{"id":30851,"date":"2019-10-31T21:37:47","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/virtualnye-fajlovye-sistemy-v-linux-zachem-oni-nuzhny-i-kak-oni-rabotayut-chast-1\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:37:47","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:47","slug":"virtualnye-fajlovye-sistemy-v-linux-zachem-oni-nuzhny-i-kak-oni-rabotayut-chast-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/virtualnye-fajlovye-sistemy-v-linux-zachem-oni-nuzhny-i-kak-oni-rabotayut-chast-1","title":{"rendered":"Virtuaalsed failis\u00fcsteemid Linuxis: miks nad on vajalikud ja kuidas nad t\u00f6\u00f6tavad? Osa 1","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tere k\u00f5ik! J\u00e4tkame uute voogude k\u00e4ivitamist juba armastatud kursustel ja n\u00fc\u00fcd kiirustame teavitama, et meil algab uus vabastamine kursusele <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/gbcl\/\">Linuxi administraator<\/a><\/noindex>, mis algab aprilli l\u00f5pus. Sellele s\u00fcndmusele on p\u00fchendatud uus avaldus. Originaalmaterjaliga saab <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/19\/3\/virtual-filesystems-linux\">tutvuda siin<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Virtuaalsed failis\u00fcsteemid t\u00e4idavad teatud maagilise abstraktsiooni rolli, mis v\u00f5imaldab Linuxi filosoofial \u00f6elda, et \"k\u00f5ik on fail\".<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Virtuaalsed failis\u00fcsteemid Linuxis: miks nad on vajalikud ja kuidas nad t\u00f6\u00f6tavad? Osa 1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/a0bddab53c034d3a6a530cad91766d5f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nMis on failis\u00fcsteem? Tuginedes \u00fche varasema Linuxi kaast\u00f6\u00f6taja ja autori <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pearson.com\/us\/higher-education\/program\/Love-Linux-Kernel-Development-3rd-Edition\/PGM202532.html\">Robert Lavaa<\/a><\/noindex>, \"Failis\u00fcsteem on hierarhiline andmete hoidla, mis on kogutud vastavalt m\u00e4\u00e4ratud struktuurile.\" Kuidas iganes see ka ei oleks, sobib see m\u00e4\u00e4ratlus v\u00f5rdselt h\u00e4sti VFAT-i (Virtuaalne Faili Jagamise Tabel), Giti ja <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/cassandra.apache.org\/\">Cassandra<\/a><\/noindex> (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NoSQL\">NoSQL andmebaas<\/a><\/noindex>). Nii et mis m\u00e4\u00e4ratleb sellise m\u00f5iste nagu \"failis\u00fcsteem\"?<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><b>Failis\u00fcsteemi alused<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Linuxi tuumal on teatud n\u00f5uded sellele, mis v\u00f5ib olla failis\u00fcsteem. See peab rakendama meetodeid <code>open()<\/code>, <code>read()<\/code> ja <code>write()<\/code> p\u00fcsivatele objektidele, millel on nimed. Olles objektorienteeritud <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/444910\/\">programmeeringu<\/a><\/noindex>, m\u00e4\u00e4ratleb tuum \u00fcldistatud failis\u00fcsteemi (generic filesystem) abstraktse liidese kujul, ning need kolm suurt funktsiooni peetakse \"virtuaalseteks\" ja neil pole konkreetset m\u00e4\u00e4ratlust. Vastavalt sellele nimetatakse vaikimisi rakendust failis\u00fcsteemiks virtuaalseks failis\u00fcsteemiks (VFS).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Virtuaalsed failis\u00fcsteemid Linuxis: miks nad on vajalikud ja kuidas nad t\u00f6\u00f6tavad? Osa 1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bfaaf66de7038aa82beba5aa91e1db16.