{"id":35920,"date":"2019-10-31T22:07:35","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:07:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/nastrojka-parametrov-yadra-linux-dlya-optimizatsii-postgresql\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:07:35","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:07:35","slug":"nastrojka-parametrov-yadra-linux-dlya-optimizatsii-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/et\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nastrojka-parametrov-yadra-linux-dlya-optimizatsii-postgresql","title":{"rendered":"Linuxi s\u00fcdamiku seadete kohandamine PostgreSQL-i optimeerimiseks","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Linuxi s\u00fcdamiku seadete kohandamine PostgreSQL-i optimeerimiseks\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/a28458ff50cdc517aad71b47adab6eb3.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> PostgreSQL-i optimaalne j\u00f5udlus s\u00f5ltub \u00f5igesti m\u00e4\u00e4ratletud operatsioonis\u00fcsteemi parameetritest. Vale seadistamine v\u00f5ib viia andmebaasiserveri j\u00f5udluse languseni. Seet\u00f5ttu on h\u00e4davajalik, et need parameetrid oleksid seadistatud vastavalt andmebaasiserverile ja selle koormusele. Selles postituses arutame m\u00f5ningaid olulisi Linuxi s\u00fcdamiku parameetreid, mis v\u00f5ivad m\u00f5jutada andmebaasiserveri j\u00f5udlust ja nende seadistamise viise.<\/p>\n<h2>SHMMAX \/ SHMALL<\/h2>\n<p>\n<b>SHMMAX<\/b> \u2014 on s\u00fcdamiku parameeter, mida kasutatakse Linuxi protsessi poolt eraldatava maksimumi m\u00e4\u00e4ramiseks \u00fche jagatud m\u00e4lu (shared memory) segmendi suuruse osas. Enne versiooni 9.2 kasutas PostgreSQL System V (SysV), mille jaoks on vajalik SHMMAX-i seadistamine. P\u00e4rast 9.2 on PostgreSQL h\u00fcpanud POSIX jagatud m\u00e4lule. Nii et n\u00fc\u00fcd on vaja v\u00e4hem System V jagatud m\u00e4lu baite.<\/p>\n<p>Enne versiooni 9.3 oli SHMMAX k\u00f5ige olulisem s\u00fcdamiku parameeter. SHMMAX-i v\u00e4\u00e4rtus m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse bittides.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSarnaselt, <b>SHMALL<\/b> \u2014 on veel \u00fcks s\u00fcdamiku parameeter, mida kasutatakse m\u00e4\u00e4ramiseks <br \/>\n\u00fcldiselt s\u00fcsteemne jagatud m\u00e4lu (shared memory) lehtede maht. Praeguste SHMMAX, SHMALL v\u00f5i SHMMIN v\u00e4\u00e4rtuste vaatamiseks kasutage k\u00e4sku <i>ipcs<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p><b>SHM* \u00fcksikasjad \u2014 Linux<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ ipcs -lm\n\n------ Jagatud m\u00e4lu piirangud --------\nmax segmentide arv = 4096\nmax segment suurus (kbytes) = 1073741824\nmax kogu jagatud m\u00e4lu (kbytes) = 17179869184\nmin segment suurus (bytes) = 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b>SHM* \u00fcksikasjad \u2014 MacOS X<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ ipcs -M\nIPC olek alates  Thu Aug 16 22:20:35 PKT 2018\nshminfo:\n\tshmmax: 16777216\t(max jagatud m\u00e4lu segment suurus)\n\tshmmin:       1\t(min jagatud m\u00e4lu segment suurus)\n\tshmmni:      32\t(max jagatud m\u00e4lu identifikaatorite arv)\n\tshmseg:       8\t(max jagatud m\u00e4lu segmente protsessi kohta)\n\tshmall:    1024\t(max jagatud m\u00e4lu kogus lehek\u00fclgede kaupa)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPostgreSQL kasutab <b>System V IPC<\/b> jagatud m\u00e4lu eraldamiseks. See seade on \u00fcks k\u00f5ige olulisemaid tuumaparameetreid. Iga kord, kui saate j\u00e4rgmised veateated, t\u00e4hendab see, et teil on vanem PostgreSQL versioon ja SHMMAX v\u00e4\u00e4rtus on v\u00e4ga madal. Oodatakse, et kasutajad kohandavad ja suurendavad v\u00e4\u00e4rtust vastavalt jagatud m\u00e4lu hulgale, mida nad kavatsevad kasutada.