{"id":95906,"date":"2020-10-05T01:41:58","date_gmt":"2020-10-04T23:41:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/zapuskaem-komandnuyu-stroku-linux-na-ios"},"modified":"2020-10-05T01:41:58","modified_gmt":"2020-10-04T23:41:58","slug":"zapuskaem-komandnuyu-stroku-linux-na-ios","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/en\/blog\/administrirovanie\/zapuskaem-komandnuyu-stroku-linux-na-ios","title":{"rendered":"Running the Linux Command Line on iOS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Running the Linux Command Line on iOS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/2cfc862c9912ac31e6af72bca74ceff1.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDid you know that you can run the Linux command line on an iOS device? You might ask, \"Why would I want to use text applications on my iPhone?\" That's a fair question. But if you're reading Opensource.com, you probably know the answer: Linux users want to be able to work with it on any device and want to use their own settings.<\/p>\n<p>But most of all, they crave solutions to complex tasks.<\/p>\n<p>I have a seven-year-old iPad 2 Mini, which is still quite good for reading e-books and other tasks. However, I want to use it for accessing the command line of applications with my set of programs and scripts that I can\u2019t work without. I need an environment I\u2019m accustomed to, along with my standard development environment. Here\u2019s how I managed to achieve this.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Connecting a Keyboard<\/h2>\n<p>\nWorking with the command line for programming via the on-screen keyboard of a phone or tablet is quite inconvenient. I recommend connecting an external keyboard, either via Bluetooth or by using a camera connection adapter for a wired keyboard (I chose the latter). When connecting a split Kinesis Advantage keyboard to an iPhone 6, it turns into a strange device reminiscent of <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shadowruntabletop.com\/products\/setting-sourcebooks\/\">a corporate cyberdeck<\/a><\/noindex> from a classic <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/20\/7\/free-rpg-day\">role-playing game<\/a><\/noindex> Shadowrun.<\/p>\n<h2>Setting Up the Shell on iOS<\/h2>\n<p>\nTo run a full Linux system on iOS, there are two options:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Secure Shell (SSH), connecting to a Linux computer<\/li>\n<li>Running a virtual system using Alpine Linux with iSH, which is open source but must be installed using Apple's proprietary TestFlight app<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAlternatively, there are two open-source terminal emulator applications that provide the ability to work with open-source tools in a limited environment. This is the most restricted option \u2014 you're not actually running Linux, but Linux tools. Using these applications comes with strict limitations, however, you do gain partial command line functionality.<\/p>\n<p>Before moving on to complex solutions, I will discuss the simplest way.<\/p>\n<h3>Option 1: Shell in a 'sandbox'<\/h3>\n<p>\nOne of the easiest ways is to install an iOS application <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/libterm.app\/\">LibTerm<\/a><\/noindex>. This is <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ColdGrub1384\/LibTerm\">open source<\/a><\/noindex> A command shell in a \"sandbox\" supporting over 80 commands for the price of zero dollars. It comes bundled with Python 2.7, Python 3.7, Lua, C, Clang, and much more.<\/p>\n<p>It has approximately the same functionality as <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/holzschu.github.io\/a-Shell_iOS\/\">a-Shell<\/a><\/noindex>, described by its developers as \"a test user interface for screen input platforms.\" The a-Shell source code is available <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/holzschu\/a-shell\/blob\/master\/LICENSE\">open source<\/a><\/noindex>, it is actively developed, provides access to the file system, and comes with Lua, Python, Tex, Vim, JavaScript, C, and C++, as well as Clang and Clang++. It even allows you to install Python packages using pip.<\/p>\n<h3>Option 2: SSH<\/h3>\n<p>\nAnother step up from downloading an app is setting up an SSH client. For a long time, we have been able to use any of the many SSH client apps available for iOS to connect to a server running Linux or BSD. The advantage of using SSH is that any distribution with any software can run on the server. You work remotely, and the results are simply sent to the terminal emulator on the iOS device.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blink.sh\">Blink shell<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 is a popular paid SSH app on <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/blinksh\/blink\/blob\/raw\/COPYING\">open source<\/a><\/noindex>. If you ignore the small screen of the device, using this software is similar to connecting to a server through any other command line. The Blink terminal looks great, has many ready-made themes, and features for creating your own, including the ability to customize and add new fonts.<\/p>\n<h3>Option 3: Running Linux<\/h3>\n<p>\nUsing SSH to connect to a Linux server is a great way to access the command line, but it requires an external server and a network connection. This is not the biggest obstacle, but it can't be completely ignored, so you might need to work with Linux without a server.<\/p>\n<p>If this is your case, you'll need to take another step forward. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/testflight.apple.com\/\">TestFlight<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 is a proprietary service for installing developed applications before they are released in the Apple App Store. The TestFlight app can be installed from the App Store, and then you can use test applications. Apps in TestFlight allow a limited number of beta testers (usually up to 10,000) to work with them for a limited time. To download a test application, you need to navigate from your device to a link that is usually found on the developer's website of the test application.