"2020-03-27T17:42:27","slug":"o-chem-molchit-explain-i-kak-ego-razgovorit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/administrirovanie\/o-chem-molchit-explain-i-kak-ego-razgovorit","title":{"rendered":"What EXPLAIN is silent about, and how to get it talking?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A classic question that every developer asks their DBA or business owner to a PostgreSQL consultant almost always sounds the same: <i>\"Why are the queries taking so long to execute on the database?\"<\/i><\/p>\n<p>A traditional set of reasons:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>inefficient algorithm<\/b><br \/>\nwhen you decide to JOIN several CTEs with a couple of tens of thousands of records<\/li>\n<li><b>outdated statistics<\/b><br \/>\nif the actual data distribution in the table significantly differs from what ANALYZE collected last time<\/li>\n<li><b>\"bottleneck\" in resources<\/b><br \/>\nand there are no longer enough allocated CPU computing resources, with gigabytes of memory constantly being processed or the disk can't keep up with all the database \"wants\"<\/li>\n<li><b>locks<\/b> from competing processes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAnd if locks are complicated enough to capture and analyze, for everything else we just need <b>the query plan<\/b>, which can be obtained using <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/postgrespro.ru\/docs\/postgresql\/12\/using-explain\">the EXPLAIN statement<\/a><\/noindex> (<i>it is better to start with EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS) \u2026<\/i>) or <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/postgrespro.ru\/docs\/postgresql\/12\/auto-explain\">the auto_explain module<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>But, as stated in the same documentation, <\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\"Understanding the plan is an art, and mastering it requires specific experience, \u2026\"<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> But you can manage without it if you use the right tool!<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nWhat does a query plan usually look like? Something like this:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">Index Scan using pg_class_relname_nsp_index on pg_class (actual time=0.049..0.050 rows=1 loops=1)\n  Index Cond: (relname = $1)\n  Filter: (oid = $0)\n  Buffers: shared hit=4\n  InitPlan 1 (returns $0,$1)\n    -&gt;  Limit (actual time=0.019..0.020 rows=1 loops=1)\n          Buffers: shared hit=1\n          -&gt;  Seq Scan on pg_class pg_class_1 (actual time=0.015..0.015 rows=1 loops=1)\n                Filter: (relkind = 'r'::\"char\")\n                Rows Removed by Filter: 5\n                Buffers: shared hit=1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nor like this:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">\"Append  (cost=868.60..878.95 rows=2 width=233) (actual time=0.024..0.144 rows=2 loops=1)\"\n\"  Buffers: shared hit=3\"\n\"  CTE cl\"\n\"    -&gt;  Seq Scan on pg_class  (cost=0.00..868.60 rows=9972 width=537) (actual time=0.016..0.042 rows=101 loops=1)\"\n\"          Buffers: shared hit=3\"\n\"  -&gt;  Limit  (cost=0.00..0.10 rows=1 width=233) (actual time=0.023..0.024 rows=1 loops=1)\"\n\"        Buffers: shared hit=1\"\n\"        -&gt;  CTE Scan on cl  (cost=0.00..997.20 rows=9972 width=233) (actual time=0.021..0.021 rows=1 loops=1)\"\n\"              Buffers: shared hit=1\"\n\"  -&gt;  Limit  (cost=10.00..10.10 rows=1 width=233) (actual time=0.117..0.118 rows=1 loops=1)\"\n\"        Buffers: shared hit=2\"\n\"        -&gt;  CTE Scan on cl cl_1  (cost=0.00..997.20 rows=9972 width=233) (actual time=0.001..0.104 rows=101 loops=1)\"\n\"              Buffers: shared hit=2\"\n\"Planning Time: 0.634 ms\"\n\"Execution Time: 0.248 ms\"<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nBut reading the plan as text \"from the sheet\" is very difficult and not visually clear:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the node outputs <b>the sum of the resources of the subtree<\/b><br \/>\nIn other words, to understand how much time was spent on executing a specific node, or how much exactly this reading from the table retrieved data from the disk, one has to somehow subtract one from the other.<\/li>\n<li>The node time is necessary. <b>Multiply by loops.<\/b><br \/>\nYes, subtraction is not the most difficult operation to do<\/li>\n<li>Well, all this together hinders answering the main question \u2014 so who is the <b>\"the weakest link\".<\/b>?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nWhen we tried to explain all this to several hundred of our developers, we realized that from the outside, it looks something like this:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"What EXPLAIN is silent about, and how to get it talking?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/abb07e902639b5ec245851aa4a0edb58.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAh, so we need...<\/p>\n<h2>Tool<\/h2>\n<p>\nIn it, we tried to gather all the key mechanics that help understand, by plan and request, \"who is to blame and what to do\". Also, to share part of our experience with the community.<br \/>\nMeet and use \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/explain.tensor.ru\/\">explain.tensor.ru<\/a><\/noindex> <\/p>\n<h3>Clarity of plans<\/h3>\n<p>\nIs it easy to understand the plan when it looks like this?