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKui me saame avada, lugeda ja kirjutada subjekti, siis peetakse seda objekti failiks, nagu n\u00e4eme eespool toodud n\u00e4itest.<br \/>\n VFS fenomen r\u00f5hutab t\u00e4helepanekut, mis on iseloomulik Unix-laadsetele s\u00fcsteemidele, mis \u00fctleb, et \"k\u00f5ik on fail.\" M\u00f5elge, kui kummaline on, et see v\u00e4ike n\u00e4ide \u00fclalpool \/dev\/console n\u00e4itab, kuidas tegelikult konsool t\u00f6\u00f6tab. Pildil on kujutatud interaktiivne Bash sessioon. Rida konsooli (virtuaalne konsooli seade) kuvab selle virtuaalsel ekraanil. VFS-l on veelgi kummalisemaid omadusi. N\u00e4iteks v\u00f5imaldab see otsingut l\u00e4bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/22355\/\">neid<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Meile teadaolevad s\u00fcsteemid, nagu ext4, NFS ja \/proc, omavad kolme olulist funktsiooni C-ande struktuuris, mida nimetatakse <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/tree\/include\/linux\/fs.h\">file_operations<\/a><\/noindex>. Lisaks laiendavad teatud failis\u00fcsteemid VFS funktsioone objektorienteeritud viisil. Nagu Robert Love m\u00e4rkis, v\u00f5imaldab VFS abstraktsioon Linuxi kasutajatel muretu failide kopeerimist sisse v\u00f5i v\u00e4lja v\u00e4lisest operatsioonis\u00fcsteemist v\u00f5i abstraktsetest \u00fcksustest, nagu torud, muretsemata nende sisedatade formaadi p\u00e4rast. Kasutaja (userspace) tasandil saab protsess s\u00fcsteemi kutse abil kopeerida faili kernel'i andmestruktuuridesse meetodi <code>read()<\/code> \u00fchest failis\u00fcsteemist, ja seej\u00e4rel kasutada meetodit <code>write ()<\/code> teise failis\u00fcsteemi jaoks andmete v\u00e4ljundiks.<\/p>\n<p>VFS p\u00f5hiliikmete funktsioonide m\u00e4\u00e4ratlemised asuvad tuumakoodi failides <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/tree\/fs\">fs\/*.c<\/a><\/noindex> , samas kui alakaustad <code>fs\/<\/code> sisaldavad konkreetseid failis\u00fcsteeme. Tuumas on ka sellised \u00fcksused nagu <code>cgroups<\/code>, <code>\/dev<\/code> ja <code>tmpfs<\/code>, mis on vajalikud k\u00e4ivitusprotsessis ja seet\u00f5ttu m\u00e4\u00e4ratletakse tuuma alakaustas <code>init\/<\/code>. Pange t\u00e4hele, et <code>cgroups<\/code>, <code>\/dev<\/code> ja <code>tmpfs<\/code> ei kutsu v\u00e4lja 'suurt kolmikku' funktsioone <code>file_operations<\/code>, vaid loevad ja kirjutavad m\u00e4lu otse.<br \/>\n Alloleval joonisel on n\u00e4idatud, kuidas userspace p\u00e4\u00e4seb ligi erinevatele failis\u00fcsteemidele, mis on tavaliselt mountitud Linuxi s\u00fcsteemides. Ei ole n\u00e4idatud konstruktsioone nagu <code>torud<\/code>, <code>dmesg<\/code> ja <code>POSIX kellad<\/code>, mis rakendavad samuti struktuuri <code>file_operations<\/code>, millele p\u00e4\u00e4seb ligi VFS kihi kaudu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Virtuaalsed failis\u00fcsteemid Linuxis: miks nad on vajalikud ja kuidas nad t\u00f6\u00f6tavad? Osa 1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/267e005b3ed55ee3556bd7b1dab14eb5.