{"id":30471,"date":"2019-10-31T21:35:44","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/allokatsiya-zatrat-na-it-est-li-spravedlivost\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:35:44","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:44","slug":"allokatsiya-zatrat-na-it-est-li-spravedlivost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/allokatsiya-zatrat-na-it-est-li-spravedlivost","title":{"rendered":"IT-kulude jaotus - kas see on \u00f5iglane?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"IT-kulude jaotus - kas see on \u00f5iglane?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/9ffe41c1fee6a5dc11923af7d2f358be.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nArvan, et me k\u00f5ik k\u00e4ime s\u00f5prade v\u00f5i kolleegidega restoranis. P\u00e4rast toredat aega toob kelner arve. Edasi v\u00f5ib k\u00fcsimus lahenduda mitmeti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esimene v\u00f5imalus, \"gentlemanlik\". Arvele lisatakse 10\u201315% \"jootrahaks\" ja saadud summa jagatakse k\u00f5igi meeste vahel v\u00f5rdselt.<\/li>\n<li>Teine v\u00f5imalus, \"sotsialistlik\". Arve jagatakse \u00fchtlaselt k\u00f5igi vahel, olenemata sellest, kes palju s\u00f5i ja j\u00f5i.<\/li>\n<li>Kolmas v\u00f5imalus, \"\u00f5iglane\". Iga\u00fcks v\u00f5tab oma telefoni kalkulaatori ning hakkab arvutama oma toitude maksumust pluss mingi summa \"jootrahaks\", mis on samuti individuaalne. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nRestorani olukord on v\u00e4ga sarnane IT-kulude olukorraga ettev\u00f5tetes. See postitus k\u00e4sitleb just kulude jagamist osakondade vahel.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nKuid enne kui sukeldume IT s\u00fcgavustesse, naaseme restorani n\u00e4ite juurde. Igal \u00fclaltoodud \"kulude jaotamise\" meetodil on oma plussid ja miinused. Selge miinus teise meetodi puhul on see, et \u00fcks v\u00f5is s\u00fc\u00fca taimetoidu Caesar salatit ilma kanata, samas kui teine s\u00f6\u00f6b Ribeye steiki, mist\u00f5ttu summad v\u00f5ivad olla m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rselt erinevad. \"\u00d5iglase\" meetodi miinus on k\u00fcllaltki pikk arvutamisprotsess, mille tulemusena on raha kogus alati v\u00e4iksem kui arvel. Kas see tundub tuttav?<\/p>\n<p>Kujutage n\u00fc\u00fcd ette, et me l\u00f5butsesime restoranis Hiinas ja arve toodi hiina keeles. K\u00f5ik, mis seal arusaadav, on summa. Kuigi m\u00f5nel v\u00f5ivad olla kahtlused, et see ei ole \u00fcldse summa, vaid hoopis t\u00e4nane kuup\u00e4ev. V\u00f5i kujutage ette, et asi toimub Iisraelis. Seal loetakse paremalt vasakule, aga kuidas kirjutatakse numbreid? Kes suudab vastata ilma Googleta?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"IT-kulude jaotus - kas see on \u00f5iglane?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/a3972ecedc30c15879272f098821e36c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Miks IT-le ja \u00e4ridele on jaotamine vajalik<\/h2>\n<p>\nIT-osakond pakub teenuseid k\u00f5igile ettev\u00f5tte osakondadele, m\u00fc\u00fces oma teenuseid tegelikult \u00e4riosakondadele. Kuigi ettev\u00f5tte siseste osakondade vahel ei pruugi olla ametlikke rahalisi suhteid, peab iga \u00e4risegment v\u00e4hemalt aru saama, kui palju ta IT-le kulutab, kui palju maksab uute toodete k\u00e4ivitamine, uute algatuste testimine jne. On ilmne, et infrastruktuuri moderniseerimise ja laiendamise eest ei maksa m\u00fc\u00fctiline 'moderniseerija, s\u00fcsteemiintegratsioonide ja seadmete tootjate kaitsja', vaid \u00e4ri, mis peab m\u00f5istma nende kulutuste efektiivsust. <\/p>\n<p>\u00c4ristruktuurid erinevad oma suuruse ja IT-resursside kasutamise \"intensiivsuse\" poolest. Seega ei ole IT-infrastruktuuri moderniseerimise kulude v\u00f5rdne jaotamine osakondade vahel \u00f5ige l\u00e4henemine ning sellel on omad puudused. \"\u00d5iglane\" jaotamisviis on sellises olukorras eelistatum, kuid see osutub liiga t\u00f6\u00f6mahukaks. Parim lahendus n\u00e4ib olevat \"kvasi\u00f5iglane\" l\u00e4henemine, kus kulud jaotatakse mitte t\u00e4pselt, vaid m\u00f5istliku t\u00e4psusega, samamoodi nagu koolig\u00fcmnaasiumis kasutame arvu \u03c0 kui 3,14, mitte aga kogu arvu j\u00e4relen\u00e4gemist p\u00e4rast koma.