{"id":80500,"date":"2020-05-06T13:42:29","date_gmt":"2020-05-06T11:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/protokoly-sftp-i-ftps"},"modified":"2020-05-06T13:42:29","modified_gmt":"2020-05-06T11:42:29","slug":"protokoly-sftp-i-ftps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/administrirovanie\/protokoly-sftp-i-ftps","title":{"rendered":"SFTP and FTPS Protocols","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Preface<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Just a week ago, I wrote a paper on the topic outlined in the title and found that, let's say, there isn't much enlightening information available online. Mostly dry facts and setup instructions. Therefore, I decided to slightly adjust the text and post it as an article.<\/p>\n<p>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h1>What is FTP<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol for transferring files over a network. It is one of the fundamental Ethernet protocols. It appeared in 1971 and originally operated in DARPA networks. Currently, like HTTP, file transfer is based on a model consisting of a set of TCP\/IP (Transmission Control Protocol\/Internet Protocol) protocols. Defined in RFC 959.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The protocol specifies the following:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How error checking will be performed<\/li>\n<li>The method of data packaging (if packaging is used)<\/li>\n<li>How the sending device indicates that it has finished the message<\/li>\n<li>How the receiving device indicates that it has received the message<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Interaction between client and server<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Let's take a closer look at the processes that occur during FTP operation. The connection is initiated by the user protocol interpreter. Control of data exchange is conducted over a control channel using the TELNET standard. FTP commands are generated by the user protocol interpreter and sent to the server. Server responses are also sent to the user over the control channel. In general, the user has the capability to contact the server's protocol interpreter using means different from that of the user protocol interpreter.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The main feature of FTP is that it uses a dual connection. One of them is used for sending commands to the server and occurs by default over TCP port 21, which can be changed. The control connection exists as long as the client is communicating with the server. The control channel must remain open during data transfer between machines. If it is closed, data transfer is halted. The second channel is used for the actual data transfer. It is opened each time a file is being transferred between the client and the server. If several files are being transferred simultaneously, a separate transfer channel is opened for each.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>FTP can operate in either active or passive mode, which determines how the connection is established. In active mode, the client creates a control TCP connection with the server and sends its IP address and a random client port number to the server, then waits for the server to initiate a TCP connection to this address and port number. If the client is behind a firewall and cannot accept inbound TCP connections, passive mode can be used. In this mode, the client sends a PASV command to the server via the control stream, and then receives the server's IP address and port number, which the client uses to open a data stream from its random port. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>There may be situations where data needs to be transferred to a third machine. In this case, the user establishes a control channel with both servers and sets up a direct data channel between them. Control commands go through the user, while data is transferred directly between the servers.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Four data representations can be used for data transfer over the network:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ASCII \u2013 used for text. Data is converted, if necessary, from character representation on the sending host to \u2018eight-bit ASCII\u2019 before transmission, and (again, if necessary) back to character representation for the receiving host. In particular, newline characters are modified. As a result, this mode is not suitable for files that contain more than just plain text.<\/li>\n<li>Binary mode \u2013 the sending device sends each file byte by byte, and the receiver saves the byte stream upon receipt. Support for this mode is recommended for all FTP implementations.<\/li>\n<li>EBCDIC \u2013 used for transferring plain text between hosts in EBCDIC encoding. Otherwise, this mode is similar to the ASCII mode.<\/li>\n<li>Local mode \u2013 allows two computers with identical settings to send data in their own format without conversion to ASCII.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Data transfer can occur in any of three modes:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stream mode \u2013 data is sent as a continuous stream, freeing FTP from performing any processing. Instead, all processing is done by TCP. An end-of-file indicator is not needed, except for segmenting data into records.<\/li>\n<li>Block mode \u2013 FTP divides data into several blocks (header block, byte count, data field) and then transmits them via TCP.<\/li>\n<li>Compression mode \u2013 data is compressed using a single algorithm (usually run-length encoding).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>An FTP server is a server that allows the use of the file transfer protocol. It has certain features that differentiate it from regular web servers:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>User authentication is required.<\/li>\n<li>All operations are conducted within the current session.<\/li>\n<li>The ability to perform various actions on the file system.<\/li>\n<li>A separate channel is used for each connection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>An FTP client is a program that allows you to connect to a remote server via FTP and perform necessary actions on the elements of the file system. A browser can serve as a client, where you should enter the address that represents the path to a specific directory or file on the remote server, according to the general URL flowchart:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><code>ftp:\/\/user:pass@address:port\/directory\/file<\/code><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>However, using a web browser in this context will only allow you to view or download the desired files. To fully utilize the advantages of FTP, specialized software should be used as a client. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>FTP authentication uses a username\/password scheme to grant access. The username is sent to the server with the USER command, while the password is sent with the PASS command. If the client-provided information is accepted by the server, the server will send an invitation to the client, and the session begins. Users may, if the server supports this feature, log in without providing credentials, but the server may only offer limited access for such sessions.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The host providing FTP service may offer anonymous access to FTP. Users typically log in as 'anonymous' (case sensitivity may apply on some FTP servers) as their username. Although users are usually asked to provide their email address instead of a password, no actual verification is typically performed. Many FTP hosts that provide software updates support anonymous access.