{"id":119616,"date":"2024-08-25T21:43:04","date_gmt":"2024-08-25T19:43:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:08:37","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:08:37","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda","title":{"rendered":"Linuxi s\u00fcdamik on 33 aastat vana","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>25. august 1991. aastal, viie kuu arenduse j\u00e4rel, kuulutas 21-aastane \u00fcli\u00f5pilane Linus Torvalds comp.os.minix telekonverentsil v\u00e4lja uue Linuxi operatsioonis\u00fcsteemi t\u00f6\u00f6tava protot\u00fc\u00fcbi, mille juures m\u00e4rgiti bash 1.08 ja gcc 1.40 portimise l\u00f5petamine. Esimene avalik Linuxi kerneli v\u00e4ljaanne esitati 17. septembril. Kerneli versioon 0.0.1 oli kokku surutud 62 KB ning sisaldas umbes 10 000 rida l\u00e4htekoodi. T\u00e4nap\u00e4eva Linuxi kerneli kood koosneb enam kui 35 miljonist reast. Euroliidu tellitud 2010. aasta uuringu kohaselt oleks sarnase praeguse Linuxi kerneli projekti nullist arendamise ligikaudne maksumus olnud \u00fcle miljardi USA dollari (arvestus tehti, kui koodis oli 13 miljonit rida), teiste hinnangute kohaselt aga \u00fcle 3 miljardi.<\/p>\n<p>Linuxi s\u00fcdamik loodi MINIX operatsioonis\u00fcsteemi muljetest, mis ei rahuldunud Linuse piiratud litsentsiga. Hiljem, kui Linuxist sai tuntud projekt, p\u00fc\u00fcdsid pahatahtlikud s\u00fc\u00fcdistada Linust MINIX-i m\u00f5nede alams\u00fcsteemide koodi otseses kopeerimises. R\u00fcnnaku peegeldas Andrew Tanenbaum, MINIX-i autor, kes palus \u00fchel tudengil teha ulatuslikk v\u00f5rreldavuse anal\u00fc\u00fcs MINIX-i koodi ja esimeste avalike Linuxi versioonide vahel. Uuringu tulemused n\u00e4itasid ainult nelja t\u00e4htsusetut koodi bloki kopeerimist, mis oli tingitud POSIX ja ANSI C n\u00f5udmistest.<\/p>\n<p>Esialgu soovis Linus nimetada s\u00fcdamiku Freax, s\u00f5nadest \"free\", \"freak\" ja X (Unix). Kuid nimetus \"Linux\" anti s\u00fcdamikule Ari Lemmke kerge k\u00e4ega, kes Linuse palve peale paigutas s\u00fcdamiku \u00fclikooli FTP-serverisse, nimetas arhivaadiumi katalooge mitte \"freax\", nagu Torvalds palus, vaid \"linux\". Tasub mainida, et ettev\u00f5tlik \u00e4riisa William Della Croce suutis registreerida Linuxi kaubam\u00e4rgi ja tahtis hiljem koguda tasusid, kuid loobus hiljem sellest ja andis k\u00f5ik \u00f5igused kaubam\u00e4rgile Linusele. Linuxi s\u00fcdamiku ametlik maskott, pingviin Tux, valiti 1996. aastal toimunud konkursi tulemusena. Nimi Tux t\u00e4histab Torvalds UniX-i.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fcdamiku koodibaasi kasvu d\u00fcnaamika (koodirea arv):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0.0.1 &#8212; september 1991, 10 tuhat koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>1.0.0 &#8212; m\u00e4rts 1994, 176 tuhat koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>1.2.0 &#8212; m\u00e4rts 1995, 311 tuhat koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>2.0.0 &#8212; juuni 1996, 778 tuhat koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>2.2.0 &#8212; jaanuar 1999, 1.8 miljonit koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>2.4.0 &#8212; jaanuar 2001, 3.4 miljonit koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.0 &#8212; detsember 2003, 5.9 miljonit koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.28 &#8212; detsember 2008, 10.2 miljonit koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.35 &#8212; august 2010, 13.4 miljonit koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>3.0 \u2013 august 2011, 14.6 miljonit rida koodi;<\/li>\n<li>3.5 \u2013 juuli 2012, 15.5 miljonit rida koodi;<\/li>\n<li>3.10 &#8212; juuli 2013, 15.8 miljonit koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>3.16 &#8212; august 2014, 17.5 miljonit koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>4.1 &#8212; juuni 2015, 19.5 miljonit koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>4.7 &#8212; juuli 2016, 21.7 miljonit koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>4.12 &#8212; juuli 2017, 24.1 miljonit koodi rida;<\/li>\n<li>4.18 \u2013 august 2018, 25.3 miljonit rida koodi;<\/li>\n<li>5.2 \u2013 juuli 2019, 26.55 miljonit rida koodi;<\/li>\n<li>5.8 \u2013 august 2020, 28.4 miljonit rida koodi;<\/li>\n<li>5.13 \u2013 juuni 2021, 29.2 miljonit rida koodi;<\/li>\n<li>5.19 \u2013 august 2022, 30.5 miljonit rida koodi;<\/li>\n<li>6.4 \u2013 juuni 2023, 32.9 miljonit rida koodi.<\/li>\n<li>6.10 \u2013 juuli 2024, 35.1 miljonit rida koodi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tuuma arengu edusammud:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.0.1 &#8212; september 1991, esimene avalik v\u00e4ljalase, mis toetab ainult CPU i386 ja laaditakse sisse diskette;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.12 &#8212; jaanuar 1992, kood hakkas levi alla GPLv2 litsentsi all;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.95 &#8212; m\u00e4rts 1992, X Window Systemi k\u00e4ivitamise v\u00f5imalus, virtuaalse m\u00e4luefekti ja vahetusfaili toetus on olemas.