<\/p>\n<p>IT-teenuste hindamine on v\u00e4ga kasulik organisatsioonides, kus on \u00fchtne IT-infrastruktuur, kui kogu ettev\u00f5te liidetakse v\u00f5i eraldatakse osana eristruktuurist. See v\u00f5imaldab kohe arvestada IT-teenuste maksumust, et neid summasid planeerimisel arvesse v\u00f5tta. Samuti aitab IT-teenuste maksumuse m\u00f5istmine v\u00f5rrelda erinevaid IT-resursside kasutamise ja omamise variante. Kui \u00fclikondades mehed r\u00e4\u00e4givad, kuidas nende toode v\u00f5ib optimeerida IT-kulusid, suurendada seda, mida on vaja suurendada, ja v\u00e4hendada seda, mida on vaja v\u00e4hendada, v\u00f5imaldab IT-direktoril mitte pimesi usaldada turunduslubadusi, vaid t\u00e4pselt hinnata oodatavat m\u00f5ju ja kontrollida tulemusi. <\/p>\n<p>\u00c4rimaailmas on jaotamine v\u00f5imalus eelnevalt m\u00f5ista IT-teenuste maksumust. Iga \u00e4rin\u00f5udmine ei suurenda lihtsalt IT \u00fcldeelarvet teatud protsendi v\u00f5rra, vaid m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse kindlaks konkreetse n\u00f5udmise v\u00f5i teenuse summa.<\/p>\n<h2>Reaalne juhtum<\/h2>\n<p>\nSuure ettev\u00f5tte IT-direktori peamine mure oli m\u00f5ista, kuidas jagada kulud \u00e4ri\u00fcksuste vahel ja pakkuda osalemist IT arenduses proportsionaalselt tarbimisega.<\/p>\n<p>Lahenduseks t\u00f6\u00f6tasime v\u00e4lja IT-teenuste kalkulaatori, mis suudab esmalt jaotada \u00fcldkulud IT-teenuste vahel ja seej\u00e4rel \u00e4ri\u00fcksuste vahel.<\/p>\n<p>Tegelikult on \u00fclesandeid kaks: arvutada IT-teenuse maksumus ja jagada kulud nende \u00e4ri\u00fcksuste vahel, kes seda teenust kasutavad, vastavalt kindlatele teguritele (\"kvasi\u00f5iglane\" meetod).<\/p>\n<p>Esmap\u00e4raselt v\u00f5ib see tunduda lihtne, kui IT-teenuseid on algusest peale korralikult kirjeldatud, teave on kantud konfiguratsiooniandmebaasi (CMDB) ja IT-varade haldamise s\u00fcsteemi (ITAM), ressursi-teenuse mudelid on loodud ja IT-teenuste kataloog on v\u00e4lja t\u00f6\u00f6tatud. T\u00f5epoolest, sellisel juhul on igasuguste IT-teenuste puhul v\u00f5imalik m\u00e4\u00e4rata, milliseid ressursse nad kasutavad ja kui palju need ressursid amortisatsiooni arvesse v\u00f5ttes maksavad. Kuid meil on tegu tavalise Venemaa \u00e4riolukorraga, mis seab m\u00f5ned piirangud. CMDB ja ITAM puuduvad, olemas on vaid IT-teenuste kataloog. Iga IT-teenus on \u00fcldjuhul informatsioonis\u00fcsteem, millele on juurdep\u00e4\u00e4s, kasutajate tugi jne. IT-teenus kasutab infrastruktuuriteenuseid nagu \u201eAndmebaasiserver\u201c, \u201eRakenduste server\u201c, \u201eAndmetalletuss\u00fcsteem\u201c, \u201eAndmesidev\u00f5rk\u201c jne. Seet\u00f5ttu on vajalikud j\u00e4rgmised sammud:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>m\u00e4\u00e4ra infrastruktuuriteenuste maksumus;<\/li>\n<li>jaota infrastruktuuriteenuste maksumus IT-teenuste vahel ning arvuta nende maksumus;<\/li>\n<li>m\u00e4\u00e4rata IT-teenuste kulude jaotuse tegurid \u00e4ri\u00fcksusi arvestades ning teostada IT-teenuste kulude jaotamine \u00e4ri\u00fcksustele, jaotades seel\u00e4bi IT-osakonna kulud \u00fclej\u00e4\u00e4nud ettev\u00f5tte osade vahel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nK\u00f5ik IT aastakulud v\u00f5ivad olla esitatud rahakotina. Sellest rahakotist on kulutatud midagi seadmete, migratsiooni, moderniseerimise, litsentside, toe, t\u00f6\u00f6tajate palkade jms peale. Siiski peitub keerukus raamatupidamisprotseduuris p\u00f5hivahendite ja immateriaalsete varade arvestuses