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Protocol scheme<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The interaction between the 'client-server' in an FTP connection can be visually represented as follows:<\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SFTP and FTPS Protocols\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/9513d1898a0938a30b0f87d7956bc98f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h1>Secure FTP<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>FTP was initially not designed to be secure, as it was intended for communication between several military entities and institutions. However, with the development and spread of the internet, the danger of unauthorized access increased manifold. This led to the necessity of protecting servers against various types of attacks. In May 1999, the authors of RFC 2577 compiled the vulnerabilities into the following list of issues:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hidden attacks (bounce attacks)<\/li>\n<li>Spoof attacks (spoof attacks)<\/li>\n<li>Brute force attacks (brute force attacks)<\/li>\n<li>Packet capture, sniffing (packet capture, sniffing)<\/li>\n<li>Port stealing (port stealing)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Standard FTP does not include the ability to transmit data in an encrypted form, which means that usernames, passwords, commands, and other information can be easily intercepted by malicious actors. A common solution to this problem is to use 'secure' versions of the vulnerable protocol (FTPS) that are protected by TLS, or another, more secure protocol like SFTP\/SCP, which is provided with most implementations of the Secure Shell protocol.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>FTPS<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>FTPS (FTP + SSL) is an extension of the standard file transfer protocol, adding encrypted session creation using the SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) protocol to its basic functionality. Currently, security is provided by its more advanced counterpart, TLS (Transport Layer Security).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>SSL<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The SSL protocol was proposed by Netscape Communications in 1996 to ensure security and confidentiality for internet connections. The protocol supports authentication of both the client and the server, is independent of applications, and is transparent to HTTP, FTP, and Telnet protocols.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The SSL Handshake protocol consists of two stages: server authentication and optional client authentication. In the first stage, the server responds to the client's request by sending its certificate and encryption parameters. The client then generates a master key, encrypts it with the server's public key, and sends it back to the server. The server decrypts the master key with its private key and verifies its authenticity to the client by returning a message signed with the client's master key.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Subsequent data is encrypted and verified using keys derived from this master key. In the second stage, which is optional, the server sends a request to the client, and the client confirms its authenticity to the server by returning the request with its own digital signature and public key certificate.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SSL supports a variety of cryptographic algorithms. During the connection establishment, the RSA public key cryptosystem is used. After the key exchange, various ciphers are employed: RC2, RC4, IDEA, DES, and TripleDES. MD5 is also used as the message digest algorithm. The syntax of public key certificates is described in X.509.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>One of the significant advantages of SSL is its complete software and platform independence. The protocol is designed on principles of portability, and its ideology does not depend on the applications within which it is used. Moreover, it is important that other protocols can transparently overlay the SSL protocol, either to further enhance the level of protection for target information streams or to adapt the cryptographic capabilities of SSL to a specific task.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>SSL connection<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SFTP and FTPS Protocols\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/5c002ffba19382c1d3b330d7c948692b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The provided SSL secure channel has three main properties: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The channel is private. Encryption is used for all messages after a simple dialog that serves to determine the secret key.<\/li>\n<li>The channel is authenticated. The server side of the dialog is always authenticated, while the client side is authenticated optionally.<\/li>\n<li>The channel is reliable. The transport of messages includes integrity checks (using MAC).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Features of FTPS<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>There are two implementations of FTPS, using different methods of providing security: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The implicit method involves using the standard SSL protocol with session establishment before data transfer, which in turn violates compatibility with regular FTP clients and servers. For backward compatibility with clients that do not support FTPS, TCP port 990 is used for the control connection and port 989 for data transfer. This allows the standard port 21 to be preserved for FTP protocol. This method is considered obsolete.<\/li>\n<li>Explicit mode is much more convenient as it uses standard FTP commands while encrypting data during transmission, allowing the same control connection to be used for both FTP and FTPS. The client must explicitly request a secure data transfer from the server and then approve the encryption method. If the client does not request a secure transfer, the FTPS server is entitled to either preserve or close the unsecured connection. The mechanism for negotiating identification and data protection was added under RFC 2228, which includes a new FTP command AUTH. Although this standard does not explicitly define protection mechanisms, it specifies that the secure connection should be initiated by the client using the aforementioned algorithm. If the server does not support secure connections, an error code 504 should be returned. FTPS clients can obtain information about the supported security protocols from the server using the FEAT command; however, the server is not obligated to disclose which security levels it supports. The most common FTPS commands are AUTH TLS and AUTH SSL, providing TLS and SSL protection, respectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>SFTP<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) is an application layer file transfer protocol that operates over a secure channel. It should not be confused with Simple File Transfer Protocol, which shares the same acronym. While FTPS is merely an extension of FTP, SFTP is a separate and unrelated protocol that utilizes SSH (Secure Shell) as its foundation.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Secure Shell<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The protocol was developed by a group within the IETF known as Secsh. The working documentation for the new SFTP protocol did not become an official standard but was actively used for application development. Subsequently, six versions of the protocol were released. However, the gradual increase in its functionality led to a decision on August 14, 2006, to cease work on the development of the protocol due to the completion of the project's primary goal (development of SSH) and the lack of sufficient expertise to transition to the development of a full remote file system protocol.