{"id":107267,"date":"2023-03-14T12:48:14","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T10:48:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/?p=107267"},"modified":"2023-03-15T19:12:55","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T17:12:55","slug":"vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/es\/blog\/news\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-7","title":{"rendered":"Lanzamiento del filtrado de paquetes nftables 1.0.7","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Se ha publicado la versi\u00f3n 1.0.7 del filtro de paquetes nftables, que unifica las interfaces de filtrado de paquetes para IPv4, IPv6, ARP y puentes de red (destinado a reemplazar iptables, ip6tables, arptables y ebtables). El paquete nftables incluye componentes del filtrado de paquetes que funcionan en espacio de usuario, mientras que a nivel de n\u00facleo la funcionalidad es proporcionada por el subsistema nf_tables, que forma parte del n\u00facleo de Linux desde la versi\u00f3n 3.13. A nivel de n\u00facleo, se proporciona solo una interfaz general, independiente del protocolo espec\u00edfico y que proporciona funciones b\u00e1sicas para la extracci\u00f3n de datos de paquetes, la realizaci\u00f3n de operaciones con esos datos y el control del flujo.    <\/p>\n<p>Las reglas de filtrado y los controladores espec\u00edficos del protocolo se compilan en bytecode en el espacio de usuario, que luego se carga en el n\u00facleo a trav\u00e9s de la interfaz Netlink y se ejecuta en el n\u00facleo en un espacio especial <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/es\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"una m\u00e1quina virtual\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4335\">una m\u00e1quina virtual<\/a>, similar a BPF (Berkeley Packet Filters). Este enfoque permite reducir significativamente el tama\u00f1o del c\u00f3digo de filtrado que opera a nivel de n\u00facleo y trasladar todas las funciones de an\u00e1lisis de reglas y la l\u00f3gica de trabajo con protocolos al espacio de usuario.    <\/p>\n<p>Principales cambios:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Para sistemas con n\u00facleo Linux 6.2+, se ha a\u00f1adido soporte para la coincidencia de protocolos vxlan, geneve, gre y gretap, lo que permite usar expresiones simples para comprobar los encabezados en paquetes encapsulados. Por ejemplo, para comprobar <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/es\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"IP\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"711\">IP<\/a> En el encabezado del paquete anidado de VxLAN, ahora se pueden usar reglas (sin necesidad de una de-capsulaci\u00f3n previa del encabezado VxLAN y enlace del filtro a la interfaz vxlan0):          \u2026 udp dport 4789 vxlan ip protocol udp        \u2026 udp dport 4789 vxlan ip saddr 1.2.3.0\/24        \u2026 udp dport 4789 vxlan ip saddr . vxlan ip daddr { 1.2.3.4 . 4.3.2.1 }\n<li class=\"l\"> Se ha implementado soporte para la fusi\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica de restos despu\u00e9s de la eliminaci\u00f3n parcial de un elemento de la lista set, lo que permite eliminar un elemento o parte de un rango de un rango existente (anteriormente, solo se pod\u00eda eliminar el rango completo). Por ejemplo, despu\u00e9s de eliminar el elemento 25 de la lista set con rangos de 24-30 y 40-50, quedar\u00e1n en la lista 24, 26-30 y 40-50. Las correcciones necesarias para el funcionamiento de la fusi\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica ser\u00e1n propuestas en lanzamientos correctivos de ramas estables del n\u00facleo 5.10+.              # nft list ruleset        table ip x {            set y {                typeof tcp dport                flags interval                auto-merge                elements = { 24-30, 40-50 }            }        }          # nft delete element ip x y { 25 }          # nft list ruleset        table ip x {            set y {                typeof tcp dport                flags interval                auto-merge                elements = { 24, 26-30, 40-50 }            }        }\n<li class=\"l\"> Se permite el uso de contactos y rangos al mapear la traducci\u00f3n de direcciones (NAT).      table ip nat {        chain prerouting {            type nat hook prerouting priority dstnat; policy accept;            dnat to ip daddr . tcp dport map { 10.1.1.136 . 80 : 1.1.2.69 . 1024,   10.1.1.10-10.1.1.20 . 8888-8889 : 1.1.2.69 . 2048-2049 } persistent       }    }\n<li class=\"l\"> Se ha agregado soporte para la expresi\u00f3n \u00ablast\u00bb, que permite conocer el tiempo de \u00faltimo uso de un elemento de regla o conjunto. Esta funcionalidad es compatible desde el n\u00facleo Linux 5.14.        table ip x {        set y {            typeof ip daddr . tcp dport            size 65535            flags dynamic,timeout            last            timeout 1h        }          chain z {            type filter hook output priority filter; policy accept;            update @y { ip daddr . tcp dport }        }    }      # nft list set ip x y    table ip x {        set y {            typeof ip daddr . tcp dport            size 65535            flags dynamic,timeout            last            timeout 1h            elements = { 172.217.17.14 . 443 last used 1s591ms timeout 1h expires 59m58s409ms,                         172.67.69.19 . 443 last used 4s636ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s364ms,                         142.250.201.72 . 443 last used 4s748ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s252ms,                         172.67.70.134 . 443 last used 4s688ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s312ms,                         35.241.9.150 . 443 last used 5s204ms timeout 1h expires 59m54s796ms,                         138.201.122.174 . 443 last used 4s537ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s463ms,                         34.160.144.191 . 443 last used 5s205ms timeout 1h expires 59m54s795ms,                         130.211.23.194 . 443 last used 4s436ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s564ms }           }    }\n<li class=\"l\"> Se ha agregado la posibilidad de definir cuotas en conjuntos. Por ejemplo, para definir una cuota de tr\u00e1fico para cada direcci\u00f3n IP objetivo, se puede indicar:      table netdev x {        set y {            typeof ip daddr            size 65535            quota over 10000 mbytes        }          chain y {            type filter hook egress device \u00abeth0\u00bb priority filter; policy accept;            ip daddr @y drop        }    }      # nft add element inet x y { 8.8.8.8 }    # ping -c 2 8.8.8.8       # nft list ruleset    table netdev x {        set y {            type ipv4_addr            size 65535            quota over 10000 mbytes            elements = { 8.8.8.8 quota over 10000 mbytes used 196 bytes }        }          chain y {            type filter hook egress device \u00abeth0\u00bb priority filter; policy accept;            ip daddr @y drop        }    }\n<li class=\"l\"> Se permite el uso de constantes en conjuntos de listas. Por ejemplo, al usar como clave de la lista la direcci\u00f3n de destino y el identificador VLAN, se puede especificar directamente el n\u00famero VLAN (daddr . 123):          table netdev t {            set s {                typeof ether saddr . vlan id                size 2048                flags dynamic,timeout                timeout 1m            }              chain c {                type filter hook ingress device eth0 priority 0; policy accept;                ether type != 8021q update @s { ether daddr . 123 } counter            }        }\n<li class=\"l\"> Se ha agregado un nuevo comando \u00abdestroy\u00bb para la eliminaci\u00f3n incondicional de objetos (a diferencia del comando delete, no genera ENOENT al intentar eliminar un objeto inexistente). Para su funcionamiento se requiere como m\u00ednimo el n\u00facleo Linux 6.3-rc.         destroy table ip filter        <\/ul>\n<p>Fuente: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=58791\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 1.0.7, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4, IPv6, ARP \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 iptables, ip6table, arptables \u0438 ebtables). \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 nftables \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 nf_tables, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-107267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 1.0.7, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e 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