{"id":29874,"date":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","slug":"primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","title":{"rendered":"Linuxi ja avatud l\u00e4htekoodiga tarkvara rakendamine meie \u00f5ppeasutuses: olema v\u00f5i mitte olema?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Tere p\u00e4eva, lugupeetud Habr-kasutajad. Viimasel ajal on mind hakanud muretsema k\u00fcsimus: kui kaua j\u00e4tkub Microsofti monopoolne positsioon tarkvaraturul, mis vastutab tarkvara tarnimise eest paljude meie riigi \u00f5ppeasutustes (praktiliselt on see ettev\u00f5te olnud turul juba alates 90-ndatest aastatest.<\/a><\/noindex>). <\/p>\n

Toon konkreetselt n\u00e4ite: k\u00e4in suhteliselt populaarsetes IT-ringkondades keskkooli\u00f5pilastele kohaliku \u00fclikooli N juures (see \u00fclikool on minu linnas \u00fcsna prestii\u017ene), seal uurime mitmeid aineid:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u201eInfotehnoloogia ja arvutitehnikate alused\u201c (on juba l\u00e4bitud).<\/li>\n
  2. \u201eArvuti seadmed\u2026\u201c: ops\u00fcsteemid, PC \u201esiseehitus\u201c (l\u00f5petatud).<\/li>\n
  3. \u201eT\u00f6\u00f6tamine isikliku arvutiga\u201c: Windowsi failihaldur, CMD, MS Office (just l\u00f5petatud).<\/li>\n
  4. \u201eProgrammeerimise alused\u201c: PascalABC.NET (isesest, et v\u00e4hemalt mitte Turbo Pascal).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nN\u00fc\u00fcd on aga kriitika enamikule punktidele:<\/a><\/noindex>
    \n1. Ilmselt ainsad ained, mis mind rohkem-v\u00e4hem rahuldasid. Arvutuss\u00fcsteemid, binaarlus jne. Siin saame hakkama ilma \u00fchegi ops\u00fcsteemi v\u00f5i tarkvarata, seega ei ole see otseselt seotud minu postitusega.<\/p>\n

    2. Siit algab t\u00f5eline huvi. Esiteks, peaaegu k\u00f5ik, mida me l\u00e4bisime \u2014 MS-DOS ja Windowsi (k\u00f5igi versioonide, kuid peamiselt Windows XP) ajalugu ja v\u00f5imalused (esitluse t\u00f5ttu, mis toimus 2000. aastate alguses), mainiti m\u00f6\u00f6daminnes, et sellised s\u00fcsteemid nagu GNU\/Linux, *nix ja... k\u00f5ik. Selget ajalugu ja *nix v\u00f5imalusi ei toonud see esitlus esile. Teiseks arutasime loengus pikka aega Windows 3.11, 95 ja 98 erinevusi; meenutasime IDE-re\u017eiimi olemasolu; tutvustasime FAT12\/16\/32 ja NTFS (kuigi lektor ei \u00f6elnud midagi t\u00f5eliselt sisukat, v\u00e4lja arvatud \"NTFS\" l\u00fchendi lahtiseletamine), kuid EXT2\/3\/4, BTRFS, UDF, isegi ketta partitsioneerimine \u2014 vaikimine! Sama olukord oli BSVV-ga: Legacy-BIOSi funktsioon selgitati, kuid unustati isegi UEFI, r\u00e4\u00e4kimata Corebootist ja muudest BIOSi teostustest. \u00d5petajad r\u00e4\u00e4kisid meile ka \"uuemate\" Pentium 4 ja DDR2 j\u00f5udlusest, ketaste aegumisest ja Windows XP eelistest ME ja 98 ees (taas esitlused aastatest 2003-2005).<\/p>\n

    3. Siin on k\u00f5ik \u00fcsna arusaadav: k\u00f5ik on vananenud ja\/v\u00f5i patenditud. Arvutite omadustesse ma ei puutu: 0,5\u20132 GB RAM ja Pentium 4\/D piisab kliendikompuutri jaoks, samasugune nagu meil on Windows XP ja keskne failiserver, mis osaliselt v\u00e4hendab s\u00fcsteemi HDD koormust. Kuid suutsin nendel PC-del leida vaid paar tasuta programmi sajast: Notepad++ ja v\u00e4ga vana versioon OpenOfficest. K\u00f5ik muu: Google Chrome, MS Office 2007\/2010 (aktiveerimata), Adobe PDF Reader, viiruset\u00f5rjed, patenditud kompilaatorid, Turbo Pascal... Muide, m\u00f5nedel (v\u00e4hemalt 1 GB RAM) on installitud Kubuntu 14.04.x, alates installimisest pole s\u00fcsteemi ega repootoriume kordagi uuendatud. Ja nad panid selle selgelt lihtsalt vormistamiseks: ei ole kordagi n\u00e4inud \u00fchtegi \u00fcli\u00f5pilast, kes Linuxi kasutaks. Veelgi enam, inimesed, kes installisid distributsiooni, ei m\u00e4\u00e4ranud root ja k\u00e4ivitaja jaoks parooli. <\/p>\n