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SSH is a network protocol that allows remote control of an operating system and tunneling of TCP connections (for example, for file transfer). It is similar in functionality to the Telnet and rlogin protocols, but unlike them, it encrypts all traffic, including transmitted passwords. SSH allows for the selection of various encryption algorithms. SSH clients and SSH servers are available for most network operating systems.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SSH enables secure transmission of virtually any other network protocol in an unprotected environment. Thus, it is possible not only to work remotely on a computer through a command shell but also to transmit audio or video streams (for instance, from a webcam) over an encrypted channel. Additionally, SSH can utilize data compression for subsequent encryption, which is convenient, for example, for remotely launching X Window System clients.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The first version of the protocol, SSH-1, was developed in 1995 by researcher Tatu Ylonen from the Helsinki University of Technology (Finland). SSH-1 was created to provide greater privacy than the rlogin, telnet, and rsh protocols. In 1996, a more secure version of the protocol, SSH-2, was developed, which is incompatible with SSH-1. The protocol gained even more popularity, and by 2000, it had around two million users. Currently, when referring to 'SSH', it typically means SSH-2, as the first version of the protocol is now rarely used due to significant shortcomings. In 2006, the protocol was ratified by the IETF working group as an Internet standard.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>There are two widely used implementations of SSH: a private commercial version and a free open-source version. The open-source implementation is called OpenSSH. By 2006, 80% of the computers on the Internet were using OpenSSH. The commercial version is developed by SSH Communications Security, which is a fully owned subsidiary of Tectia Corporation; it is available for free for non-commercial use. These implementations include virtually the same set of commands.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The SSH-2 protocol, unlike the telnet protocol, is resistant to traffic sniffing attacks, but is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. The SSH-2 protocol is also resistant to session hijacking attacks, as it is impossible to connect to an already established session or intercept it.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>To prevent man-in-the-middle attacks when connecting to a host whose key is not yet known to the client, the client software shows the user a key fingerprint. It is recommended to carefully verify the fingerprint shown by the client software against the server's key fingerprint, preferably obtained through reliable communication channels or in person.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SSH support is implemented in all UNIX-like systems, and on most of them, the ssh client and server are among the standard utilities. There are many implementations of SSH clients for non-UNIX operating systems as well. The protocol gained significant popularity following the widespread development of traffic analyzers and methods to disrupt local networks, providing a more secure alternative to the unsafe Telnet protocol for managing important nodes.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Connection using SSH<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>To operate via SSH, an SSH server and an SSH client are required. The server listens for connections from client machines and authenticates upon establishing a connection, after which it begins servicing the client. The client is used to log into a remote machine and execute commands.<\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SFTP and FTPS Protocols\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/2370127e0483cf579c3ae461819ada7c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Comparison with FTPS<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The main difference between SFTP and standard FTP and FTPS is that SFTP encrypts absolutely all commands, usernames, passwords, and other confidential information.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Both FTPS and SFTP protocols use a combination of asymmetric algorithms (RSA, DSA), symmetric algorithms (DES\/3DES, AES, Twhofish, etc.), and a key exchange algorithm. For authentication, FTPS (or, more precisely, SSL\/TLS over FTP) uses X.509 certificates, while SFTP (the SSH protocol) uses SSH keys.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>X.509 certificates include a public key and certain information about the certificate holder. This information allows for the integrity of the certificate itself to be checked, as well as the authenticity and ownership of the certificate. Each X.509 certificate is associated with a private key, which is typically kept separate from the certificate for security reasons.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The SSH key contains only the public key (the corresponding private key is stored separately). It does not contain any information about the key owner. Some SSH implementations use X.509 certificates for authentication, but they do not actually validate the entire certificate chain \u2014 only the public key is used (which makes such authentication incomplete).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1>Conclusion<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The FTP protocol undoubtedly still plays an important role in storing and distributing information on the network despite its venerable age. It is a convenient, multifunctional, and standardized protocol. Numerous file archives are built on its foundation, without which technical operations would not be as effective. Additionally, it is easy to set up, and server and client applications exist for virtually all relevant and less common platforms.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>In turn, its secure versions address the issue of confidentiality of stored and transmitted data in the modern world. Both new protocols have their advantages and disadvantages and serve slightly different roles. In areas where a file archive is essential, FTPS is preferable, especially if classic FTP has previously been used. SFTP is less common due to its incompatibility with the older protocol, but it is more secure and offers greater functionality, as it is part of the remote management system.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1>List of sources<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/topref.ru\/referat\/52883.html\">Abstract 'FTP Protocol. General Information and Features'<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/studentlib.com\/referat-191865-protokoly_ssh_cmip_telnet.html\">Abstract 'Protocols SSH, CMIP, Telnet'<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/works.doklad.ru\/view\/l4Ukh5_LHzk.html\">Report 'SSL\/TLS'<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Source: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/500438\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u044f \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0436 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0445\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 FTP FTP (File Transfer Protocol) \u2013 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":80501,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-80500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044e 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