<\/p>\n<h3>Vale konfiguratsiooni vead<\/h3>\n<p>\nKui SHMMAX on vale seadistusega, v\u00f5ite saada veateate, kui proovite algatada PostgreSQL klastrit k\u00e4suga <i>initdb<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p><b>initdb eba\u00f5nnestumine<\/b><br \/>\n<code>DETAIL: Eba\u00f5nnestunud s\u00fcsteemi k\u00f5ne oli shmget(key=1, size=2072576, 03600). <\/p>\n<p>N\u00d5U: See viga t\u00e4hendab tavaliselt, et PostgreSQL-i n\u00f5ue jagatud m\u00e4lu segmendi jaoks \u00fcletab teie s\u00fcdamiku SHMMAX parameetrit.\u00a0 <br \/>\nSaate kas v\u00e4hendada n\u00f5ude suurust v\u00f5i konfigureerida s\u00fcdamikku suurema SHMMAX-iga. N\u00f5ude suuruse v\u00e4hendamiseks (praegu 2072576 baiti), <br \/>\nv\u00e4hendage PostgreSQL-i jagatud m\u00e4lu kasutamist, n\u00e4iteks v\u00e4hendades shared_buffers v\u00f5i max_connections. <\/p>\n<p>Kui n\u00f5ude suurus on juba v\u00e4ike, on v\u00f5imalik, et see on v\u00e4iksem kui teie s\u00fcdamiku SHMMIN parameeter,<br \/>\nsel juhul tuleb n\u00f5ude suurust suurendada v\u00f5i SHMMIN-i konfigureerida. <\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL-i dokumentatsioon sisaldab rohkem teavet jagatud m\u00e4lu konfiguratsiooni kohta. lastprotsess l\u00f5petas exit koodiga 1<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Samuti v\u00f5ite saada vea PostgreSQL-serveri k\u00e4ivitamisel kasutades k\u00e4sku <i>pg_ctl<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p><b>pg_ctl eba\u00f5nnestumine<\/b><br \/>\n<code>DETAIL: Eba\u00f5nnestunud s\u00fcsteemi k\u00f5ne oli shmget(key=5432001, size=14385152, 03600).<\/p>\n<p>N\u00d5U: See viga t\u00e4hendab tavaliselt, et PostgreSQL-i n\u00f5ue jagatud m\u00e4lu segmendi jaoks \u00fcletab teie s\u00fcdamiku SHMMAX parameetrit.<\/p>\n<p>Saate kas v\u00e4hendada n\u00f5ude suurust v\u00f5i konfigureerida s\u00fcdamikku suurema SHMMAX-iga. N\u00f5ude suuruse v\u00e4hendamiseks (praegu 14385152 baiti) v\u00e4hendage PostgreSQL-i jagatud m\u00e4lu kasutamist, n\u00e4iteks v\u00e4hendades shared_buffers v\u00f5i max_connections.<\/p>\n<p>Kui n\u00f5ude suurus on juba v\u00e4ike, on v\u00f5imalik, et see on v\u00e4iksem kui teie s\u00fcdamiku SHMMIN parameeter, <br \/>\nsel juhul tuleb n\u00f5ude suurust suurendada v\u00f5i SHMMIN-i konfigureerida.<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL-i dokumentatsioon sisaldab rohkem teavet jagatud m\u00e4lu konfiguratsiooni kohta.<\/code><\/p>\n<h3>M\u00f5istmine m\u00e4\u00e4ratlemise erinevustest<\/h3>\n<p>\nSHMMAX\/SHMALL parameetrite m\u00e4\u00e4ratlemine erineb Linuxis ja MacOS X-is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Linux: kernel.shmmax, kernel.shmall<\/li>\n<li>MacOS X: kern.sysv.shmmax, kern.sysv.shmall<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMeeskond <i>sysctl<\/i> v\u00f5ib ajutiste v\u00e4\u00e4rtuste muutmiseks kasutada. P\u00fcsivate v\u00e4\u00e4rtuste seadmiseks lisage kirje <i>\/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/i>. \u00dcksikasjad on allpool.