IT-s. <\/p>\n<p>Vaatame n\u00e4iteks SAP infrastruktuuri moderniseerimise projekti. Projekti raames hangitakse seadmed ja litsentsid, t\u00f6\u00f6d tehakse s\u00fcsteemiintegraatori abiga. Projekti l\u00f5petamisel peab juht vormistama dokumendid, et seadmed raamatupidamises kantakse p\u00f5hivara, litsentsid - immateriaalsed varad, ning muud projekteerimise, t\u00f6\u00f6de ja seadmete k\u00e4ivitamisega seotud teenused arvatakse tulevaste perioodide kuludesse. Probleem number \u00fcks: p\u00f5hivara vormistamisel ei ole kliendi raamatupidajale oluline, kuidas seda nimetatakse. Seet\u00f5ttu saame p\u00f5hivaras aktivina \u201eUpgradeSAPandMigration\u201d. Kui projekti raames moderniseeriti ka diskiklotsi, mis ei ole SAP-iga seotud, muutub hindade leidmine ja edasine jaotamine keerulisemaks. Tegelikult v\u00f5ib \u201eUpgradeSAPandMigration\u201d aktivina peituda mis tahes seade ning mida rohkem aega m\u00f6\u00f6dub, seda keerulisem on m\u00f5ista, mis seal tegelikult osteti. <\/p>\n<p>Sarnaselt puudutab see ka mittef\u00fc\u00fcsilisi varasid, mille arvutamise valem on oluliselt keerulisem. T\u00e4iendavat keerukust lisab asjaolu, et seadmete k\u00e4ivitamise ja nende bilansile panemise aeg v\u00f5ib erineda ligikaudu aasta. Lisaks sellele on amortisatsiooniperiood - 5 aastat, kuid tegelikult v\u00f5ivad seadmed t\u00f6\u00f6tada kauem v\u00f5i v\u00e4hem, s\u00f5ltuvalt oludest.<\/p>\n<p>Seega on IT-teenuste maksumuse arvutamine teoreetiliselt v\u00f5imalik 100% t\u00e4psusega, kuid praktikas on see pikk ja \u00fcsna m\u00f5ttetu tegevus. Seet\u00f5ttu valisime lihtsama meetodi: kulud, mida saab h\u00f5lpsasti seostada m\u00f5ne infrastruktuuri v\u00f5i IT-teenusega, liigitame kohe vastava teenuse alla. \u00dclej\u00e4\u00e4nud kulud jagame IT-teenuste vahel vastavalt teatud reeglitele. See annab umbes 85% t\u00e4psuse, mis on t\u00e4iesti piisav. <\/p>\n<p><b>Esimeses etapis<\/b> Infrastruktuuri teenuste kulude jaotamiseks kasutatakse IT-projektide finants- ja raamatupidamisarveid ning m\u00f5istlikku l\u00e4henemist juhtudel, kui kulu ei saa m\u00e4\u00e4rata konkreetsele infrastruktuuri teenusele. Kulud jaotatakse kas otse IT-teenustele v\u00f5i infrastruktuuri teenustele. Aasta kulude jaotamise tulemusena saame iga infrastruktuuri teenuse kulude summa.<\/p>\n<p><b>Teises etapis<\/b> m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse jaotuskordajad IT-teenuste ja selliste infrastruktuuri teenuste vahel nagu \"Rakenduste server\", \"Andmebaasi server\", \"Salvestuslahendused\" jne. Osad infrastruktuuri teenused, n\u00e4iteks \"T\u00f6\u00f6kohad\", \"Wi-Fi juurdep\u00e4\u00e4s\", \"Videokonverents\" ei jaotata IT-teenuste vahel ning allocatakse otse \u00e4ri\u00fcksustele.<\/p>\n<p>Sel hetkel algab k\u00f5ige huvitavam osa. Toon n\u00e4iteks sellise infrastruktuuriteenuse nagu \"Rakenduste serverid\". See on sisuliselt iga IT-teenuse osa, olles olemas nii virtualiseerimisega kui ilma, varukoopiate tegemisega ja ilma. Lihtsaim tee on kulude jaotamine vastavalt kasutatavatele tuumadele. Et arvestada \"\u00fchtsete papagaim\u00e4rkide\" j\u00e4rgi ning mitte segada f\u00fc\u00fcsilisi tuuma virtuaalsetega, eeldades \u00fclev\u00e4listamist, v\u00f5tame aluseks, et \u00fcks f\u00fc\u00fcsiline tuum v\u00f5rdub kolme virtuaaltuuma. Seega n\u00e4eb infrastruktuuriteenuse \"Rakenduste server\" kulude jaotamise valem iga IT-teenuse jaoks v\u00e4lja j\u00e4rgmiselt:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"IT-kulude jaotus - kas see on \u00f5iglane?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/966a5548e438ddf592854b4504a55266.