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.96-0.99 &#8212; 1992-1993, t\u00f6\u00f6 algas v\u00f5rgu protokollide kallal. Kanti ette failis\u00fcsteem Ext2, lisati ELF failiformaadi toetus, esitati draiverid helikaartide ja SCSI kontrollerite jaoks, ellu viidi tuuma moodulite ja failis\u00fcsteemi proc ei.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">1992. aastal ilmusid esimesed jaotused SLS ja Yggdrasil. Suvel 1993 loodi projektid Slackware ja Debian.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.0 &#8212; m\u00e4rts 1994, esimene ametlik stabiilne v\u00e4ljaanne;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.2 &#8212; m\u00e4rts 1995, juhtide arvu m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rne suurenemine, toetus platvormidele Alpha, MIPS ja SPARC, v\u00f5rgu protokollide v\u00f5imaluste laienemine, pakettfiltri ilmumine, NFS tugi;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.0 &#8212; juuni 1996, toetas mitme protsessori s\u00fcsteeme;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">M\u00e4rts 1997: loodud LKML, Linuxi tuumas arendajate postitusloend;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">1998. aastal: k\u00e4ivitatud esimene Linuxi p\u00f5hinev klaster, mis p\u00e4\u00e4ses Top500, koosnevaid 68 s\u00f5lmpunktist koos CPU Alpha;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.2 \u2013 jaanuar 1999, s\u00fcsteemi m\u00e4lu haldamise efektiivsus on suurenenud, lisatud on tugi <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/lir\/ipv4\/\">IPv6<\/a>, rakendatud uus tulem\u00fc\u00fcr, tutvustatud uut helis\u00fcsteemi;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.4 \u2014 veebruar 2001, 8-protsessorite s\u00fcsteemide ja 64 GB RAMi toete, Ext3 failis\u00fcsteem, USB ja ACPI tugi;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.6 \u2014 detsember 2003, SELinuxi tugi, tuuma parameetrite automaatne h\u00e4\u00e4lestamine, sysfs ja t\u00e4iustatud m\u00e4luhalduse s\u00fcsteem;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Aastal 2005 tutvustati h\u00fcperviisorit Xen, mis avas virtuaalsuse ajastu;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2008. aasta septembris loodi Androidi platvormi esimene versioon, mis p\u00f5hines Linuxi tuumal.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2011. aasta juulis p\u00e4rast 10 aastat 2.6.x haru arendamist toimus \u00fcleminek 3.x numbrimisele. Git-repositooriumis oli juba 2 miljonit objekti.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2015. aastal ilmus Linuxi tuuma versioon 4.0. Repositoriis j\u00f5udis git-objektide arv 4 miljonini.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2018. aasta aprillis \u00fcletati 6 miljoni git-objekti piir tuumas.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2019. aasta jaanuaris loodi Linuxi tuuma haru 5.0. Repositoorium saavutas 6,5 miljoni git-objekti taseme.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2020. aasta augustis avaldatud tuum 5.8 sai ajaloo suurima muudatuste arvu tuumaks, mis on loodud projekti k\u00e4igus.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Tuumas 5.13 l\u00f6\u00f6di rekord arendajate (2150) arvus, kelle muudatused said osaks tuumast.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2022. aasta augustis loodi Linuxi tuuma haru 6.0, kuna 5.x harus kogunes piisavalt v\u00e4ljalaskesid, et muuta versiooninumbri esimest numbrit.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2022. aasta detsembris v\u00e4lja antud tuumas 6.1 lisati v\u00f5imalus kasutada Rusti keelt teise keelana draiverite ja tuuma moodulite v\u00e4ljat\u00f6\u00f6tamiseks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Umbes 65% k\u00f5ikidest muudatustest kerneli on teinud 20 k\u00f5ige aktiivsemat ettev\u00f5tet. N\u00e4iteks kerneli 6.10 arendamisel olid k\u00f5ikidest muudatustest 15.3% (kernelis 6.9 oli see 12.9%) ette valmistanud ettev\u00f5te Intel, 7.4% (7.1%) \u2013 Google, 6.9% (5.6%) \u2013 Red Hat, 6.3% (6.4%) \u2013 Linaro, 4.6% (5.7%) \u2013 AMD, 3.3% (2.2%) \u2013 Oracle, 3.2% (2.9%) \u2013 Meta, 2.5% (3.2%) \u2013 SUSE, 2.4% (2.1%) \u2013 IBM, 2.3% (2.4%) \u2013 Huawei, 1.9% (2.1%) \u2013 Qualcomm, 1.5% (1.7%) \u2013 NVIDIA, 1.2% (1.2%) \u2013 ARM. 11.9% (kernelis 6.9 \u2013 14.2%) muudatusi on ette valmistanud s\u00f5ltumatud osalejad v\u00f5i arendajad, kes ei olnud selgelt v\u00e4lja \u00f6elnud, et t\u00f6\u00f6tavad teatud ettev\u00f5tete nimel. Kerneli 6.10 koodiread on enim lisatud ettev\u00f5tete Intel, Linaro ja Red Hat, kelle osakaal oli vastavalt 13.6%, 13.3% ja 7.2% (kernelis 6.9 olid esikohal AMD, Red Hat ja Intel osakaaludega 21.7%, 11.5% ja 8.9%).<\/p>\n<p>Allikas: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=61762\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-119616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 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