{"id":84766,"date":"2020-06-10T13:43:11","date_gmt":"2020-06-10T11:43:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/problema-ustarevshih-kornevyh-sertifikatov-na-ocheredi-lets-encrypt-i-umnye-televizory"},"modified":"2020-06-10T13:43:11","modified_gmt":"2020-06-10T11:43:11","slug":"problema-ustarevshih-kornevyh-sertifikatov-na-ocheredi-lets-encrypt-i-umnye-televizory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/administrirovanie\/problema-ustarevshih-kornevyh-sertifikatov-na-ocheredi-lets-encrypt-i-umnye-televizory","title":{"rendered":"The problem of outdated root certificates. Let's Encrypt and smart TVs are next in line.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"The
\n
\nFor a browser to authenticate a website, it presents itself with a valid chain of certificates. A typical chain is shown above, which may contain more than one intermediate certificate. The minimum number of certificates in a valid chain is three.<\/p>\n

The root certificate is the heart of the certificate authority. It is literally embedded in your OS or browser and physically exists on your device. It cannot be changed from the server side. A forced update of the OS or firmware on the device is required.<\/p>\n

Security specialist Scott Helme writes<\/a><\/noindex>, that the main issues will arise for the Let’s Encrypt certification authority, as it is currently the most popular CA on the internet, and its root certificate will soon \u201cexpire.\u201d Transitioning from Let’s Encrypt's root is scheduled for July 8, 2020.<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nEnd-entity and intermediate certificates from the certificate authority (CA) are delivered to the client from the server, while the root certificate is on the client side, already have<\/i>, allowing a chain to be constructed and the website to be authenticated. <\/p>\n

The problem is that every certificate has an expiration date after which it needs to be replaced. For example, starting September 1, 2020, Safari browser plans to impose restrictions on the validity of server TLS certificates, with a maximum of 398 days.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

This means that all of us will have to replace server certificates at least every 12 months. This restriction only applies to server certificates; it do not<\/i> also applies to root CA certificates.<\/p>\n

CA certificates are regulated by a different set of rules, so they have different expiration restrictions. Intermediate certificates often have a 5-year lifespan, while root certificates can last even 25 years! <\/p>\n

There are usually no problems with intermediate certificates because they are delivered to the client by the server, which more frequently changes its own certificate, thus replacing the intermediate one during that process. It is quite easy to replace along with the server certificate, unlike the root CA certificate.<\/p>\n

As we mentioned, the root CA is embedded directly in the client device, in the operating system, browser, or other software. The root CA of a website cannot be controlled. An update is needed on the client side, whether it's an OS or software update.<\/p>\n

Some root CAs have existed for quite a long time, around 20 to 25 years. Soon, some of the oldest root CAs will reach the end of their natural life; their time is nearly up. For most of us, this shouldn't be an issue because CAs have created new root certificates that have been distributed worldwide in OS and browser updates for many years. However, for anyone who has not updated their OS or browser in a long time, this could be somewhat problematic.<\/p>\n

Such a situation arose on May 30, 2020, at 10:48:38 GMT. This is the exact time when the root certificate AddTrust expired<\/a><\/noindex> from the certification authority Comodo (Sectigo).<\/p>\n

It was used for cross-signing to ensure compatibility with outdated devices that do not have the new USERTrust root certificate in their store.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, the issues arose not only in outdated browsers but also in non-browser clients based on OpenSSL 1.0.x, LibreSSL, and GnuTLS<\/a><\/noindex>. For example, in streaming devices Roku<\/a><\/noindex>, the service Heroku<\/a><\/noindex>, in Fortinet apps, Chargify, on the .NET Core 2.0 platform under Linux, and many others.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

The problem was expected to affect only outdated systems (Android 2.3, Windows XP, Mac OS X 10.11, iOS 9, etc.), since modern browsers can rely on the second USERTrust root certificate. But in fact, failures occurred in hundreds of web services that utilized the free libraries OpenSSL 1.0.x and GnuTLS. Secure connections ceased to be established, resulting in errors about certificate expiration.<\/p>\n

Next is Let’s Encrypt<\/h1>\n

\nAnother good example of the upcoming root CA change is the Let’s Encrypt certification authority. Also April 2019<\/a><\/noindex> , they planned to transition from the Identrust chain to their own ISRG Root chain, but this did not happen.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

\"The
\n
\n\u201cDue to concerns about the insufficient distribution of the ISRG root on Android devices, we decided to move the date of the transition to our own root from July 8, 2019, to July 8, 2020,\u201d says Let’s Encrypt\u2019s official statement.<\/p>\n

