{"id":85173,"date":"2020-06-14T01:42:30","date_gmt":"2020-06-13T23:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-avito-vyyavlyaet-moshennikov-i-boretsya-s-frodom"},"modified":"2020-06-14T01:42:30","modified_gmt":"2020-06-13T23:42:30","slug":"kak-avito-vyyavlyaet-moshennikov-i-boretsya-s-frodom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-avito-vyyavlyaet-moshennikov-i-boretsya-s-frodom","title":{"rendered":"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hello, Habr. I'm Igor, the head of the team fighting against scammers on Avito. Today, we'll discuss the endless battle against the scoundrels who attempt to deceive online shoppers through product deliveries. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/7072532aa9ea0d0f66358cad1e0820d9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>We have long been fighting against fraud. Today's scammers deceive people by imitating the interfaces and functions of online marketplaces. For example, they come up with schemes involving courier deliveries on marketplaces. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>In January 2020, ready-made instructions for scammers and all the necessary tools emerged on the internet. Subsequently, self-isolation fueled the fire: those who previously deceived and stole on the streets and in apartments were forced to move online. Perhaps you have recently been getting persistent calls or messages on messengers, SMS, and emails from those very 'scammers.' They present themselves as bank employees, law enforcement officers, distant relatives, or notaries. Share in the comments what type of fraud you last encountered. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"standartnye-shemy-moshennichestva\">Standard Fraud Schemes<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The most common scheme of deceiving a buyer with product delivery looks like this:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The scammer posts an advertisement for a popular product in the mid-price range. For example, selling an electric scooter \u2014 they're popular in the summer.<\/li>\n<li>By any means, they persuade the potential buyer into delivery. The excuses can vary: I left the city due to the pandemic or I'm just too busy to meet.<\/li>\n<li>Once they receive consent, the scammer sends a fake payment link. The page linked looks similar to the standard Avito payment form.<\/li>\n<li>The victim makes the payment and says goodbye to their money.<\/li>\n<li>The scammer tries to make more money by offering to refund the payment. They send the buyer a new form for the refund, but in reality, they charge them again. The refund page is the same as the payment page, but the text on the button has changed from 'pay' to 'refund.' <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Below is an example of a fake page that a scammer might send. The domain mimics Avito, and the site itself resembles an order checkout page in an online store. Fake pages often use the https protocol, making them indistinguishable by this criterion. After entering their information, the user is directed to a payment page, where they're prompted to enter their credit card details. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/9a465eb363bf7618c19587f4bdf686bc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/29c623cda8e1e84962d4a8a80ad72f2e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Fake payment and refund pages.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>We block suspicious sellers. Therefore, in order to carry out such operations, scammers need to constantly create new accounts on Avito. They either register them themselves using SMS to a temporary virtual number, or they buy stolen accounts. A virtual SIM card costs from 60 kopecks, and a stolen account on the shadow market costs from 10 rubles. The expenses for both are incomparably lower than even a one-time profit from deceiving users.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>This was Avito Scam 1.0, but versions 2.0, 3.0, and even 4.0 have already appeared. These are not our labels\u2014they are used by the scammers themselves. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>They deceive not only buyers but also sellers. The second scheme looks like this: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The buyer supposedly sent money through a secure transaction. <\/li>\n<li>They send the seller a fake link where the seller can supposedly receive payment. <\/li>\n<li>The seller lands on a page that requests their card details, and ultimately the amount is deducted from their account. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1e87be7922a5bae7fc130c0503dc8219.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/63dd1c7ec1e67596106279a65a4052fc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The Scam 3.0 scheme works as follows:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The seller posts ads with delivery activated through Avito. <\/li>\n<li>When the buyer pays for the item, the scammer sends them a screenshot that supposedly shows Avito asking for a confirmation code. <\/li>\n<li>With the code, the seller accesses the user's account. In the buyer's profile, the scammer checks a box indicating that the item has been received. The buyer is left without money or the item. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/659a2d5f7eded8c314648b4e2044f444.