{"id":29874,"date":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","slug":"primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","title":{"rendered":"Linuxi ja avatud l\u00e4htekoodiga tarkvara rakendamine meie haridusasutuses: kas olla v\u00f5i mitte olla?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Tere, kallid Habr'i kogukonna liikmed. Viimastel aegadel on mind hakanud huvitama k\u00fcsimus: kui kaua kestab Microsofti monopoolne seisund turusektoris, mis vastutab tarkvara tarnimise eest paljude meie riigi haridusasutustele (t\u00f5epoolest, see oli ettev\u00f5tte poolt h\u00f5ivatud juba alates 90ndatest<\/a><\/noindex>). <\/p>\n

Tuletan meelde konkreetsed n\u00e4ited: k\u00e4in suhteliselt populaarses IT-ringis vanema keskkooli\u00f5pilastele kohaliku \u00fclikooli juures N (see \u00fclikool on minu linnas \u00fcsna prestii\u017ene), seal \u00f5pime mitmeid aineid:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u201eInfotehnika ja arvutitehnika alused\u201c (oleme selle juba l\u00e4binud).<\/li>\n
  2. \u201eArvutite struktuur\u2026\u201c: ops\u00fcsteemid, arvuti \u201esisud\u201c (l\u00f5petatud).<\/li>\n
  3. \u201eT\u00f6\u00f6tamine personaalarvutiga\u201c: Windowsi failihalduri, CMD, MS Office alused (just n\u00fc\u00fcd l\u00f5petatud).<\/li>\n
  4. \u201eProgrammeermise alused\u201c: PascalABC.NET (jumal t\u00e4natud, et see pole Turbo Pascal).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nJa n\u00fc\u00fcd kriitika enamikule punktidele:<\/a><\/noindex>
    \n1. V\u00f5ib-olla ainus aine, mis mind enam-v\u00e4hem rahuldas. Arvutuss\u00fcsteemid, binaarlogika jne. Siin saime hakkama ilma igasuguste ops\u00fcsteemide ja tarkvara kasutamiseta, seega ei oma see minu postitusega otsest seost.<\/p>\n

    2. Siin hakkab k\u00f5ige huvitavam osa. Esiteks, praktiliselt k\u00f5ik, mida me l\u00e4bisime \u2014 MS-DOS ja Windowsi ajalugu ja v\u00f5imalused (k\u00f5ik versioonid, isegi Windows XP, kuna ettekande tegi alguses 2000ndatel), mainiti k\u00f5rvuti GNU\/Linuxi, *nix'i olemasolu... ja k\u00f5ik. Selgeid \u00fclevaateid ja v\u00f5imalusi *nix'ist ma ettekandes ei n\u00e4inud. Teiseks, loengus arutasime pikalt Windows 3.11 ja 95 ning 98 erinevusi; meenutasime IDE-re\u017eiimi olemasolu; tutvusime FAT12\/16\/32 ja NTFS'iga (kuigi lektor ei \u00f6elnud peaaegu midagi, v\u00e4lja arvatud l\u00fchendi \u201eNTFS\u201c lahti seletamine), kuid ma ei kuulnud s\u00f5nagi EXT2\/3\/4, BTRFS, UDF kohta, isegi ketta partitsioneerimisest \u2014 vaikimine! Sama olukord oli BIOS-ide kohta: selgitati Legacy-BIOS'i funktsiooni, kuid unustati isegi UEFI, r\u00e4\u00e4kimata Corebootist ja muudest BIOS'i realiseeringutest. Samuti r\u00e4\u00e4kisid \u00f5petajad meile \u201euuemate\u201c Pentium 4 ja DDR2 j\u00f5udlusest, diskettide j\u00e4rkj\u00e4rgulisest vananemisest ning Windows XP \u00fclekaalust ME ja 98 ees (taas ettekande ajalugu 2003\u20132005).<\/p>\n

    3. Siin on k\u00f5ik \u00fcsna selge: k\u00f5ik on vananenud ja \/ v\u00f5i patenditud. Arvutite spetsifikatsioonide osas ei viitsi ma vaielda: 0,5-2 gigabaiti RAM-i ja Pentium 4 \/ D piisab kliendi arvutiks, samuti Windows XP ja keskne server-failide jagaja, mis osaliselt leevendab s\u00fcsteemi HDD koormust. Kuid suudasin leida neist arvutitest vaid paar tasuta programmi sadadest: Notepad++ ja v\u00e4ga vana versiooni OpenOffice'ist. K\u00f5ik muu: Google Chrome, MS Office 2007 \/ 2010 (aktiveerimata), Adobe PDF Reader, viiruset\u00f5rjed, patenditud kompilaatorid, Turbo Pascal... Muide, m\u00f5nel (v\u00e4hemalt 1 GB RAM-iga) on paigaldatud Kubuntu 14.04.x, ega ole alates paigaldamisest kordagi uuendatud ei s\u00fcsteemi ega hoidlaid. Ja nad panid selle selgelt vaid vormiliselt: ei ole kunagi n\u00e4inud \u00fchtegi \u00fcli\u00f5pilast, kes Linuxi kasutaks. R\u00e4\u00e4kimata sellest, et inimesed, kes installisid distributsiooni, ei m\u00e4\u00e4ranud root ja alglaadimise parooli. <\/p>\n