<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">Seq Scan on pg_class (actual time=0.009..1.304 rows=6609 loops=1)\n  Buffers: shared hit=263\nPlanning Time: 0.108 ms\nExecution Time: 1.800 ms\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNot really.<\/p>\n<p>But like this, <b>in a shortened form,<\/b>, when key indicators are separated, it becomes much clearer:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"What EXPLAIN is silent about, and how to get it talking?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/18404ce800de847f1934ac2c7fef10be.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nBut if the plan is more complex, the <b>pie chart of time distribution<\/b> by nodes comes to the rescue:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"What EXPLAIN is silent about, and how to get it talking?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ca9fdd07278801e4f3ad15e997efc1a0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nWell, for the most complex cases, the <b>execution diagram<\/b>:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"What EXPLAIN is silent about, and how to get it talking?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/c03f358858206d7ccae20fd8142baa8c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nFor example, there are quite non-trivial situations where a plan can have more than one actual root:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"What EXPLAIN is silent about, and how to get it talking?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ea4f3f498737e9cc3f8f40c16a5bd1d7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"What EXPLAIN is silent about, and how to get it talking?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/267273e8491d6b4403442672612c33ff.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Structural hints<\/h3>\n<p>\nWell, if the entire structure of the plan and its pain points are already outlined and visible \u2014 why not highlight them for the developer and explain in \"plain language\"?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"What EXPLAIN is silent about, and how to get it talking?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/0e7157a09f7f5707e769cc1d6a8f3af8.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>We have already collected a couple of dozen such recommendation templates.<\/p>\n<h3>Row-level query profiler<\/h3>\n<p>\nNow, if you overlay the original query onto the analyzed plan, you can see how much time was spent on each individual operator \u2014 approximately like this:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"What EXPLAIN is silent about, and how to get it talking?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/0766d331798d529363d10006ace211f3.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u2026 or even like this:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"What EXPLAIN is silent about, and how to get it talking?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/4efd23d84792c5a7f54b40e86ff17353.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Parameter substitution in the query<\/h3>\n<p>\nIf you have \"attached\" not only the query to the plan but also its parameters from the DETAIL line of the log, you can additionally copy it in one of the options:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>with value substitution in the query<br \/>\nfor direct execution on your database and further profiling<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">SELECT 'const', 'param'::text;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>with value substitution through PREPARE\/EXECUTE<br \/>\nto emulate the scheduler's operation when the parameter part can be ignored \u2014 for example, when working on partitioned tables<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">DEALLOCATE ALL;\nPREPARE q(text) AS SELECT 'const', $1::text;\nEXECUTE q('param'::text);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Plans Archive<\/h3>\n<p>\nInsert, analyze, share with colleagues! Plans will remain in the archive, and you can return to them later: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/explain.tensor.ru\/archive\/\">explain.tensor.ru\/archive<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>But if you don\u2019t want your plan to be seen by others, don\u2019t forget to check the 'do not publish in the archive' box.<\/p>\n<p>In the following articles, I will discuss the challenges and solutions that arise when analyzing the plan.<br \/>\n<br \/>Source: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/tensor\/blog\/477624\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 DBA \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u2014 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e PostgreSQL, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e: \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e?\u00bb \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d: \u043d\u0435\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c JOIN \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 CTE \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":75679,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-75678","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 DBA \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u2014 \u043a 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