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>,<\/p>\n<p>kus Rp on infrastruktuuriteenuse \"Rakenduste serverid\" koguhind, ning Kx86 ja Kr on koefitsiendid, mis t\u00e4histavad osa <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/server\/\"   title=\"serverite\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1287\">serverite<\/a> x86 ja R-seeria. <\/p>\n<p>Koefitsiendid m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse empiiriliselt, anal\u00fc\u00fcsides IT-infrastruktuuri. Klastri tarkvara, virtualiseerimistarkvara, operatsioonis\u00fcsteemide ja rakendustarkvara hind arvutatakse eraldi infrastruktuuriteenustena.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00f5tame keerukama n\u00e4ite. Infrastruktuuriteenus \"Andmebaasiserverid\" sisaldab kulusid \"riistvarale\" ja andmebaaside litsentsidele. Seega saab seadmete ja litsentside maksumust v\u00e4ljendada j\u00e4rgmistel kujul:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"IT-kulude jaotus - kas see on \u00f5iglane?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/3d6f0e98353ad322728ee004ca15a064.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nkus P_hw ja P_lic on seadmete kogumaksumus ja andmebaasi litsentside kogumaksumus vastavalt, ning K_hw ja K_lic on empiirilised koefitsiendid, mis m\u00e4\u00e4ravad kulude osakaalu \"riistvarale\" ja litsentsidele. <\/p>\n<p>Seej\u00e4rel on \"riistvara\" puhul sarnane eelmisel n\u00e4itel, kuid litsentside osas on olukord veidi keerulisem. Ettev\u00f5tte maastikul v\u00f5ib kasutada mitmeid erinevaid andmebaasit\u00fc\u00fcpe, n\u00e4iteks Oracle, MSSQL, Postgres jne. Seet\u00f5ttu n\u00e4eb teatud andmebaasi, n\u00e4iteks MSSQL, konkreetse teenuse jaoks arvutamise valem v\u00e4lja j\u00e4rgmine:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"IT-kulude jaotus - kas see on \u00f5iglane?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/d596511cadf69c3d21901db4c531443a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nkus K_MSSQL on koefitsient, mis m\u00e4\u00e4rab selle andmebaasi osakaalu ettev\u00f5tte IT-maastikul.<\/p>\n<p>Asjadega on veel keerulisem, kui arvutada ja jaotada salvestuss\u00fcsteemi, millel on erinevad tootjad ja erinevad ketast\u00fc\u00fcbid. Kuid selle osa kirjeldamine on teema eraldi postitusele. <\/p>\n<h2>Mis on l\u00f5pptulemus?<\/h2>\n<p>\nSelline harjutus v\u00f5ib viia Exceli kalkulaatori v\u00f5i automatiseerimise t\u00f6\u00f6riista loomisele. K\u00f5ik oleneb ettev\u00f5tte k\u00fcpsusest, k\u00e4ivitatud protsessidest, rakendatud lahendustest ja juhtkonna soovist. Selline kalkulaator v\u00f5i visuaalsete andmete esitlemise t\u00f6\u00f6riist aitab \u00f5igesti jagada kulud \u00e4riosakondade vahel, n\u00e4idata, kuidas ja millele IT-eelarve jaotatakse. See t\u00f6\u00f6riist suudab kergesti demonstreerida, kuidas teenuse usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rsuse paranemine (n\u00e4iteks varundamine) suurendab selle maksumust, arvestamata ainult hinda, vaid ka k\u00f5iki kaasnevaid kulusid. See v\u00f5imaldab ettev\u00f5ttel ja IT-direktoril \u201em\u00e4ngida samal v\u00e4ljakul\u201c samade reeglite j\u00e4rgi. Uute toodete planeerimisel saab eelnevalt arvutada kulud ja hinnata nende otstarbekust. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/server\/dts-los-angeles\/\"   title=\"serverile\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3476\">serverile<\/a>Igor Tyukachev, \u201eInfosystem Jet\u201c konsultant<\/p>\n<p><i>Kaasaegne tarkvaraarendus- ja juurutusplatvorm<\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Allikas: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/jetinfosystems\/blog\/445716\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u0418 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043a. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439, \u00ab\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb. \u041a \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f 10\u201315% \u00ab\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0439\u00bb 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