    Seega on lihtne leida Rescue Mode'i valik GRUB2-s, saada automaatselt root \u00f5igused, monteerida juurkataloog read\/write re\u017eiimis ja k\u00e4ivitada passwd. Tegelikult on see see, mida teie alandlik teenija kaks korda tegi. Ja kogu (kogu) ops\u00fcsteem on minu t\u00e4ielikus k\u00e4sutuses. Milleks siis Windowsi paroolida, antivirusprogramme paigaldada, proxy seadistada, kui kogu see \"kaitse\" ei maksa midagi? Veelgi enam, kui r\u00e4\u00e4kisin oma \u00f5petajale sellest haavatavusest, vastas ta, et see probleem teda v\u00e4he huvitab. Kuidas nii? Esiteks keelavad nad usb-flash m\u00e4lupulkade kasutamise ilma antivirus skannimiseta, seej\u00e4rel ignoreerivad nad probleemide, mis on pinnapealsed. Muide, nende Kubuntu s\u00fcsteemide peal pole praktiliselt \u00fcldse tarkvara. Ei gcc, ei g++, ei fpc, ainult p\u00f5his\u00fcsteem.<\/p>\n

    Kui r\u00e4\u00e4kida kontorist, siis minu LibreOffice'i ja avatud dokumentide standardite kasutamine on viinud selleni, et enamik .odt faile avatakse Microsofti tootes valesti, samas on vastupidine samuti t\u00f5si. Kuigi MS Office on (minu arvates) v\u00e4ga mugav toode, on LibreOffice, eriti kui tasuta projekt, samuti hea. P\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt, kui MS Office ei oleks patenteeritud ja suletud, oleks tema alternatiivide olemasolu m\u00f5te minimaalne (taaskord, minu tagasihoidlik arvamus). <\/p>\n

    Lihtsalt, et mina olen sellega n\u00f5us, A.V.Stolyaroviga<\/a><\/noindex>, mul on arusaam, et teatud oluline tarkvara eksisteerib ainult Windowsile ja j\u00e4rgmise paarik\u00fcmne aasta jooksul ei asendata seda s\u00fcsteemi kindlasti nendes valdkondades (n\u00e4iteks alates m\u00f5ningate mikrokontrolleritega programmeerimisest kuni tarkvara k\u00e4ivitamiseni, mis haldab reguleerimist ja m\u00f5\u00f5tmisi), kuid iga aastaga sellist tarkvara j\u00e4rjest v\u00e4hem. Veelgi enam, need on \u00fcsna haruldased valdkonnad ja *nix ei ole asjata head s\u00fcsteemid programmeerimise p\u00f5hialuste \u00f5ppimiseks.<\/p>\n

    Moraali selle jutu moraal: kahjuks tuleb mul t\u00f5deda, et kohalikus \u00fclikoolis (t\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt mitte ainult seal) eelistatakse omandi\u00f5igusega ja suletud tooteid, isegi kui neid tuleb kasutada ebaseaduslikult. Teisi tarkvarasid ignoreeritakse tihti, kuna \u00f5petajatel puudub stiimul mitte ainult oma reaalseid teadmisi t\u00e4iustada, vaid ka \u00f5pilaste teadmiste arendamine (\"\u00d5petajad ei taha \u00f5ppida\"). \u00dcldiselt on t\u00f5epoolest, et vabavaraline tarkvara on kasutamiseks valmis, kuid inimesed ise ei taha seda kasutada ja\/v\u00f5i enesekehtestada, kui \"nagu nii l\u00e4heb\".<\/p>\n

    P.S.:UNIX N\u00f5ukogude Liidus<\/b> Minu vanaisa r\u00e4\u00e4kis mulle, et aastatel 1986-1988, olles organisatsiooni \u00dcPRCENTRZAPCHAST juht, otsustasid tema ja teised kolleegid viia t\u00f6\u00f6tajad nende baasil Stolbcys ja Tashkendis ning Mini-EMV \"Robotroni\" ja teiste meie tootmise EMV-de peale, koos keskusarvutiga-serveriga. Tema kirjelduste ja Wikipedia j\u00e4rgi oli sellel serveril installitud Unix, ja m\u00f5nes neist oli N\u00f5ukogude versioon. Seet\u00f5ttu, nii \u00f6elda, j\u00e4i *nix-i \u00f5ppimiseks potentsiaali. <\/p>\n

    Allikas: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Microsoft \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u041e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b (\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 90-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 it-\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29874","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47 Linuxi ja avatud allika tarkvara rakendamine meie \u00f5ppeasutuses: olla v\u00f5i mitte olla? | ProHoster","description":"Tere, head Habr kasutajad. Viimasel ajal on mind hakanud huvitama k\u00fcsimus: kui kaua kestab Microsofti monopol meie riigi haridusasutuste tarkvaraturul (tegelikult on see ettev\u00f5te olnud seal alates 90. aastatest). Toongi konkreetselt: k\u00e4in suhteliselt populaarses IT-ringis keskkooli\u00fcli\u00f5pilastele kohaliku...","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"et_EE","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 Linux \u0438 \u0421\u041f\u041e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c 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