<\/p>\n<p><b>S\u00fcdamiku parameetrite muutmine MacOS X-il<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\"># Get the value of SHMMAX\nsudo sysctl kern.sysv.shmmax\nkern.sysv.shmmax: 4096\n\n# Get the value of SHMALL\nsudo sysctl kern.sysv.shmall \nkern.sysv.shmall: 4096\n\n# Set the value of SHMMAX\nsudo sysctl -w kern.sysv.shmmax=16777216\nkern.sysv.shmmax: 4096 -&gt; 16777216\n\n# Set the value of SHMALL \nsudo sysctl -w kern.sysv.shmall=16777216\nkern.sysv.shmall: 4096 -&gt; 16777216<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b>S\u00fcdamiku parameetrite muutmine Linuxis<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\"># Get the value of SHMMAX\nsudo sysctl kernel.shmmax\nkernel.shmmax: 4096\n\n# Get the value of SHMALL\nsudo sysctl kernel.shmall\nkernel.shmall: 4096\n\n# Set the value of SHMMAX\nsudo sysctl -w kernel.shmmax=16777216\nkernel.shmmax: 4096 -&gt; 16777216\n\n# Set the value of SHMALL \nsudo sysctl -w kernel.shmall=16777216\nkernel.shmall: 4096 -&gt; 16777216<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b>\u00c4rge unustage<\/b>: et muudatused p\u00fcsivaks muuta, lisage need v\u00e4\u00e4rtused faili \/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/p>\n<h2>Suured lehed (Huge Pages)<\/h2>\n<p>\nLinuxis kasutatakse vaikimisi 4 KB m\u00e4lu lehti, BSD-s \u2014 <i>Super Pages<\/i>, Windowsis \u2014 <i>Suured lehed<\/i>. Leht on osa operatiivm\u00e4lu, mis on eraldatud protsessile. Protsessil v\u00f5ib olla mitu lehte, s\u00f5ltuvalt m\u00e4lun\u00f5udest. Mida rohkem m\u00e4lu protsess vajab, seda rohkem lehti talle eraldatakse. OS toetab protsesside jaoks lehtede eraldamise tabelit. Mida v\u00e4iksem on lehe suurus, seda suurem on tabel, seda rohkem aega kulub lehe leidmiseks selles lehtede tabelis. Seet\u00f5ttu v\u00f5imaldavad suured lehed kasutada suurt hulka m\u00e4lu v\u00e4henenud kuludega; v\u00e4hem lehe vaatamisi, v\u00e4hem lehe vigu, kiirem lugemise\/kirjutamise t\u00f6\u00f6tlus suurte pubufferitega. Tulemusena \u2014 j\u00f5udluse paranemine.<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL toetab suuri lehti ainult Linuxis. Vaikimisi kasutab Linux 4 KB m\u00e4lu lehti, seega, kui m\u00e4luoperatsioone on liiga palju, tuleb kasutada suuremaid lehti. Suuruse suurenemine on m\u00e4rgatav, kui kasutada suuri lehti, mille suurus on 2 MB kuni 1 GB. Suure lehe suurust saab seadistada s\u00fcsteemi k\u00e4ivitamisel. Suuri lehti ja nende kasutust saate oma Linuxi arvutis h\u00f5lpsasti kontrollida, kasutades k\u00e4sku <i>cat \/proc\/meminfo | grep -i huge<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p><b>Suure lehe teabe saamine (ainult Linuxi jaoks)<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">M\u00e4rkus: see kehtib ainult Linuxile, teistele ops\u00fcsteemidele seda toimingut ei rakendata $ cat \/proc\/meminfo | grep -i huge\nAnonHugePages:         0 kB\nShmemHugePages:        0 kB\nHugePages_Total:       0\nHugePages_Free:        0\nHugePages_Rsvd:       0\nHugePages_Surp:       0\nHugepagesize:      2048 kB<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSelles n\u00e4ites, kuigi suur leht on seadistatud 2048 (2 MB), on suurte lehtede koguhulk 0. See t\u00e4hendab, et suured lehed on keelatud.<\/p>\n<h3>Suure lehe arvu m\u00e4\u00e4ramise skript<\/h3>\n<p>\nSee on lihtne skript, mis tagastab vajaliku suurte lehtede arvu. K\u00e4ivitage skript oma Linuxi serveris, kuni PostgreSQL t\u00f6\u00f6tab. Veenduge, et keskkonnamuutuja <i>$PGDATA<\/i> on m\u00e4\u00e4ratud PostgreSQL andme kataloogiks.