{"id":53040,"date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-21T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/yazykovye-sloi"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:54","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:54","slug":"yazykovye-sloi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/es\/blog\/news\/yazykovye-sloi","title":{"rendered":"Capas ling\u00fc\u00edsticas","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a1Hola, Habr!<\/p>\n<p>Le presento la traducci\u00f3n del art\u00edculo \u00ab<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwFe2\">Language Layers<\/a><\/noindex>\u00bb del autor Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Capas ling\u00fc\u00edsticas\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/7443f8be2481982b85afe6f8368a9e81.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nPaso tiempo jugando a un viejo juego llamado \u00abLunar Lander\u00bb de 1969. Fue escrito por Jim Storer, un estudiante de secundaria. Lo escribi\u00f3 en PDP-8 usando el lenguaje FOCAL. Aqu\u00ed est\u00e1 c\u00f3mo se ve el programa: <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Capas ling\u00fc\u00edsticas\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/44821c373bf1285cf7085306e194cc14.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nY aqu\u00ed est\u00e1 el c\u00f3digo fuente en FOCAL:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Capas ling\u00fc\u00edsticas\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/bcde722861952deb2e7e8e3f7064c992.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nJim Storer era un estudiante de secundaria bastante talentoso. Mira este c\u00f3digo. Tiene expresiones de Taylor bastante interesantes. <\/p>\n<p>As\u00ed que, estoy realizando una b\u00fasqueda binaria para determinar el valor de K que har\u00e1 que la nave aterrice perfectamente con el uso repetido. Por lo tanto, modifiqu\u00e9 el programa para que aceptara un solo valor, y luego lo aplicara varias veces hasta que la nave aterrice o se estrelle. Mientras escribo esto, s\u00e9 que la respuesta est\u00e1 entre 76.40625 y 76.4453125, y probar\u00e9 con 76.4257813. Empiezo a pensar que me quedar\u00e1 poco tiempo antes de encontrar la respuesta. <\/p>\n<p>Mientras tanto, se me ocurri\u00f3 que ejecut\u00e9 este programa en un emulador <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGvr\">PDP-8<\/a><\/noindex>, que escrib\u00ed en Lua para iPad.<\/p>\n<p>Bien, reflexionemos sobre esto.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>El iPad tiene un chip <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGxH\">A8X<\/a><\/noindex>, con tres n\u00facleos funcionando a una frecuencia de gigahercios o algo as\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Lua est\u00e1 escrito en C y se compila en A8X.<\/li>\n<li>Mi emulador PDP8 est\u00e1 escrito en Lua, utilizando el paquete <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGy4\">CODEA<\/a><\/noindex> de Two Lives Left.<\/li>\n<li>FOCAL fue escrito a finales de los a\u00f1os 60 en PDP8.<\/li>\n<li>Lunar Lander fue escrito en FOCAL.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAs\u00ed que, tenemos A8X, C, Lua, PDP8 y FOCAL. Estos son cinco lenguajes diferentes. Cinco mecanismos diferentes que le dicen a la m\u00e1quina qu\u00e9 hacer; \u00a1todos est\u00e1n apilados unos sobre otros! <\/p>\n<p>\u00bfQu\u00e9 significa esto? \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 hay tantos lenguajes? De hecho, olvida el iPad, PDP-8, C, Lua y todo lo dem\u00e1s. \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 hay tantos lenguajes? <\/p>\n<p>##\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432? <\/p>\n<p>\u00a1Pi\u00e9nsalo! \u00bfCu\u00e1ntos lenguajes de programaci\u00f3n puedes nombrar? Aqu\u00ed, perm\u00edteme darte una peque\u00f1a lista:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> FORTRAN<\/li>\n<li> ALGOL<\/li>\n<li> COBOL<\/li>\n<li> SNOBOL<\/li>\n<li> LISP<\/li>\n<li> BCPL<\/li>\n<li> B<\/li>\n<li> C<\/li>\n<li> SIMULA<\/li>\n<li> SMALLTALK<\/li>\n<li> EIFFEL<\/li>\n<li> C++<\/li>\n<li> JAVA<\/li>\n<li> C#<\/li>\n<li> PYTHON<\/li>\n<li> RUBY<\/li>\n<li> LOGO<\/li>\n<li> LUA<\/li>\n<li> BASIC<\/li>\n<li> PL\/1<\/li>\n<li> JAVASCRIPT<\/li>\n<li> GO<\/li>\n<li> DART<\/li>\n<li> PROLOG<\/li>\n<li> FORTH<\/li>\n<li> SWIFT<\/li>\n<li> ML<\/li>\n<li> OCCAM<\/li>\n<li> OCAML<\/li>\n<li> ADA<\/li>\n<li> ERLANG<\/li>\n<li> ELIXIR<\/li>\n<li> FOCAL<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPor supuesto, puedes pensar en otros que no mencion\u00e9. La pregunta es, \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 hay tantos? Realmente puede haber solo una respuesta a esta pregunta. La raz\u00f3n por la que existen tantos lenguajes de computadora es: <\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>No nos gustan.