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\n VFS on 'kest' s\u00fcsteemi kutsude ja teatud rakenduste m\u00e4\u00e4ratlemise vahel <code>file_operations<\/code>, nagu <code>ext4<\/code> ja <code>procfs<\/code>. Funktsioonid <code>file_operations<\/code> v\u00f5ivad suhelda kas seadme draiveritega v\u00f5i m\u00e4lu p\u00e4\u00e4seseadmetega. <code>tmpfs<\/code>, <code>devtmpfs <\/code>ja <code>cgroups <\/code>seda tehnoloogiat, kuid teenivad 15% rohkem raha. <code>file_operations<\/code>, ning p\u00f6\u00f6rduvad m\u00e4llu otse.<br \/>\n VFS olemasolu tagab koodi taaskasutamise v\u00f5imaluse, kuna faili s\u00fcsteemidega seotud p\u00f5himeetodeid ei pea iga failis\u00fcsteemi poolt uuesti rakendama. Koodi taaskasutamine on laialdaselt rakendatav praktika tarkvarainsenerite seas! Siiski, kui taaskasutatav kood sisaldab <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/774114\/\">t\u00f5siseid vigu<\/a><\/noindex>, kannatavad k\u00f5ik rakendused, mis p\u00e4rivad \u00fchiseid meetodeid. <\/p>\n<p><b>\/tmp: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lihtne viis VFS-i s\u00fcsteemis kinnitamiseks on sisestada<code> mount | grep -v sd | grep -v :\/<\/code>, mis n\u00e4itab k\u00f5iki monteeritud (<code>mounted<\/code>) failis\u00fcsteeme, mis ei ole residentid kettal ega NFS, mis kehtib enamikul arvutitel. \u00dcks loetletud mountidest (<code>mounts<\/code>) VFS-is on kindlasti <code>\/tmp<\/code>, eks ole?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Virtuaalsed failis\u00fcsteemid Linuxis: miks nad on vajalikud ja kuidas nad t\u00f6\u00f6tavad? Osa 1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/f0a4d546d30f54ad42c4aa5fb4bdb958.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nK\u00f5ik teavad, et andmete salvestamine<code> \/ tmp<\/code> f\u00fc\u00fcsilisel kandjal on meeletus! <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ybomxyfo\">Allikas<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Miks ei soovitata andmeid salvestada <code>\/tmp<\/code> f\u00fc\u00fcsilisel kandjal? Sest failid kaustas <code>\/tmp<\/code> on ajutised ja salvestusseadmed on aeglasemad kui m\u00e4lu, kus luuakse tmpfs. Veelgi enam, f\u00fc\u00fcsilised kandjad on j\u00e4lle kordamisel rohkem kulumise all. L\u00f5puks sisaldavad kaustas \/tmp olevad failid konfidentsiaalset teavet, seet\u00f5ttu on nende kadumine iga kord, kui s\u00fcsteemi taask\u00e4ivitada, h\u00e4davajalik funktsioon. <\/p>\n<p>Kahjuks loovad m\u00f5ned Linuxi distributsioonide installatsiooniskripti seadistused kaustas \/tmp vaikimisi. \u00c4rge muretsege, kui see juhtus ka teie s\u00fcsteemiga. J\u00e4rgige m\u00f5ningaid lihtsaid juhiseid aadressilt <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wiki.archlinux.org\/index.php\/Tmpfs\">Arch Wiki<\/a><\/noindex>, et see parandada ja pidage meeles, et m\u00e4lu, mis on jagatud kaustale, <code>tmpfs <\/code> muutub teiste eesm\u00e4rkide jaoks k\u00e4ttesaamatuks. Teisis\u00f5nu, s\u00fcsteem, millel on tohutu tmpfs ja suured failid, v\u00f5ib \u00e4ra kulutada kogu m\u00e4lu ja kukkuda. Teine vihje: faili redigeerimise ajal <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>, pidage meeles, et see peab l\u00f5ppema uue reaga, vastasel juhul teie s\u00fcsteem ei k\u00e4ivitu.