    Seet\u00f5ttu on lihtne leida Rescue Mode'i punkti GRUB2-s, automaatselt saada root-kasutajaks, remondida juur kataloog read \/ write ja k\u00e4ivitada passwd. T\u00f5eliselt tegin seda kahel korral. Ja kogu (k\u00f5ik) operatiivne s\u00fcsteem on minu t\u00e4ielikus k\u00e4sutuses. Milleks siis Windowsi paroolida, installida viiruset\u00f5rjet, seadistada proxy, kui kogu see \"protektsioon\" ei maksa tuhkagi? Veelgi enam, kui r\u00e4\u00e4kisin oma \u00f5petajale sellest haavatavusest, vastas ta, et see probleem teda eriti ei huvita. Kuidas see siis nii k\u00e4ib? \u00dchelt poolt keelatakse usb-m\u00e4lupulkade kasutamine ilma viiruset\u00f5rje skaneerimiseta, teiselt poolt ignoreeritakse probleemi, mis on pinnapealne. Muide, nende Kubuntu-p\u00f5histe arvutite tarkvara on praktiliselt puudulik. Ei gcc, ei g++, ei fpc, mitte midagi peale baass\u00fcsteemi.<\/p>\n

    Kui r\u00e4\u00e4kida kontorit\u00f6\u00f6st, siis minu Libreoffice'i ja avatud dokumendistandardite kasutamine on viinud selleni, et enamus .odt faile avatakse Microsofti tootes valesti, ja vastupidi. Kuigi MS Office (minu arust) on v\u00e4ga mugav toode, on Libreoffice, eriti tasuta projektina, samuti hea. P\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt, kui MS Office ei oleks patenditud ja suletud, oleks alternatiivide olemasolu m\u00f5te minimaalne (j\u00e4lle, minu tagasihoidlik arvamus). <\/p>\n

    Kuigi ma olen n\u00f5us A.V.Stolyaroviga<\/a><\/noindex>, mul on arusaam, et teatav oluline tarkvara eksisteerib ainult Windowsis ja l\u00e4hiaastatel ei asenda see s\u00fcsteem t\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt neid valdkondi (n\u00e4iteks m\u00f5nede mikrokontrollerite programmeerimine kuni tarkvara rakendamiseni s\u00f5iduki reguleerimise seadmetes), kuid iga aastaga on sellist tarkvara j\u00e4rjest v\u00e4hem. Eriti kuna need on \u00fcsna haruldased suunad ning *nix s\u00fcsteeme peetakse t\u00f5husateks \u00f5ppimiseks programmeerimise aluseid.<\/p>\n

    Moraali see lugu. Kokkuv\u00f5te: kahjuks pean t\u00f5dema, et kohalikus \u00fclikoolis (t\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt mitte ainult seal) eelistatakse patendi- ja suletud tooteid, isegi kui neid tuleb kasutada ebaseaduslikult. Teist tarkvara sageli ignoreeritakse, kuna puudub stiimul parandada nii oma tegelikke teadmisi kui ka \u00f5petajate teadmisi \u00f5ppijate seas (\u00ab\u00d5petajad ei soovi \u00f5ppida\u00bb). Tuleb v\u00e4lja, et \u00fcldiselt on vabavaraline tarkvara kasutamiseks valmis, kuid kasutajad ei taha seda kas kasutada v\u00f5i enesearendada, kui \u00abniimoodi l\u00e4heb ka\u00bb.<\/p>\n

    P.S.:UNIX NLiidus<\/b> Mu vanaisa r\u00e4\u00e4kis, et 1986\u20131988. aastal, olles \u00dcksuste Tehnilise Keskn\u00e4ituse Organisationi juht, otsustas ta koos teiste kolleegidega t\u00f5sta nende t\u00f6\u00f6tajad Stolbcy ja Ta\u0161kendis Mini-EMV \u00abRobotron\u00bb ja m\u00f5nede meie toodangute EMV-de peale, keskse arvutiserveriga. Tema kirjelduste ja Vikipeedia j\u00e4rgi oli sellel serveril installitud Unix, ja m\u00f5ned neist olid isegi NLiidu versioonid.<sarcasm> Seega, sel juhul j\u00e4i *nix`i \u00f5ppimise potentsiaal alles.<\/sarcasm> <\/p>\n

    Allikas: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Microsoft \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u041e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b (\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 90-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 it-\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29874","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47 Linuxi ja vabavarade rakendamine meie \u00f5ppeasutuses: kas olla v\u00f5i mitte olla? 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