<\/p>\n<p><b>Suurte lehtede arv<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">#!\/bin\/bash\npid=`head -1 $PGDATA\/postmaster.pid`\necho \"Pid:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 $pid\"\npeak=`grep ^VmPeak \/proc\/$pid\/status | awk '{ print $2 }'`\necho \"VmPeak:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 $peak kB\"\nhps=`grep ^Hugepagesize \/proc\/meminfo | awk '{ print $2 }'`\necho \"Hugepagesize:\u00a0\u00a0 $hps kB\"\nhp=$((peak\/hps))\necho Set Huge Pages:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 $hp<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSkripti v\u00e4ljund n\u00e4eb v\u00e4lja j\u00e4rgmine:<\/p>\n<p><b>Skripti v\u00e4ljund<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">Pid:            12737\nVmPeak:        180932 kB\nHugepagesize:  2048 kB\nSet Huge Pages: 88<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSoovitatav suurte lehtede v\u00e4\u00e4rtus on 88, seega peaksite m\u00e4\u00e4rama v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse 88.<\/p>\n<p><b>Suure lehe seadmine<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">sysctl -w vm.nr_hugepages=88<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nKontrollige n\u00fc\u00fcd suuri lehti, n\u00e4ete, et suured lehed ei ole kasutusel (HugePages_Free = HugePages_Total).<\/p>\n<p><b>J\u00e4llegi teave suurte lehtede kohta (ainult Linuxis)<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat \/proc\/meminfo | grep -i huge\nAnonHugePages:         0 kB\nShmemHugePages:        0 kB\nHugePages_Total:      88\nHugePages_Free:       88\nHugePages_Rsvd:        0\nHugePages_Surp:        0\nHugepagesize:       2048 kB<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nN\u00fc\u00fcd seadke huge_pages parameeter 'on' failis $PGDATA\/postgresql.conf ja taask\u00e4ivitage server.<\/p>\n<p><b>Ja j\u00e4lle teave suurte lehtede kohta (ainult Linuxis)<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat \/proc\/meminfo | grep -i huge\nAnonHugePages:         0 kB\nShmemHugePages:        0 kB\nHugePages_Total:      88\nHugePages_Free:       81\nHugePages_Rsvd:       64\nHugePages_Surp:        0\nHugepagesize:       2048 kB<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nN\u00fc\u00fcd n\u00e4ete, et suurt lehek\u00fclge kasutatakse v\u00e4ga v\u00e4he. Proovime n\u00fc\u00fcd andmeid andmebaasi lisada.<\/p>\n<p><b>M\u00f5ned andmebaasi toimingud suurte lehek\u00fclgede utiliseerimiseks<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">postgres=# CREATE TABLE foo(a INTEGER);\nCREATE TABLE\npostgres=# INSERT INTO foo VALUES(generate_Series(1,10000000));\nINSERT 0 10000000<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nVaadake, kas me kasutame n\u00fc\u00fcd rohkem suuri lehek\u00fclgi kui varem.<\/p>\n<p><b>Veel kord teave suurte lehek\u00fclgede kohta (ainult Linuxi jaoks)<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat \/proc\/meminfo | grep -i huge\nAnonHugePages:         0 kB\nShmemHugePages:        0 kB\nHugePages_Total:      88\nHugePages_Free:       18\nHugePages_Rsvd:        1\nHugePages_Surp:        0\nHugepagesize:       2048 kB<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nN\u00fc\u00fcd n\u00e4ete, et enamik suuri lehek\u00fclgi on kasutuses.