<\/p>\n<p><b>\/proc \u0438 \/sys <\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lisaks <code>\/tmp<\/code>, VFS (virtuaalsed failis\u00fcsteemid), millega Linuxi kasutajad on k\u00f5ige paremini tuttavad, asuvad <code>\/proc<\/code> ja <code>\/sys<\/code>. (<code>\/dev<\/code> \u00fchisuses m\u00e4lu ja ei oma <code>file_operations<\/code>). Miks just need kaks komponenti? Vaatame seda k\u00fcsimust l\u00e4hemalt. <\/p>\n<p><code>procfs<\/code> teeb t\u00f6\u00f6tava tuuma ja protsesside, mida see j\u00e4lgib, pilti k\u00f5igest, mis tal juhtimise all on <code>userspace<\/code>. Failis <code>\/proc<\/code> tuum esitab teavet selle kohta, millised ressursid tal on, n\u00e4iteks katkestused, virtuaalm\u00e4lu ja ajakava. Lisaks sellele, <code>\/proc\/sys<\/code> on koht, kus parameetrid, mille konfiguratsiooni m\u00e4\u00e4ravad kommandod <code>sysctl<\/code>, on kergesti ligip\u00e4\u00e4setavad <code>userspace<\/code>. \u00dcksikute protsesside olek ja statistika v\u00e4ljastatakse kataloogides <code>\/proc\/<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Virtuaalsed failis\u00fcsteemid Linuxis: miks nad on vajalikud ja kuidas nad t\u00f6\u00f6tavad? Osa 1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/c74e7c8934e107736c2d25a4be63f48c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSiin <code>\/proc\/meminfo<\/code> \u2014 see on t\u00fchi fail, mis sisaldab ometi v\u00e4\u00e4rtuslikku teavet.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00e4itumine <code>\/proc<\/code> failide osas n\u00e4itab, kui erinevad v\u00f5ivad olla VFS diskifailis\u00fcsteemid. \u00dchest k\u00fcljest, <code>\/proc\/meminfo<\/code> sisaldavad teavet, mida saab vaadata k\u00e4suga <code>free<\/code>. Teiselt poolt, seal on t\u00fchjus! Kuidas see on v\u00f5imalik? See olukord meenutab kuulsat artiklit pealkirjaga <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www-f1.ijs.si\/~ramsak\/km1\/mermin.moon.pdf\">\u00abKas kuu eksisteerib, kui keegi ei vaata? Realiteet ja kvantteooria\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>, mille kirjutas 1985. aastal Cornelli \u00dclikooli f\u00fc\u00fcsika professor David Mermin. Asi on selles, et tuum kogub m\u00e4lu statistikat, kui tehakse p\u00e4ring kausta <code>\/proc<\/code>, ja tegelikult failides. <code>\/proc<\/code> ei ole midagi, kui keegi sinna ei vaata. Nagu \u00fctles <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/David_Mermin\">Mermin<\/a><\/noindex>, \"Fundamentaalne kvantdoktriin \u00fctleb, et m\u00f5\u00f5tmine ei avalda tavaliselt enne eksisteerinud m\u00f5\u00f5detava omaduse v\u00e4\u00e4rtust.\" (Ja m\u00f5elge kuule kui kodut\u00f6\u00f6 k\u00fcsimusele!)<br \/>\nTunduv t\u00fchjus <code>procfs <\/code> on m\u00f5istetav, kuna sealne informatsioon on d\u00fcnaamiline. Pisut teine olukord on <code>sysfs<\/code>. V\u00f5rrelgem, kui palju v\u00e4hemalt \u00fche baitiga faile on <code>\/proc<\/code> ja <code>\/sys<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Virtuaalsed failis\u00fcsteemid Linuxis: miks nad on vajalikud ja kuidas nad t\u00f6\u00f6tavad? Osa 1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/5f712897ffe40c3539586fc3f1f9fabf.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<code>Procfs<\/code> sisaldab \u00fcht faili, nimelt eksporditud tuuma konfiguratsiooni, mis on erand, kuna seda tuleb genereerida ainult \u00fchel korral iga k\u00e4ivitamise ajal. Teiselt poolt on <code>\/sys<\/code> palju mahukamaid faile, millest paljud v\u00f5tavad kogu m\u00e4lu lehe. T\u00fc\u00fcpiliselt sisaldavad failid <code>sysfs <\/code> just \u00fchte numbrit v\u00f5i stringi, erinevalt informatsiooni tabelitest, mis saadakse selliste failide lugemisel nagu <code>\/proc\/meminfo<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>Eesm\u00e4rk <code>sysfs <\/code>\u2013 pakuvad