{"id":30258,"date":"2019-10-31T21:34:32","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/netbios-v-rukah-hakera\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:34:32","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:32","slug":"netbios-v-rukah-hakera","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/netbios-v-rukah-hakera","title":{"rendered":"NetBIOS h\u00e4kkeri k\u00e4sutuses","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Selles artiklis r\u00e4\u00e4gitakse l\u00fchidalt, mida selline n\u00e4iliselt harjumusp\u00e4rane asi nagu NetBIOS<\/i>v\u00f5ib potentsiaalsele pahatahtlikule kasutajale\/pentesterile teada anda.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Esitatud rakenduseala luuretehnikate osas on see seotud sisemiste, st isoleeritud ja v\u00e4ljastpoolt k\u00e4ttesaamatute v\u00f5rkudega. Sellised v\u00f5rgud on olemas reeglina igal, isegi k\u00f5ige v\u00e4iksemal ettev\u00f5ttel.<\/p>\n

NetBIOS ise NetBIOS<\/i> kasutatakse reeglina selleks, et saada v\u00f5rgu nime. Ja see on piisav, et teha v\u00e4hemalt nelja asja.<\/p>\n

Hostide avastamine<\/b>
\nT\u00e4nu sellele, et NetBIOS saab kasutada UDP-d transpordina, on selle t\u00f6\u00f6 kiirus piisav, et avastada hoste v\u00e4ga suurtes v\u00f5rkudes. N\u00e4iteks t\u00f6\u00f6riist nbtscan<\/i>, mis sisaldub samanimelises paketis, suudab vaid kahe sekundiga (v\u00f5ib v\u00f5rku \u00fcle koormata) lahendada sellises v\u00f5rguaadresside vormis nagu 192.168.0.0\/16, samas kui traditsiooniline TCP-skaneerimine v\u00f5tab k\u00fcmneid minuteid. Seda omadust saab kasutada hostide tuvastamise tehnikana (host sweep) v\u00e4ga suurtes v\u00f5rkudes, millest ei tea midagi, enne nmap'i k\u00e4ivitamist. Kuigi tulemus ei garanteeri 100% tuvastamist, kuna enamik vastuseid annavad Windowsi hostid ja mitte k\u00f5ik, aitab see siiski m\u00e4\u00e4rata, millistes ligikaudsetes vahemikes asuvad elavad hostid.<\/p>\n

Hostide tuvastamine<\/b>
\nKasutatavate tulemuste p\u00f5hjal IP-aadressidest nimede saamisel:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nv\u00f5ime n\u00e4ha: peale selle, et nimi n\u00e4itab t\u00f6\u00f6jaama omanikku (kuigi see pole kaugeltki alati nii), hakkab \u00fcks aadress teistest silma. Me v\u00f5ime n\u00e4ha, et saime nime KALI<\/i>. Selline k\u00e4itumine on tavaliselt t\u00fc\u00fcpiline unix<\/i>-rakendustele SMB\/NetBIOS<\/i> programmi paketis samba<\/i> v\u00f5i v\u00e4ga vanadele Windows 2000<\/i>.
\nNime saamine KALI<\/i>, samas kui teistel hostidel on see <unknown<\/i>> t\u00f5end selle olemasolu kohta, mida nimetatakse null-session<\/i>. Vaikeseaded SMB<\/i>-serveritel on linux<\/i> kaldu sellele. Null-session<\/i> v\u00f5imaldab t\u00e4iesti anon\u00fc\u00fcmselt (ilma paroolide sisestamiseta, nagu ekraanipildilt n\u00e4ha) hankida piisavalt palju t\u00e4iendavat teavet, n\u00e4iteks kohaliku paroolipoliitika, kohalike kasutajate nimekirja, r\u00fchmade ja jagatud ressursside loendi:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\nSageli on linux SMB<\/i>-serveritel avalikult kergesti ligip\u00e4\u00e4setavad jagamised, mitte ainult lugemiseks, vaid isegi kirjutamiseks. Nende olemasolu kannab endas erinevaid ohte, millega tegelemine \u00fcletab selle artikli piire.<\/p>\n

NetBIOS<\/i> see v\u00f5imaldab saada ka k\u00f5ikide t\u00fc\u00fcpide nimesid, mida t\u00f6\u00f6jaam salvestab:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nantud juhul annab see teada, et host on ka domeeninime kontrollija ARRIVA<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Tasub veel t\u00e4helepanu p\u00f6\u00f6rata sellele, et NetBIOS<\/i> v\u00f5imaldab hankida mac<\/i>-aadress. Erinevalt arp-p\u00e4ringutest suudavad NetBIOS-p\u00e4ringud \u00fcletada alamv\u00f5rku. See v\u00f5ib olla kasulik, kui n\u00e4iteks on vajalik leida v\u00f5rgu kaudu m\u00f5ni s\u00fclearvuti v\u00f5i spetsiifiline seadeldis, teades selle tootjat. Kuna esimesed kolm oktetti mac<\/i>-aadressist tuvastavad tootja, saab saata selliseid NetBIOS<\/i>-proovida k\u00f5igis tuntud alamv\u00f5rkudes vajalikku seadme leidmist (http:\/\/standards-oui.ieee.org\/oui.txt).<\/p>\n