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nBueno, tal vez esa sea una afirmaci\u00f3n demasiado fuerte. Quiz\u00e1s deber\u00eda decir: <\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Estuvimos en Hollywood.<br \/>\n Estuvimos en Redwood.<br \/>\n Cruzamos el oc\u00e9ano en busca del c\u00f3digo dorado.<br \/>\n Estuvimos en nuestra mente,<br \/>\n Es una delgada l\u00ednea.<br \/>\n Esto nos lleva a buscar el c\u00f3digo dorado.<\/p>\n<p> Y nosotros envejecemos.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Bueno, tal vez deber\u00eda hablar por m\u00ed mismo... \u00bfNo quer\u00edas simplemente gritarle a Neil Young para que dejara de quejarse, encontrara a una chica linda y viviera con ella? \u00bfNo quer\u00edas decirle que buscar un coraz\u00f3n dorado era in\u00fatil? Dime, \u00bfqu\u00e9 har\u00eda con \u00e9l si lo encontrara? <\/p>\n<p>\u00bfY qu\u00e9 har\u00edamos con el lenguaje perfecto si lo encontr\u00e1ramos?<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u00a1Hemos creado emuladores de PDP-8 y FOCAL para jugar a \u00bb Lunar Lander\u00bb, escrito por un estudiante de secundaria en 1969!<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> <b>Esto es lo que pienso.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Acepta esto. Deja de buscar. No hay ning\u00fan lenguaje perfecto. Hemos buscado en todas partes. Miramos arriba y abajo. Miramos dentro y fuera.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Vimos los lenguajes desde ambos lados.<br \/>\n Desde adentro y por fuera<br \/>\n y a\u00fan as\u00ed de una manera u otra.<br \/>\n Recordamos que son ilusiones ling\u00fc\u00edsticas.<\/p>\n<p>Realmente no entendemos nada de los lenguajes...<br \/>\n... en absoluto.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> S\u00ed, hoy es un d\u00eda inusual.<\/p>\n<p>Pero, aun as\u00ed, la esencia es:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>No necesitamos otro idioma.<br \/>\n No necesitamos saber el camino a casa.<br \/>\n Todo lo que queremos es salir m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de la vida.<br \/>\n S.Q.L.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> S\u00ed, un d\u00eda extra\u00f1o.<\/p>\n<p>As\u00ed que, hay una idea. Tal vez deber\u00edamos dejar de crear nuevos idiomas y simplemente relajarnos y elegir uno o dos que realmente sean buenos. Eso har\u00eda la vida mucho m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil, \u00bfno?<\/p>\n<p>Y, si tienes curiosidad, 76.43844461 te da un aterrizaje bastante bueno a 2.23 MPH.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fuente: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/476644\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abLanguage Layers\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob). \u042f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0443 \u00abLunar Lander\u00bb 1969 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b. \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 PDP-8 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 FOCAL. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430: \u0410 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 FOCAL: \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u044b\u043b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53040","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abLanguage Layers\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Robert C.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/es\/blog\/news\/yazykovye-sloi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0438 | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abLanguage Layers\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Robert C.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/es\/blog\/news\/yazykovye-sloi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-11-21T21:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-02-18T11:00:54+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Capas de lenguaje | ProHoster","description":"\u00a1Hola, Habr! 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