The date had to be postponed due to a problem known as \"root propagation\", or rather, the lack of root propagation when the root CA is not widely distributed across all clients. <\/p>\n

Currently, Let’s Encrypt uses a cross-signed intermediate certificate with a chain to the IdenTrust DST Root CA X3. This root certificate was issued back in September 2000 and expires on September 30, 2021. Before this date, Let’s Encrypt plans to switch to its own self-signed ISRG Root X1.<\/p>\n

\"The
\n
\nThe ISRG root was issued on June 4, 2015. After that, the process of its approval as a certification authority began and was completed on August 6, 2018.<\/a><\/noindex>Since then, the root CA has been available to all clients through operating system or software updates. All that needed to be done was to install the update. <\/p>\n

But therein lies the problem.<\/p>\n

If your mobile phone, TV, or another device hasn\u2019t been updated for two years, how will it recognize the new ISRG Root X1 certificate? And if it isn\u2019t installed in the system, then all Let’s Encrypt server certificates will be deemed invalid by your device as soon as Let’s Encrypt transitions to the new root. There are many outdated devices in the Android ecosystem that have not been updated for a long time.<\/p>\n

\"The
\nThe Android ecosystem.<\/i><\/p>\n

That\u2019s why Let’s Encrypt postponed its transition to its own ISRG root and is still using the intermediate link that descends to the IdenTrust root. However, a transition will need to be made eventually. The date for the root change has been set July 8, 2020.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

To check if the ISRG X1 root is installed on your device (TV, set-top box, or another client), open the test site https:\/\/valid-isrgrootx1.letsencrypt.org\/<\/a><\/noindex>. If no security warning appears, everything is generally fine. <\/p>\n

Let’s Encrypt isn\u2019t the only one facing the issue of transitioning to a new root. Cryptography on the internet has been in use for just over 20 years, so we are now reaching the point where many root certificates will expire.<\/p>\n

This issue may confront owners of smart TVs that have not updated their Smart TV software in many years. For example, the new root GlobalSign R5 Root.<\/a><\/noindex> was released in 2012, and therefore some older Smart TVs cannot establish a chain to it because this root CA is simply missing for them. In particular, these clients were unable to establish a secure connection with the bbc.co.uk website. To resolve the issue, BBC admins had to resort to a workaround: they built an alternative chain for these clients<\/a><\/noindex> through additional intermediate certificates, utilizing older roots R3 Root<\/a><\/noindex> and R1 Root<\/a><\/noindex>, which have not yet expired.<\/p>\n

www.bbc.co.uk (Leaf)\nGlobalSign ECC OV SSL CA 2018 (Intermediate)\nGlobalSign Root CA - R5 (Intermediate)\nGlobalSign Root CA - R3 (Intermediate)<\/pre>\n
\nThis is a temporary solution. The problem will not go away unless the client software is updated. A Smart TV is essentially a limited-functionality computer running Linux. Without updates, its root certificates will inevitably expire.<\/p>\n
This applies to all devices, not just televisions. If you have any device that is connected to the internet and promoted as a 'smart' device, then the issue with expired certificates almost certainly affects it. If the device does not receive updates, the root CA store will become outdated over time, and eventually, the problem will come to light. How soon the issue arises depends on the last update date of the root store. This could be years before the actual release date of the device.<\/p>\n
By the way, this is the issue that prevents some major media platforms from using modern automated certification authorities like Let’s Encrypt, writes Scott Helme. They are not suitable for smart TVs, and the number of roots is too limited to ensure certificate support on outdated devices. Otherwise, TVs simply won\u2019t be able to run modern streaming services.<\/p>\n
The recent incident with AddTrust showed that even large IT companies can be unprepared for the expiration of a root certificate.<\/p>\n
There is only one solution to the problem \u2014 updating. Developers of smart devices must ensure beforehand a mechanism for updating software and root certificates. On the other hand, manufacturers are disinclined to ensure the functionality of their devices after the warranty period has expired.<\/p>\n
\n\"The
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Source: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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Next up: Let\u2019s Encrypt and smart TVs | ProHoster","description":"","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/administrirovanie\/problema-ustarevshih-kornevyh-sertifikatov-na-ocheredi-lets-encrypt-i-umnye-televizory","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"en_US","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 Let\u2019s Encrypt \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0440\u044b | ProHoster","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/administrirovanie\/problema-ustarevshih-kornevyh-sertifikatov-na-ocheredi-lets-encrypt-i-umnye-televizory","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-06-10T11:43:11+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-06-10T11:43:11+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"84766","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 14:51:43","updated":"2022-09-29 06:39:22","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=84766"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84766\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/84767"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=84766"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=84766"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=84766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}