S\u00f5ltuvuse m\u00e4\u00e4ramine domaadi<\/a><\/b>
\nSageli, liikudes \u00fchtsetes ettev\u00f5tte siseverkudes, tuleb r\u00fcnnata konkreetselt t\u00f6\u00f6jaama, mis on liidetud domeeni (n\u00e4iteks \u00f5iguste t\u00f5stmiseks domeeni administraatori tasemeni) v\u00f5i vastupidi. Sellisel juhul NetBIOS<\/i> v\u00f5ib taas abiks olla:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nAntud juhul NetBIOS<\/i> saadi k\u00f5ikide t\u00fc\u00fcpide nimed. Nende seas on n\u00e4ha, peale arvuti nime (mida oli juba eelnevalt saadud), ka t\u00f6\u00f6r\u00fchma nimi. Vaikimisi on see windows<\/i> tavaliselt midagi sellist nagu WORKGROUP<\/i> v\u00f5i IVAN-PC<\/i>, kuid kui t\u00f6\u00f6jaam on domeenis, siis on tema t\u00f6\u00f6r\u00fchm sama, mis domeeni nimi.
\nSeega, kasutades NetBIOS<\/i> on v\u00f5imalik v\u00e4lja selgitada, kas t\u00f6\u00f6jaam on domeenis ja kui jah, siis millises.
\nKui on vajalik saada domeeni hostide nimekiri alamv\u00f5rgu piires, siis piisab ka \u00fchest laialdastest p\u00e4ringutest soovitud domeeni nimega:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nvastuseks vastavad k\u00f5ik hostid, mis kuuluvad antud domeeni.<\/p>\n

Mitme kodu (multihomed) hostide avastamine<\/b>
\nJa l\u00f5puks, veel \u00fcks t\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt v\u00e4ga v\u00e4he tuntud tehnika, mis on lihtsalt asendamatu teede leidmine<\/i> kaitstud, isegi f\u00fc\u00fcsiliselt isoleeritud, v\u00f5rkudesse. Need v\u00f5ivad olla ettev\u00f5tete tootmisv\u00f5rgud, mis on t\u00e4is kontrolleritega. Juhtimine sellele v\u00f5rgule cyperkurjategija poolt t\u00e4hendab v\u00f5imalust m\u00f5jutada tehnoloogilist protsessi, ning ettev\u00f5ttele toob see riski kannatada tohutute kaotustega.
\nNii et asi on selles, et isegi kui v\u00f5rk on ettev\u00f5tte v\u00f5rgust isoleeritud, siis sageli m\u00f5ned administreerijad, kas oma laiskuse t\u00f5ttu v\u00f5i m\u00f5nest muust p\u00f5hjusest, armastavad oma arvutitele lisakaarti seadistada, et p\u00e4\u00e4seda sellele samale v\u00f5rkule. Ja see k\u00f5ik toimub muidugi igasuguste ettev\u00f5tte v\u00f5rgu kaitse reeglite eiramise teel. Mugav, jah, aga mitte just v\u00e4ga turvaline, juhul kui teid r\u00fcnnatakse, siis saate selle v\u00f5rguga sillaks ja kannate vastutust.
\nSiiski, kurjategija jaoks on siin \u00fcks probleem \u2014 leida see administraator, kes on sisenenud kaitstud v\u00f5rku sellisel ebaseaduslikul viisil. Veelgi enam, see on keeruline probleem ka v\u00f5rgu turbevetside jaoks. Suurtel ettev\u00f5tetel on see t\u00f5eliselt keeruline \u00fclesanne, nagu n\u00f5ela leidmine heinas.
\nSelles olukorras oleks kurjategijal kaks ilmset varianti:
\n1. proovida kasutada iga arvutit ettev\u00f5tte sisev\u00f5rgus sildina n\u00f5utud v\u00f5rku. See oleks v\u00e4ga mugav, kuid selliseid olukordi esineb harva, kuna windows<\/i> majutusmasinatel IP edastamine<\/i> on peaaegu alati v\u00e4lja l\u00fclitatud. \u00dchtlasi on selline kontroll v\u00f5imalik ainult oma sisev\u00f5rgus ning see n\u00f5uab, et kurjategija teab t\u00e4pselt sihtaad ress t isoleeritud v\u00f5rgust.
\n2. proovida kaugelt sisse logida iga hosti ja k\u00e4ivitada tavaline k\u00e4sk ipconfig\/ifconfig<\/i>. Siin ei ole k\u00f5ik nii lihtne. Isegi kui kurjategija on saanud domeeni administraatori \u00f5igused, siis v\u00f5rgu seinad ja kohalikud tulem\u00fc\u00fcrid ei kao kuhugi. Seega ei ole see \u00fclesanne 100% automatiseeritav. Tulemusena tuleb vaeva n\u00e4ha, et logida igasse hosti, \u00fcletades v\u00f5rgu seinad (mis sageli blokeerivad just porti 445\/tcp), lootuses l\u00f5puks n\u00e4ha soovitud v\u00f5rgu liidest.<\/p>\n