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The Scheme 4.0 operates as follows:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The buyer pretends to have paid for the item and sends a fake receipt. Receipts can be sent anywhere: to an email address or to an external messenger. It depends on what contact the seller provided to the scammer. <\/li>\n<li>The seller receives an SMS that mimics an incoming transfer from the bank. <\/li>\n<li>A few minutes later, the buyer writes that they would prefer an item from another seller and asks for a refund. Often, the argument \"give it back, you're not a scammer\" comes into play. The seller sends the amount to the buyer, but out of their own pocket, since no payment was actually made.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"na-chto-davyat-moshenniki\">What scammers put pressure on<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Five most common contexts in which people fall into the traps of scammers:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Unique selling proposition. The price or product significantly differs from other offers.<\/li>\n<li>Hype. The seller has several interested buyers for the product, which forces them to request an advance payment.<\/li>\n<li>Urgency. The buyer urgently offers to purchase the product for any amount and requests all bank card details to transfer the money.<\/li>\n<li>Good-heartedness. The scammer asks for help in purchasing the product: for example, the buyer has health issues or cannot pick up the product in person. The scammer requests card details to transfer the money, claiming a courier will pick up the product.<\/li>\n<li>Different localities and cities. In this case, an advance payment is a mandatory condition of the deal, opening up a vast field for scammers.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"shema-raboty-moshennikov\">The 'work' scheme of scammers<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The fraudulent scheme involves three groups of individuals: workers, support, and TS.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Workers, from the word worker, are the most numerous group, mainly consisting of schoolchildren and students. They independently create accounts on Avito and seek victims, referred to as mammoths. Then, using social engineering skills, they convince victims to make a payment and send a fake link. If the victim pays for the 'product,' the workers, with the help of support, guide the victim to obtain a refund, citing some technical error. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Support are people who, for a fixed income, help novice workers deceive users. They provide advice, recommend 'profitable' products, and often are willing to provide other services for a percentage of the fraudulent deal, such as preparing a passport in Photoshop, calling the victim, or writing to them as technical support.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The TS, or Topic Starter on shadow forums, where workers are initially hired, are essentially the organizers. They download or buy software consisting of two parts:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>A Telegram bot that is the main tool of the scammers. It can provide a fake link to the product and notifications about transitions or payments.<\/li>\n<li>A web version that is responsible for displaying the payment\/refund\/money reception page. It is also connected to a payment system for processing payments.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Organizers earn a percentage from each victim's transfer, which they call profit. Therefore, they aim to promote their project and pay for support to train newcomers. All expenses related to purchasing new domains and cards for receiving funds fall on them.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>After reviewing the source code of many fraudulent scripts, we concluded that most are written in PHP, but at a very poor level. <strong>Almost all scripts collect information about their users, including the workers.<\/strong> One assumption as to why they do this is that when law enforcement approaches the organizer, they will cooperate with the investigation and try to reduce their sentence by revealing the workers.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>In addition to scripts, fraudsters use bombers. These are bots that allow spamming phones with messages and calls. Bombers work by visiting different sites and requesting registration or password recovery via phone number. Usually, fraudsters connect them to their victims for 2 to 72 hours. This is a significant reason not to display your phone number online. <\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ee91928bf52b5001edb30fdf614be7e8.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p>Some TS also hire developers to make improvements for the bot or the site. For example, they may add a rating feature for workers or protect scripts from vulnerabilities present in free versions. However, in the pursuit of quick profits, TS may take all revenue for themselves, deceiving their own workers. Meanwhile, there are groups of people who profit from the fraudsters themselves by scamming them for various services.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The average daily income for a performing fraudster is 20,000 rubles, while for an organizing fraudster it is 200,000 rubles. The key thing to remember is that despite the apparent impunity and profitability of this 'business', all of this activity falls <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.consultant.ru\/document\/cons_doc_LAW_10699\/8012ecdf64b7c9cfd62e90d7f55f9b5b7b72b755\/\">under Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.<\/a><\/noindex>Fraudsters are apprehended and receive real sentences even in cases where the damage from the scam is only 5,000 to 7,000 rubles. <\/p>\n<p>All information we have about instances of fraud is forwarded to law enforcement. We are convinced that despite the apparent profitability and ease of the scheme, our readers understand that only naive individuals engage in fraud without recognizing all the risks. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"epicheskaya-bitva-antifroda-i-moshennikov\">An Epic Battle Between Anti-Fraud and Scammers<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>We will outline the steps we took in the first months of 2020 to protect our users and how the fraudsters responded. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The primary metric we focused on to evaluate effectiveness is the number of support requests related to fraudulent shipping payments. Most fraudulent listings are blocked before they even reach the site. However, as nearly all trading moved online, we saw a spike in requests. This information is corroborated by banks, which sent out mass warnings in April and May about the increase in fraud during online purchases.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0f585faf03e455fa6e176c3d8062f344.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>To receive quick feedback on new tools, someone from our team infiltrated dozens of closed groups of fraudsters. In one of them, he underwent an interview for a developer position and gained access to the source code of scam bots, as well as joined the group of organizers. Thanks to this, we always had fresh information from the frontline.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Recognizing the risks due to the onset of self-isolation, we started working before the active growth in requests. One of the first technical measures was the implementation of anti-hack mechanisms to rescue users' accounts from the clutches of attackers. For this, upon correct entry of the username and password but from a suspicious geolocation, we requested a code via SMS, which was sent to the account owner. In response, fraudsters began registering more independent accounts. This played to our advantage\u2014fresh seller accounts instill less trust in everyone. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Next, we began warning users about clicking on suspicious links in the messenger. This reduced the number of clicks by a third, but it barely affected our main metric: those targeted by fraudsters were not deterred by any warnings.<\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/013ca498711ede9a6920a8f6624df5a0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p>Following that, we introduced a whitelist of links. We stopped highlighting unknown links in the Avito messenger, and they can no longer be clicked to transition in one click. When copying a suspicious link, a warning was also displayed. This decision positively impacted our metric for the first time. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>We have started actively penalizing the sharing of suspicious links in the Avito messenger: blocking or rejecting the seller's ads. In response, scammers began to lure users from our chat to external messengers. We then issued a warning not to leave for another messenger if we see its mention in the chat. This function started with regular expression searches, which we later replaced with an ML model.<\/p>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/be1549f0b6b3dfda83406b9ad351851d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p>Scammers then began to lure users to email. For this, they needed the same thing as all of us \u2014 trust. They started sending potential victims images showing that Avito supposedly requests the buyer's email. This is a scam \u2014 we do not need buyers' email addresses. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/d10d74ec6eb09bd8545299812ce3fd67.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Here, our support supposedly responds that an email from the buyer is required for delivery.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/afeba0a0501fe3f13c4f12a2253a7002.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<em>And here, our interface seems to have a new field for entering an email.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>While it was possible for someone to distinguish a fake link, the letter can be easily forged with high quality, and it elicits more trust. We started deleting messages containing email addresses and showing users a warning about the dangers of such actions. If the user sends the email again after the warning, we do not delete it anymore. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Scammers began to ask buyers to send their email addresses in several messages or by replacing the @ symbol with another character. We then started issuing a warning even when requesting the email. This set of measures has nearly completely prevented users from moving to email from the Avito messenger.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/cafa780a7956592c9a05beb9ad9703bb.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Our current mechanism is quite effective, but not user-friendly. Messages containing email addresses are completely deleted, and they often contain other text. However, this was the fastest and cheapest solution to develop. We are thinking about how to redesign and improve it.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>One of our latest initiatives is to call the number. Typically, the phone numbers used by scammers to register accounts do not last long. We call the seller's number after the ad has been posted on Avito. If we cannot get through, moderation declines the ad. Scammers have started changing their phone numbers right before publication, so we can call while the number is still available.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/65cb547c3a1bf9ea84c184704341dd77.