<\/p>\n<h2>Launching Alpine Linux with iSH<\/h2>\n<p>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ish.app\/\">iSH<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 is an open-source TestFlight application that runs a virtual machine with a ready distribution <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/alpinelinux.org\/\">Alpine Linux<\/a><\/noindex> (with a little effort, other distributions can also be run).<\/p>\n<p>Important feature: <em>the application is experimental<\/em>. Since iSH is currently a test application, do not expect constant and reliable operation. TestFlight applications are time-limited. My current build will only work for 60 days. This means that after 60 days, I will be excluded and will have to rejoin the next testing phase of iSH. Moreover, I will lose all my files unless I export them using Files on iOS or copy them to a Git host or <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/20\/9\/ssh\">via SSH<\/a><\/noindex>. In other words: <em>Do not hope that all this will continue to work! Do not place anything important to you in the system! Make backups in a separate place!<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Installing iSH<\/h3>\n<p>\nStart by installing <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/us\/app\/testflight\/id899247664\">TestFlight<\/a><\/noindex> from the App Store. Then install iSH, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ish.app\/#get\">getting an installation link<\/a><\/noindex> from the application\u2019s website. There is also another installation method using AltStore, but I haven't tried it. Or, if you have a paid developer account, you can download the iSH repository from GitHub and install it yourself.<\/p>\n<p>Using the TestFlight link will install the iSH application on your device. As with any other application, an icon will appear on the screen.<\/p>\n<h3>Package management<\/h3>\n<p>\niSH runs an x86 emulator with Alpine Linux. Alpine is a tiny distribution less than 5 MB in size. I worked with Alpine for the first time, so I thought that such minimalism would be annoying, but I actually liked it very much.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Running the Linux Command Line on iOS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/669478d0e58743a87f70e92c96feec9d.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nAlpine uses a package manager <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wiki.alpinelinux.org\/wiki\/Alpine_Linux_package_management\">apk<\/a><\/noindex>, which is simpler than even apt or pacman.<\/p>\n<p>How to install a package:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk add package<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nHow to remove a package:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk del package<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nHow to find out other commands and information:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk --help<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPackage manager update:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk update\napk upgrade<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Installing a text editor<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe default text editor in Alpine is Vi, but I prefer Vim, so I installed it:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk add vim<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nIf desired, you can install Nano or Emacs.<\/p>\n<h3>Changing the shell<\/h3>\n<p>\nI don't know about you, but I needed a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/20\/3\/fish-shell\">fish shell<\/a><\/noindex>. Other people prefer <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/opensource.com\/resources\/what-bash\">Bash<\/a><\/noindex> or <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/19\/9\/getting-started-zsh\">Zsh<\/a><\/noindex>. However, Alpine uses ash! Ash is a fork of the Dash shell, which itself is a fork of the original ash, or <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almquist_shell\">Almquist shell<\/a><\/noindex>. Its priority is speed. I decided to trade speed for the built-in autocomplete, colors, Vim keybindings, and syntax highlighting that I love and know from fish shell.<\/p>\n<p>Installing fish:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk add fish<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nIf you need Bash with its autocomplete and man pages, install them:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk add bash bash-doc bash-completion<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nThe minimalist ideology of Alpine usually means that some programs which are a single package in other distributions will be split into several smaller packages. It also means you can customize and reduce the size of the system just the way you want.<\/p>\n<p>You can learn more about installing Bash from <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cyberciti.biz\/faq\/alpine-linux-install-bash-using-apk-command\/\">this tutorial<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h4>Changing the default shell<\/h4>\n<p>\nAfter installing fish, you can temporarily switch to it by typing <code>fish<\/code> and entering the shell. But I want to make fish the default shell, and the command <code>chsh<\/code>, which I used in other distributions, didn't work.<\/p>\n<p>First, let's find out where fish is installed:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">which fish<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nHere's what I got:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\/usr\/bin\/fish<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNext, let's change the login shell to fish. You can use any editor you prefer. If you're a beginner, install Nano (with the command <code>apk add nano<\/code>), so you can edit configuration files and save them with CTRL+X, confirm, and exit.<\/p>\n<p>But I used Vim:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">vim \/etc\/passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nMy first line looked like this:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root:x:0:0:root:\/root:\/bin\/ash<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nTo make fish the default shell, change this line to the following:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root:x:0:0:root:\/root:\/usr\/bin\/fish<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nThen save the file and exit.