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e4rkus: siin kasutatud HugePages'i ligikaudne v\u00e4\u00e4rtus on v\u00e4ga madal, mis ei ole tootmiskeskkonna masina jaoks normaalne. Palun hinnake oma s\u00fcsteemi vajaminevat lehek\u00fclgede arvu ja seadistage need vastavalt koormusele ja ressurssidele.<\/p>\n<h3>vm.swappiness<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>vm.swappiness<\/b> \u2014 see on veel \u00fcks tuumaparameeter, mis v\u00f5ib andmebaasi j\u00f5udlust m\u00f5jutada. Seda parameetrit kasutatakse vahetuse (swappiness) k\u00e4itumise juhtimiseks (lehek\u00fclgede vahetamine m\u00e4llu ja sealt v\u00e4lja) Linuxis. V\u00e4\u00e4rtus j\u00e4\u00e4b vahemikku 0 kuni 100. See m\u00e4\u00e4rab, kui palju m\u00e4lu vabastatakse v\u00f5i vahetatakse. Null t\u00e4histab, et vahetust ei ole, ja 100 t\u00e4hendab agressiivset vahetust.<\/p>\n<p>Saate head j\u00f5udlust saavutada, seadistades madalamad v\u00e4\u00e4rtused.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4\u00e4rtuse seadmine 0 uutesse k\u00e4rgedesse v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada OOM Killeri (Linuxi m\u00e4lu puhastamise protsess) protsessi tapmise. Seega on ohutu seada v\u00e4\u00e4rtus 1, kui soovite v\u00e4hendada vahetust. Vaikimisi on Linuxi v\u00e4\u00e4rtus 60. K\u00f5rgem v\u00e4\u00e4rtus muudab MMU (m\u00e4lu juhtimise blokki) kasutama rohkem vahetusruumi kui RAM, samas kui madalam v\u00e4\u00e4rtus hoiab rohkem andmeid\/koodi m\u00e4lus.<\/p>\n<p>Madalam v\u00e4\u00e4rtus on hea v\u00f5imalus PostgreSQL sooritusv\u00f5ime parandamiseks.<\/p>\n<h3>vm.overcommit_memory \/ vm.overcommit_ratio<\/h3>\n<p>\nRakendused saavad m\u00e4lu ja vabastavad selle, kui see enam vajalik ei ole. Kuid m\u00f5nel juhul saavad rakendused liiga palju m\u00e4lu ja ei vabasta seda. See v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada OOM-killerit. Siin on v\u00f5imalikud parameetri v\u00e4\u00e4rtused <b>vm.overcommit_memory<\/b> iga\u00fche kirjeldusega:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> Heuristiline \u00fclekoormus (vaikek\u00e4itumine); tuumap\u00f5hine heuristika<\/li>\n<li> Lubage \u00fclekoormus igal juhul<\/li>\n<li> \u00c4rge \u00fcle pingutage, \u00e4rge \u00fcletage \u00fclekoormuse suhet.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n<i>Viide: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/Documentation\/vm\/overcommit-accounting\">https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/Documentation\/vm\/overcommit-accounting<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>vm.overcommit_ratio<\/b> \u2014 protsent t\u00f6\u00f6tavast m\u00e4lust, mis on \u00fclekoormuse jaoks saadaval. 50% v\u00e4\u00e4rtus s\u00fcsteemis, kus on 2 GB RAM-i, v\u00f5ib eraldada kuni 3 GB RAM-i.<\/p>\n<p>vm.overcommit_memory v\u00e4\u00e4rtus 2 tagab PostgreSQL-i jaoks parema j\u00f5udluse. See v\u00e4\u00e4rtus maksimeerib serveriprotsessi m\u00e4lukasutust ilma OOM killer'i protsessi tapmise olulise riskita. Rakendus suudab taask\u00e4ivituda, kuid ainult \u00fclej\u00e4\u00e4gi piires, mis v\u00e4hendab riski, et OOM killer protsessi tapab. Seet\u00f5ttu pakub v\u00e4\u00e4rtus 2 parem j\u00f5udlus kui vaikev\u00e4\u00e4rtus 0. Siiski, usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rsust saab parandada, kui m\u00e4lu ei \u00fcletata lubatud vahemikku. See v\u00e4listab riski, et protsess tapetakse OOM killer'i poolt.<\/p>\n<p>Ilma vahetusfailita s\u00fcsteemides v\u00f5ib vm.overcommit_memory v\u00e4\u00e4rtus 2 p\u00f5hjustada probleeme.