Kuid on olemas \u00fcks \u00fclimalt lihtne meetod, mis v\u00f5imaldab saada selle v\u00f5i teise hosti v\u00f5rgu liideste nimekirja. Oletame, et meil on \u00fcks host:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nsee on IP-aadressi tagasiresolveerimine \u2192 v\u00f5rku nimi. Kui me n\u00fc\u00fcd proovime teha otse resolve'i v\u00f5rku nimi \u2192 IP-aadress:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nsiis saame teada, et antud host on samuti v\u00e4rav (ilmselt) m\u00f5nda teise v\u00f5rku. Tuleb m\u00e4rkida, et antud juhul tehti p\u00e4ring laialdaselt. Teisis\u00f5nu, seda kuulevad ainult kurjategija alamv\u00f5rgu hostid.
\nKui aga sihthost asub alamv\u00f5rgust v\u00e4ljas, siis saab saata sihitud p\u00e4ringu:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nAntud juhul on n\u00e4htav, et siht on kurjategija alamv\u00f5rgust v\u00e4ljas. V\u00f5tmega -B on n\u00e4idatud, et p\u00e4ring tuleks saata konkreetsele aadressile, mitte laialdaselt.
\nN\u00fc\u00fcd j\u00e4\u00e4b \u00fcle vaid kiiresti koguda teavet kogu huvitava alamv\u00f5rgu kohta, mitte ainult \u00fchest aadressist. Selleks saab kasutada v\u00e4ikest python<\/i>-skripti:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nJa m\u00f5ne sekundi p\u00e4rast:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nJust m\u00e4\u00e4ratud host, antud improvisatsioonilises olukorras, oleks esimene sihtm\u00e4rk kurjategijale, kui ta j\u00e4lgiks v\u00f5rku 172.16.1\/24.<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nKorduvad nimed erinevatel IP-del viitavad sellele, et hostil on ka kaks v\u00f5rkaart, kuid juba samas alamv\u00f5rgus. Siinkohal tuleb m\u00e4rkida, et NetBIOS<\/i> ei avalikusta alias<\/i>-d (mida saab ARP-p\u00e4ringute kaudu h\u00f5lpsasti tuvastada sama IP-ga, mac<\/i>). Sellisel juhul IP-aadressid.<\/a> on erinevad mac<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Teine n\u00e4ide selle tehnika kasutamisest on avalik Wi-Fi. M\u00f5nikord v\u00f5ib kohata olukorda, kus avalikku v\u00f5rku portaalivate seadmete seas on t\u00f6\u00f6tajad, kes t\u00f6\u00f6tavad suletud ettev\u00f5tte segmendis. Seega suudab pahatahtlik isik selle luuretehnika abil kiiresti \u00fcles m\u00e4rkida v\u00f5imaliku tee sisenemiseks suletud v\u00f5rku:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nSellisel juhul oli avaliku Wi-Fi seas 65 klienti, sealhulgas kaks t\u00f6\u00f6jaama, millel on t\u00e4iendav liides, mis kuulub t\u00f5en\u00e4oliselt ettev\u00f5tte v\u00f5rku.<\/p>\n

Kui m\u00f5nikord on v\u00f5rgusegmentide v\u00f5i otse t\u00f6\u00f6jaamade vahel m\u00e4rgata liiklusfiltreerimist 445\/tcp sadamal, mis takistab s\u00fcsteemi kaugp\u00e4\u00e4su (kaugk\u00e4ivitus), siis antud juhul kasutatakse nimede lahendamiseks NetBIOS<\/i> sadamat 137\/udp, mille teadlik blokeerimine esineb harva, kuna see v\u00e4hendaks tugevalt v\u00f5rgu kasutusmugavust, n\u00e4iteks v\u00f5ib kaduda v\u00f5rgu keskkond jne.<\/p>\n

Nagu \u00f6eldakse, numeratsioon on v\u00f5ti<\/i>
\nKas on sellist kaitset? Seda ei ole, kuna see ei ole haavatavust kokku. See on lihtsalt vaikimisi olemasoleva funktsiooni osa. windows<\/i> (s linux<\/i> k\u00e4itumine erineb veidi). Ja kui te, juhuslikult, m\u00f6\u00f6da v\u00f5rgu marsruutimise reegleid, satute suletud segmendi, siis r\u00fcndaja leiab teid kindlasti ja teeb seda v\u00e4ga kiiresti.
\n
Allikas: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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