omadusi, mis on loetavad ja kirjutatavad, mida tuum nimetab <code>\"kobjects\"<\/code> kasutajate ruumis. Ainus eesm\u00e4rk <code>kobjects <\/code>on viidete arv: kui viimane viide kobjectile eemaldatakse, vabastab s\u00fcsteem sellega seotud ressursid. Siiski, <code>\/sys<\/code> moodustab suure osa tuntud <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/tree\/Documentation\/ABI\/stable\">\"stabiilsest ABI-st kasutajate ruumis\"<\/a><\/noindex> tuumas, mida keegi kunagi, mitte mingitel asjaoludel, ei saa <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lkml.org\/lkml\/2012\/12\/23\/75\">\"rikku\".<\/a><\/noindex>See ei t\u00e4henda, et failid sysfs-s oleksid staatilised, mis oleks vastupidine viidete arvestusele ebastabiilsete objektide kohta.<br \/>\nTugev stabiilne rakenduste binaarliides (kernel&#8217;s stable ABI) piirab seda, mis v\u00f5ib ilmuda <code>\/sys<\/code>, mitte seda, mis tegelikult selles konkreetses hetkes kohal on. Failide lubade loend sysfs-s annab arusaama sellest, kuidas seadmete, moodulite, failis\u00fcsteemide jne konfiguratsiooniparameetreid saab seadistada v\u00f5i lugeda. Teeme loogilise j\u00e4relduse, et procfs on samuti osa tuuma stabiilsest ABI-st, kuigi see ei ole selgelt mainitud <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/torvalds\/linux.git\/tree\/Documentation\/ABI\/stable\">dokumentatsioon<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Virtuaalsed failis\u00fcsteemid Linuxis: miks nad on vajalikud ja kuidas nad t\u00f6\u00f6tavad? Osa 1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/2c367518e8ee51c7a840a64b5a00abdf.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nFailid <code>sysfs <\/code>kujundavad iga \u00fcksuse jaoks \u00fcht konkreetset omadust ja v\u00f5ivad olla loetavad, kirjutatavad v\u00f5i m\u00f5lemad korraga. \"0\" failis n\u00e4itab, et SSD-d ei saa eemaldada.<\/p>\n<p>Teise osa t\u00f5lget alustame sellest, kuidas j\u00e4lgida VFS-i eBPF ja bcc t\u00f6\u00f6riistade abil, ja n\u00fc\u00fcd ootame teie kommentaare ning traditsiooniliselt kutsume teid <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/5LoU\/\">avatud veebinarile<\/a><\/noindex>, mille juba 9. aprillil viib l\u00e4bi meie \u00f5petaja \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/mlMR\/\">Vladimir Drozdetski<\/a><\/noindex>.<br \/>\n<br \/>Allikas: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/446614\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! \u041c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0443 \u00ab\u0410\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 Linux\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u041a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0421 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0442. \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0448\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22835,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30851","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442!\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/virtualnye-fajlovye-sistemy-v-linux-zachem-oni-nuzhny-i-kak-oni-rabotayut-chast-1\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.1.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u0412\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 Linux: \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442? 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