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/docs\/current\/static\/kernel-resources.html#LINUX-MEMORY-OVERCOMMIT\">https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/docs\/current\/static\/kernel-resources.html#LINUX-MEMORY-OVERCOMMIT<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>vm.dirty_background_ratio \/ vm.dirty_background_bytes<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>vm.dirty_background_ratio<\/b> \u2014 see on protsent m\u00e4lust, mis on t\u00e4idetud r\u00e4paste lehtedega, mis tuleb kettale kirjutada. Kettale kirjutamine toimub taustal. Selle parameetri v\u00e4\u00e4rtus v\u00f5ib varieeruda 0 kuni 100; siiski v\u00f5ib v\u00e4\u00e4rtus alla 5 olla ebaefektiivne ja m\u00f5ned kernelid ei toeta seda. 10 on vaikimisi v\u00e4\u00e4rtus enamikus Linuxi s\u00fcsteemides. Saate suurendada j\u00f5udlust intensiivse kirjutamise operatsioonide puhul madalama koefitsiendiga, mis t\u00e4hendab, et Linux kirjutab r\u00e4pased lehed taustal.<\/p>\n<p>Peate seadma v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse <b>vm.dirty_background_bytes<\/b> vastavalt teie ketta kiirusest.<\/p>\n<p>Nende kahe parameetri jaoks ei ole \"head\" v\u00e4\u00e4rtused, kuna m\u00f5lemad s\u00f5ltuvad riistvarast. Siiski, kui seada vm.dirty_background_ratio v\u00e4\u00e4rtuseks 5 ja vm.dirty_background_bytes 25% ketta kiirusest, parendab see j\u00f5udlust kuni ~ 25% enamikul juhtudel.<\/p>\n<h3>vm.dirty_ratio \/ dirty_bytes<\/h3>\n<p>\nSee on sama mis <b>vm.dirty_background_ratio \/ dirty_background_bytes<\/b>, v\u00e4lja arvatud see, et kirjutamine toimub t\u00f6\u00f6seansi ajal, blokeerides rakenduse. Seet\u00f5ttu peab vm.dirty_ratio olema k\u00f5rgem kui <b>vm.dirty_background_ratio<\/b>. See tagab, et taustprotsessid k\u00e4ivituvad varem, et v\u00e4ltida rakenduse maksimaalse v\u00f5imaliku blokeerimise tekkimist. Saate seada nende kahe suhte vahelise erinevuse vastavalt kettasisendi-v\u00e4ljundi koormusele.<\/p>\n<h2>Kokkuv\u00f5te<\/h2>\n<p>\nSaate konfigureerida teisi parameetreid, et parandada j\u00f5udlust, kuid paranemist on minimaalne ja kasu ei ole suurt. Peame meeles pidama, et mitte k\u00f5ik parameetrid ei kehti k\u00f5ikide rakendust\u00fc\u00fcpide jaoks. m\u00f5ned rakendused toimivad paremini, kui seadistame teatud parameetreid, ja m\u00f5ned \u2014 mitte. Peate leidma \u00f5ige tasakaalu nende parameetrite seadistuste vahel oodatava t\u00f6\u00f6koormuse ja rakendust\u00fc\u00fcbi jaoks ning arvestama seadistamisel ka ops\u00fcsteemi k\u00e4itumisega. Tuuma seadistamine ei ole nii lihtne nagu andmebaasi seade: siin on keerulisem anda soovitusi.<br \/>\n<br \/>Allikas: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/458860\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c PostgreSQL \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u041e\u0421 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26870,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c PostgreSQL \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 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Vale seadistatud operatsioonis\u00fcsteemi kerneliparameetrid v\u00f5ivad p\u00f5hjustada andmebaasiserveri j\u00f5udluse langust. Seet\u00f5ttu on oluline, et need parameetrid oleksid seadistatud vastavalt andmebaasiserverile ja selle t\u00f6\u00f6koormusele. 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