<\/p>\n<p>I am sure there is a good way to change the shell path so that it can be used immediately. But I don't know it, so I recommend going back to the application browser, force-logging out of the shell, and for reliability, turn off and restart the iPad or iPhone. Open iSH again and now, besides the message 'Welcome to Alpine!' and the startup information with apk, you will see the standard welcome login message from fish: <em>Welcome to fish, the friendly interactive shell<\/em>. Hooray!<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Running the Linux Command Line on iOS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/7780328bb48109302fc52060a81b1c3a.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Setting up Python and pip<\/h3>\n<p>\nI decided to add <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.python.org\/\">Python<\/a><\/noindex> (version 3.x), not only to write code but also because I use several programs in Python. Let's install it:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk add python3<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAlthough Python 2.x is obsolete, you can install it as well:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk add python<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nLet's install a Python package manager called pip and <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/setuptools\/\">setuptools<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">python3 -m ensurepip --default-pip<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nIt will take some time to install and set up the package manager, so just wait.<\/p>\n<p>Then you will be able to download a file transfer tool over the network <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/curl.haxx.se\/\">curl<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk add curl<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Reading manuals<\/h3>\n<p>\nFish uses built-in autocomplete based on man pages. Like other command line users, I use the manual <code>man<\/code>, but it is not installed in Alpine. So I installed it with the terminal pager <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Less_%28Unix%29\">less<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">apk add man man-pages less less-doc<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nIn addition to man, I use the fantastic <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tldr.sh\/\">tldr pages project<\/a><\/noindex>, which provides simplified and community-driven man pages.<\/p>\n<p>I installed it using pip:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">pip install tldr<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nThe command <code>tldr<\/code> connects to the web to get pages when it encounters a request for a new page. If you need to know how to use a command, you can type something like <code>tldr curl<\/code> and get a description in plain English and good examples of how to use the command.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, all this setup work can be automated with <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/19\/3\/move-your-dotfiles-version-control\">dotfiles<\/a><\/noindex> or an installation script, but really that doesn't align very well with Alpine\u2019s philosophy \u2014 setting up a minimal installation tailored to your specific needs. Besides, this did take so much time, right?<\/p>\n<h2>Additional information<\/h2>\n<p>\nIn the iSH Wiki, there is a page \"<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ish-app\/ish\/wiki\/What-works%3F\">what works<\/a><\/noindex>\" with reports on which packages are currently working. By the way, it seems that <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ish-app\/ish\/issues\/874\">npm is currently not working<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>On another wiki page, it explains how to <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ish-app\/ish\/wiki\/View-iSH-files-in-Files-App\">access iSH files<\/a><\/noindex> from the iOS Files app. This is one way you can move and copy files.<\/p>\n<p>You can also install Git (yes! <code>apk add git<\/code> ) and push your work to a remote repository or transfer it to the server via SSH. And, of course, you can download and run any number of great open-source projects from GitHub.<\/p>\n<p>Learn more about iSH from these links:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ish.app\/\">iSH website<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/ish\/\">Subreddit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ish-app\/ish\/issues\">GitHub issues<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ish-app\/ish\/wiki\">Wiki<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Advertising<\/h4>\n<p>\n<b>VDSina<\/b> offers <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vdsina.ru\/cloud-servers?partner=habr124\">virtual servers on Linux<\/a><\/noindex> or Windows. We use only <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vdsina\/blog\/514570\/\">branded equipment<\/a><\/noindex>, the best-in-class proprietary server management panel, and some of the best data centers in Russia and the EU. Hurry to order!<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vdsina.ru\/cloud-servers?partner=habr124\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Running the Linux Command Line on iOS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/d9b1b757b593fff1dcd96c99fcf04ee8.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Source: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vdsina\/blog\/521676\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410 \u0432\u044b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 Linux \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 iOS? \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0432\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435: \u00ab\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 iPhone?\u00bb \u0421\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441. \u041d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 Opensource.com, \u0442\u043e, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 Linux \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":95907,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-95906","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta 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