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<em>And here is feedback from a scammer<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>In suspicious cases, we lower the priority of the listing in the search results and remove it from recommendations. At the same time, we set a delay of up to 48 hours in the results to ensure we have enough time to check everything carefully and cause a bit more inconvenience for fraudsters.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"eto-lish-verhushka-aysberga-vidov-moshennichestva-namnogo-bolshe\">This is just the tip of the iceberg; there are many more types of fraud.<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, it is impossible to describe all types of fraud in one article. When we learned about the introduction of self-isolation measures, it became clear that fraudsters who had been making money offline would turn to online methods. They wouldn't want to change their behavior for several months and become law-abiding citizens. This led to a real boom in fraud across all online platforms and through phone calls. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Among the types of fraud, there are rare and even amusing cases. For example, here a fraudster pretends to be a robot to reduce communication costs:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/a65efac23ec1be04d5079644d33d72db.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Despite the growing number of fraudsters on Avito decreasing every day, and nationwide raids where law enforcement officers find them despite proxies and VPNs, detain them, and impose real sentences of up to 2 years in prison for scams ranging from 2500 to 5000 rubles, it is impossible to completely eliminate fraud.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>We will not publicly discuss other ideas and innovations to avoid making things easier for fraudsters. We understand that this battle will continue. Our goal is to make it as difficult as possible for fraudsters, to make these types of activities on our platform simply unprofitable and overly dangerous, while minimally affecting good users.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/a2370f78204c2829f5f5c8d8ff08deb5.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"rezultaty-raboty\">Results of our efforts<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Here is the graph of support requests related to delivery fraud. In the recent weeks, it has remained at a consistently low level:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"How Avito identifies fraudsters and combats fraud\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/c77227ea9be20b98c74eee2113c21351.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"kak-ne-stat-zhertvoy-moshennika\">How to avoid becoming a victim of a scammer<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Fraudsters are the fly in the ointment of beneficial offers. To stay safe, just follow these rules:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Do not share sensitive information. None at all: full name, phone number, address, email, date and place of birth, family and income details, card information, contacts in other messengers. Never share codes from SMS and push notifications.<\/li>\n<li>Conduct all communication only within our messenger, so we can warn you in case of danger. <\/li>\n<li>Check the seller's rating and profile age. Low prices, recent registration on the site, and negative reviews raise suspicion. <\/li>\n<li>If the 'Buy with Delivery' button is inactive, there is no delivery of goods through verified Avito partners. Other delivery methods always carry a risk.<\/li>\n<li>Do not click on links. The link for payment or money receipt should come as a system message in Avito's built-in messenger. The legitimate link always starts with the domain www.avito.ru. Any other combinations of words and symbols are fraudulent.<\/li>\n<li>Don't rush and make all purchases with a clear mind. Pay attention to any details. Scammers often pressure potential buyers and threaten to sell the item to someone else. Honest sellers are loyal and open to additional questions. <\/li>\n<li>Do not transfer any advance payment for services if you are not sure about the seller.<\/li>\n<li>Do not install any third-party extensions or programs.<\/li>\n<li>If you see a suspicious profile or ad, report it <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/support.avito.ru\/request\/317?eventData%5BcontextId%5D=117\">to our support team.<\/a><\/noindex>. We will verify the seller. It\u2019s best not to trust anyone on the internet and to conduct additional checks.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Source: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/avito\/blog\/505916\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440. \u042f \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441&nbsp;\u043c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e&nbsp;\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441&nbsp;\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044f\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441&nbsp;\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0441&nbsp;\u043c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441&nbsp;\u043a\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430&nbsp;\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435 2020&nbsp;\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432&nbsp;\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":85174,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-85173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - 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